Detergents

Production nke detergents malitere n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ na Germany. Na Russia, akpa ntụ ntụ e wepụtara na 1953. Ọ na-akpọ "News" na a gụnyere na ngwaahịa ewepụtara kashalotovogo hydrogenated abụba.

Sịntetik detergents bụ multicomponent mixtures nke bekee. Ha okenye agbanwe agbanwe na-eji decontamination. Sịntetik detergents gụnyere ukwuu n'ime (ma e wezụga na omo Efrata - surfactant) salts nke inorganic asịd (carbonates, phosphates), nke welie ọrụ nke ngwakọta. Ọzọkwa, ngwọta webatara na bleach na bleach Efrata, antifoams ma ọ bụ na-asụ ụfụfụ mmadụ, colorants, flavors, na ndị ọzọ.

Elu-arụ ọrụ elekọta mmadụ (ma ọ bụ surfactants) na organic ogige nke nwere a elu mmetụta. Ha na-enwe ike na-etolite ọkara ngwọta na ụfụfụ. Elu-arụ ọrụ mmadụ na-enyere aka belata okenye n'elu erughị ala, si otú amụba wetting Njirimara nke mmiri.

Ngwakọta maka ihicha ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị:

1. Alkilammoniyhloridy.
2. Alkylarylsulfonates.
3. Alkylsulfonates.
4. Sulfates.
5. Alkyl carbonates (ncha).

Ncha na-emepụta site anụcha raw abụba. Sulfonates na sulfates - a sịntetik detergents. All na n'ịgwa akọwara n'elu na-categorized dị ka ionic (ion generators) bekee. ha na-amalite irekasị na okenye ihe ngwọta (dissociated) n'ime ion.

E nwekwara ndị na-abụghị ionic ngwakọta. Ha adịghị dissociate na mmiri, ma etisasịwo na ya. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnụnọ nke hydrophilic iche iche na molekul (OH, e.g.) na a nnukwu ego.

Nonionic surfactants nwere ike nke eke ma ọ bụ bụghị. The ikpeazụ - ọgwụ ọjọọ OH ige kpụrụ ethylene oxide na phenols, ọdụdụ alcohols.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị surfactants bụ isi mmiri na-eme ka detergents, ha ihicha mmetụta na-adịghị ike n'onwe ya. Banyere nke a, aka ọrụ kwukwara na ngwakọta alkaline na-anọpụ iche salts, brighteners, enzymes (enzymes) ụfụfụ stabilizers.

N'ihi ọnụnọ nke alkaline salts na-enwekwukwa colloidal Ọdịdị na emulsifying ike ngwọta. A mmiri na-eme ka a ọzọ siri ike omo film banyere mmetọ ahụ. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi na alkali salts nke ịrọ arọ mmiri na-emepụta a mma gburugburu ebe obibi maka nhicha (saa) nke dị iche iche anụ ahụ. Ka ihe atụ, maka ịsa ákwà ọcha na owu ngwaahịa bụ mkpa ime ka iji ike alkaline gị n'ụlọnga (trisodium phosphate, soda).

Hexametaphosphate Nleta a akụkụ nke omo na gburugburu ebe obibi ubé acidic. Ọnọdụ ndị a na-nnọọ mma maka ịsa owu.

Sodium sulfate na nkewa dị ka fillers. A mmiri na-eme ka rụọ ihe owuwu nke colloidal ngwọta. The ojiji nke bleaching mmadụ dị ka nwekwara eliminates mkpa bluing asa ákwà.

N'ihi na stabilization na mma na-asụ ụfụfụ Njirimara nke detergents eji alkylolamides - ụfụfụ stabilizers.

E nwere atọ isi ụdị nke sịntetik detergents. Ndị akacha eji saa powder ngwakọta. Liquid detergents ugbu a ẹkenam ka ahịa nke ezinụlọ ọgwụ ifịk ifịk. Pasty ngwakọta bụ ugbu a na-eji obere ugboro ugboro.

N'etiti isi n'ji Njirimara nke omo mixtures nwere ike kwuru detergency, antiresorbtsionnuyu (ike idowe unyi na ngwọta) na-asụ ụfụfụ ọrụ. Ọ dịkwa mkpa na onye Onyenwe anyị + nke na-ajụ ngwọta.