British molekụla bayoloji, na biophysicist neuroscientist Frensis Krik: biography, rụzuru, nchoputa na-akpali eziokwu

Francis Crick Harri Compton bụ otu n'ime mmadụ abụọ molekụla ọkà onye kọwaa nzuzo Ọdịdị ụgbọelu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), si otú wetere oge a na molekụla usoro ndu. Mgbe nke a isi chọpụtara o mere ka a dị ịrịba ama onyinye na nghọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu na-arụ ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, dị ka nke ọma dị ka na neurobiology. Ọ na-akọrọ ndị Nobel chọr'inwe na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na 1962 na James Watson na Maurice Wilkins maka elucidation nke DNA Ọdịdị.

Frensis Krik: biography

The okenye nke ụmụ ndị ikom abụọ, Francis, a mụrụ na ndị ezinụlọ Harry Crick na Elizabeth Ann Wilkins June 8, 1916 na Northampton, England. Ọ gara obodo ụtọ asụsụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na si n'oge afọ bịara nwee mmasị nwere, na-esokarị site chemical ntiwapụ. Na ụlọ akwụkwọ, o meriri a na-agbata n'ọsọ maka ịnakọta OKOOKO ọhịa. Ke adianade do, ọ na-ekwe tennis, ma ọ bụghị ihe mmasị na ndị ọzọ egwuregwu na egwuregwu. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, Francis natara a mfọn ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Mill Hill, n'ebe ugwu London. Mgbe afọ anọ gasịrị, mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, o denyere aha ya na University College. Iji ya ịghọ okenye ndị nne na nna si Northampton na Mill Hill, na ya kwere Francis na-ebi ndụ mgbe na-amụ n'ụlọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ukpono Physics.

Mgbe Undergraduate Frensis Krik edu da Costa Andrade na University College mere nchọpụta viscosity nke mmiri nrụgide na na elu okpomọkụ. Na 1940, Francis natara a obodo ụlọ ọrụ dị na Admiralty, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na imewe nke mgbochi ship mines. Tupu afọ a, Crick ndọ Ruth Doreen Dodd. Nwa ha Michael mụrụ n'oge agha elu na London November 25, 1940. Site na njedebe nke agha, Francis e kenyere ya na nkà mmụta sayensị ngagharị nke ụlọ ọrụ nke British Admiralty na Whitehall, ebe o lekwasịrị anya na mmepe nke ngwá agha.

Na verge nke ndụ na nonliving

N'ịmata na ọ ga-mkpa ọzọ ọzụzụ iji mezuo ọchịchọ ha na-isi nnyocha, Crick kpebiri-arụ ọrụ na onye dị elu ogo. Dị ka ya, ọ na-mmasị site na ebe abụọ nke usoro ndu - na ókè-ala n'etiti ndị dị ndụ na ndị nonliving na ụbụrụ ọrụ. Creek họọrọ mbụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ maara ihe banyere isiokwu. Mgbe mbido ọmụmụ na University College na 1947, ọ kwụsịrị na a omume na laabu na Cambridge n'okpuru nduzi nke Artura Hyuza, na-akọ na-arụ ọrụ nke anụ ahụ Njirimara nke cytoplasm omenala chicken fibroblasts.

Mgbe afọ abụọ gachara, Crick sonyeere ìgwè ndị na Council of Medical Research na Cavendish Laboratory. Ọ gụnyere British ọmụmụ Maks Peruts na Dzhon Kendryu (n'ọdịnihu Nobel Nrite mmeri). Francis malitere-arụkọ ọrụ na ha, ostensibly na-amụ protein Ọdịdị, ma n'ezie na-arụ ọrụ na Watson na Ọdịdị nke DNA unraveling.

abụọ helix

Na 1947, Frensis Krik gbara alụkwaghịm Doreen na 1949 ndọ Odile Speed, akwụkwọ, artist, onye o zutere mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na Navy n'oge ya ọrụ ke Admiralty. Alụmdi na nwunye coincided na mmalite nke ya nwa akwukwo ọrụ na X-ray diffractometry edozi. Nke a na usoro nke na-amụ crystal Ọdịdị nke ahụ ụmụ irighiri, ikwe na-akọwa ndị ọcha nke ha atọ akụkụ Ọdịdị.

Na 1941 na Cavendish laabu gawa site Sir William Lawrence Bragg, onye bụ ọsụ ụzọ nke X-ray diffraction usoro, iri anọ gara aga. Na 1951, Crick sonyeere Dzheyms Uotson, a na-eleta American, onye na-amụ na Italian dọkịta Salvador Edward Luria na bụ onye òtù nke a ìgwè nke physics na-amụ nje nje, mara dị ka bacteriophages.

Dị ka ndị ọrụ ibe ya, Watson nwere mmasị na ngosi nke ihe ndị mejupụtara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa chere na ngwọta Ọdịdị nke DNA bụ ihe kasị ekwe ngwọta. N'ịgba ediomi n'etiti Crick na Watson mepụtara site yiri ambitions na yiri echiche Filiks. Ha nka complements ọ bụla ọzọ. Site na oge mbụ ha zutere Crick maara ọtụtụ ihe banyere X-ray diffraction na Ọdịdị nke protein, na Watson maara nke ọma banyere bacteriophages na nje mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

ndị a Franklin

Frensis Krik na Dzheyms Uotson maara ọrụ biochemists Maurice Wilkins na Rosalind Franklin nke Eze College na London, onye na-enyemaka nke X-ray diffraction nyochaworo na Ọdịdị nke DNA. Creek, akpan akpan, na-akpọ London Group iwu ụdị, dị ka ndị mere Laynus Poling na United States na-edozi nsogbu nke protein Alfa helix. Pauling, nna chemical nkekọ echiche gosiri na ndi na-edozi nwere a atọ akụkụ Ọdịdị na-adịghị nanị linear amino acid yinye.

