Frederic Joliot-Curie: a biography na rụzuru

Frederic Joliot-Curie - a maara nke ọma na-elekọta mmadụ mmume na a French physics. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ndú na founders nke Pugwash ogbako on Science na World Affairs, na udo ije. Ya na nwunye ya, Irene natara a Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry. Isiokwu a ga-ewetara ya obere biography.

Nwata na muta

Jean Frederik Zholio A mụrụ Paris na 1900. The nwata nna Henri nnọọ ihe ịga nke ọma na-azụ ahịa, na nne m Emilia si a Protestant ezinụlọ. Frederick bụ ọdụdụ nwa n'ime ezinụlọ nke Joliot, bụ ndị ụmụ isii.

Na 1910, nwa okoro e zigara na-amụ na a bi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Lakanal. Mgbe afọ asaa gasịrị, Jean laghachi Paris na kpebiri-etinye ndụ ha sayensị. Na 1920, a nwa okorobịa banyere High School of Applied Chemistry na Physics. Na 1923 Joliot gụsịrị ya na nke kacha mma n'ihi na otu.

Service na-arụ ọrụ

Frederick natara a ruo n'ókè na injinịa. N'oge ọmụmụ ya, ọ mụtara ezigbo nkà ndị bara uru ngwa nke physics na onwu. Ma nke kacha nke, Jean bụ mmasị na isi nnyocha. Ihe kpatara nke ahụ bụ mmetụta nke Paul Langevin (French physics). Ọ bụ ya na ya Frederick tụlere ya atụmatụ maka ọdịnihu, mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ mgbe agha. Paul gwara Joliot nweta otu nnyemaaka na Radium Institute na Marii Kyuri. Na 1925, Frederick malitere ọrụ preparator na a alụmdi. Ya mapụtara oge, nwa okorobịa ahụ wee na-amụ physics na onwu.

Personal ndụ

The Institute Joliot ghọọ ndị maara Mary ada aha ya bụ Irene. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ndị na-eto eto lụrụ. Mgbe ahụ Frederick were a abụọ-barreled aha nna - Joliot-Curie. Òtù Ọlụlụ soro uwe. N'oge na-adịghị di na nwunye nwere ụmụ abụọ - a nwa nwa (abụọ ghọrọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eme n'ọdịnihu).

research

Mgbe agbamakwụkwọ, dike nke isiokwu a anọgidewo na-arụ ọrụ na Radium Institute. Na 1930 ọ natara ya doctorate aha maka nnyocha akụrụngwa nke redioaktivu polonium. Ma, ọ bụ ezie na ogo, fọrọ nke nta onye ọ bụla na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amaghị otú aha Joliot-Curie. Ya bụ, ọ na-nta mara.

Frederick gbalịrị ịchọta ihe agụmakwụkwọ ọnọdụ, ma ya mgbalị kụrụ afọ n'ala. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ama ama-eche echiche banyere otú ọ ga-a mmiri ọgwụ eme maka ulo oru mmepụta. Joliot-Curie nyeere Zhan Perren. Ekele a otu Frederick ndibọhọ a ọchịchị mfọn ma nwee ike ịnọ na ulo akwukwo. Na 1930, ndị German physics Walter bothe kpughere na mgbe jụrụ helium nuclei (kpụrụ akpụ site na ire ere nke polonium) boron na beryllium, nke ikpeazụ emit elu abami radieshon.

Nnweta engineering mmụta kwere Joliot-Curie ike mwute detector-ewu na-condensing ụlọ. Nke a ngwaọrụ dere abami radieshon. The mbụ sample e polonium. Na 1931, Frederick na nwunye ya na-amụ. N'oge nnwale, ha chọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na boron n'etiti ụzarị ọkụ (na beryllium) na detector bụ a mkpa efere nke hydrogen-nwere bekee, mbụ larịị nke radieshon na-okpukpu abụọ.

The chọpụtara nke ọhụrụ ọcha

Ọzọ nwere kọwara ọdịdị nke ọzọ radieshon. Ọ tụgharịrị na ọ na-mejupụtara hydrogen atọm na mgbe radieshon ibu pụtara elu ọsọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ Frederick ma Irene aghọtachaghị ọdịdị zuru oke nke usoro. Otú ọ dị, ekele ha pụta research Dzheyms Chedvik na 1932 chọpụtara neutron urughuru, nke bụ a akụkụ nke atọm ntọala. N'otu oge ahụ na-American physics Carl D. Anderson dere banyere positrons ibu byproducts n'oge mbuso agha site Alfa ahụ nke aluminum ma ọ bụ boron.