Wilkins na Franklin, n'adabereghị, họọrọ ọzọ maara ibuo obibia n'ọnụ simulating usoro Pauling, nke agbasoghị Francis. Ebe ọ bụ na otu na Eze College ekweghị ha amaghị, Crick na Watson nwere lara akụkụ nke a afọ abụọ nke ụka ma arụmụka. Ná mmalite 1953 ha wee malite iwuru a nlereanya nke DNA.

DNA Ọdịdị

Iji data si X-ray diffraction Franklin, site a ọtụtụ ekpe ikpe njehie, ha kere a nlereanya nke deoxyribonucleic acid molekul, nke bụ agbanwe agbanwe na ubiere nke London Group na data biochemist Erwin Chargaff. Na 1950, nke ikpeazụ gosiri na ikwu ego nke anọ nucleotides na-eme ka DNA, ndị iwu ụfọdụ, otu onye nke bụ ka dakọtara ego nke ebe adenin (A) ego nke agakọtakwa (T) na ego nke Gwanine (G) ọnụ ọgụgụ nke-agakọta (C). Nkwurịta okwu na-agụnye pairing nke A na T na C na G, refuting echiche na DNA - ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla karịrị a tetranucleotide, nke ahụ bụ a dị mfe molekul esịnede niile anọ bases.

N'oge opupu ihe ubi na okpomọkụ nke 1953, Watson na Crick dere anọ isiokwu banyere Ọdịdị nke deoxyribonucleic acid na-atụ anya atụmatụ, nke mbụ nke bụ nke pụtara na magazin Nature na 25 April. Publications sochiri ọrụ nke Wilkins, Franklin, na ndị ọrụ ibe ha togboro ibuo egosi maka a nlereanya. Watson merie ndị itulielu na-etinye aha nna mbụ, si otú ruo mgbe ebighị ebi nke na-ejikọta isi ọkà mmụta sayensị rụzuworo na a ụzọ Watson-Crick.

mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu

N'elu ọzọ afọ ole na ole, Frensis Krik amụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti DNA na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu. Ya mmekota na Vernon Ingram emewo ka demonstrations ke 1956, ndị mejupụtara nke iche iche na haemoglobin nke sickle-cell anaemia nkịtị n'otu amino acid. The ọmụmụ nyere na-egosi na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ọrịa nwere ike na-metụtara ndị DNA-protein ruru.

Around n'otu oge na-Crick na Cavendish Laboratory sonyeere Jenetik na molekụla Biology nke South African Sydney Brenner. Ha malitere obibi "nsogbu nke nzuzo" - na definition nke usoro nke DNA bases Nleta a usoro nke amino asịd na protein. The ọrụ mbụ adade ke 1957 n'okpuru aha "On njikọ nke protein." Ọ Crick chepụtara bụ isi postulate nke molekụla bayoloji, dị ka nke, ozi-ebute site ná site na a protein azụ ọzọ. Ọ na-atụghị na protein njikọ ígwè site n'ibufe ọmụma si DNA ka RNA na site RNA na protein.

Salk Institute

N'afọ 1976, n'oge a ezumike Crick e nyere a na-adịgide adịgide ọnọdụ na Institute of Biological Research Salk na La Jolla, California. O kwetara na niile nke ndụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Salk Institute, tinyere onye nduzi. E Creek malite ịmụ ịrụ ọrụ nke ụbụrụ, nke bụ mmasị na ya si na-amalite a na nkà mmụta sayensị ọrụ. Ọ na tumadi aku na nsụhọ na gbalịrị merie nsogbu site na ọmụmụ nke ọhụụ. Creek bipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na ada usoro nke na nrọ na ntị, ma, dị ka o dere na ya autobiography, ọ ka nwere onye ga-amụ bụla ozizi, nke ga-n'otu oge bụ ihe ọhụrụ na kwenye kọwaa ọtụtụ ibuo eziokwu.

"Duziri panspermia" Ihe na-akpali na nwunye nke na-eme Salk Institute bụ mmepe nke ya echiche. Yana Leslie Orgel, o bipụtara a akwụkwọ na nke ọ tụrụ aro na ụmụ nje nwere elu na ohere, akpatre iru ụwa na-agha mkpụrụ ya, nakwa na ọ na e mere dị ka a n'ihi nke Action, "onye." Ya mere Frensis Krik gbaghara ozizi creationism, ndiwụt otú ọ bụ ike ịme ada echiche.

Awards ọkà mmụta sayensị

N'oge ya ọrụ energetic theorist nke oge a na usoro ndu Frensis Krik zukọtara, synthesized na mma na ibuo ọrụ nke ndị ọzọ ma na-ewetara ha ihe ọhụrụ Nchoputa lebara isi nsogbu nke sayensị. Ya pụrụ iche mgbalị, na mgbakwunye na nke Nobel Nrite, meriri ya ọtụtụ enọ. A na-agụnye Lasker Award, ihe mgbata n'ọsọ nke French Academy nke Sciences nke Charles Mayer na Nrite nke Royal Society Copley. Na 1991, o nabatara dị ka onye so na Order of Enen.

Crick nwụrụ July 28, 2004 na San Diego na afọ 88 na afọ. Na 2016 Francis Crick Institute e wuru na n'ebe ugwu London. Ọdịdị nke ahụ na-eri nke 660 nde pound bụ ndị kasị ibu center maka Biomedical Research na Europe.