Irene na Frederic eme ha nnyocha ma na-etinye a ọhụrụ nnwale. The condensing ulo samples na-etinye aluminum na boron, na ya oghere emechi na aluminum foil. Mgbe di na nwunye ahụ malitere radieshon Alfa radieshon. The positrons n'ezie ibu ekenyela, ma naanị mgbe ọtụtụ nkeji iso polonium iyi kpochapụ ha emission.

N'ihi ya, Frederick na Irene chọpụtara na ụfọdụ na ụzarị ọkụ samples bụ boron na aluminum a ghọọ ọhụrụ chemical ọcha. Ke adianade do, ha na-aghọ redioaktivu. Boron isotope na-ghọrọ ka nitrogen na aluminum - site.

The Nobel Nrite

Na 1935, Irene na Frederic e ọdịda nke Nobel Nrite maka njikọ nke ọhụrụ redioaktivu ọcha. N'ihi ya, aha Joliot-Curie rue ebighi ebi dewo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onwu. Na ya Nobel okwu ọkà mmụta sayensị o kwuru na wuru redioaktivu ọcha ga-eji dị ka tracers. Nke a ukwuu simplifies nsogbu nke na-achọta na wepụ dị iche iche mmiri na-na a ndụ organism.

n'ihu ọrụ

Na 1937, physics Joliot-Curie wee na-na-arụ ọrụ ndị Radium Institute. Ọzọkwa, a họpụtara ya prọfesọ na mahadum de France, Paris. Ebe a na-ọkà mmụta sayensị meghere a nnyocha center nke nuclear onwu na physics. Ma Frederick melite a laabu, ebe ọkachamara nke dị iche iche profaịlụ nwere ike na-arụkọ ọrụ iji nweta ihe kacha mma na-arụpụta. E wezụga-ewu physics achịkwa mbụ cyclotron na France, ebe isi iyi nke Alfa ahụ na-zubere redioaktivu ọcha.

agha

Na 1939, ndị German mmiri ọgwụ Otto Hahn mere a chọpụtara. O kwuru, sị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị banyere ekwe omume nke fission nke uranium atọm. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Joliot-Curie gosiri na ọ bụ na-agbawa agbawa. Physics na-aghọta na ike dị ukwuu nke wepụtara n'oge fission nke atọm. Iji ya, Frederick zụtara si Norway fọrọ nke nta dum dị ọkọnọ nke arọ mmiri. Ma nnyocha ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị etre site akasiaha n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. France nwere German agha. Chuo ukwuu, Joliot-Curie buga niile arọ mmiri ka England, ebe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji ya n'oge mmepe nke atọm ngwá agha.

iwu

N'oge na-arụ nke Frederick nọgidere na Paris. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ na French Socialist Party na nwere mgbochi onye fasizim echiche, ọ nọ na ọnọdụ ha na The College de France, na Institute of Radium. Ọzọkwa Joliot-Curie bụ onye òtù nke ndị na-eguzogide ije na bụ na isi nke "National Front" (n'okpuruala nzukọ). Na ya laabu Frederick eji maka imewe nke redio na ngwá na-agbawa agbawa, nke na-anapụta ndị alụso nke Nguzogide. Na n'etiti agha, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gbasoro ihe nlereanya nke onye nkụzi ya, Langevin na sonyeere Communist Party.

Mgbe ntọhapụ nke ndị French isi obodo nke dike nke isiokwu a, a họpụtara ndị post of Director nke National Research Center. Frederick nwere ịtụte na mba na nkà mmụta sayensị nwere. Ná ngwụsị nke 1945 ọkà mmụta sayensị mere a arịrịọ ka president Charles de Gaulle. Joliot-Curie na France chọrọ ịmepụta otu Atomic Energy Commission. Mgbe afọ atọ gasịrị, physics gawa ẹkedori mba mbụ nuclear chernobyl. Nke a ukwuu ụba ya aha dị ka a ọkà mmụta sayensị na-elekọta. O sina dị, Frederick nke otu ke Communist Party mere ka a otutu dissatisfaction. Na 1950, a tọhapụrụ ya si post of director nke Commissariat.

ọnwụ

The ikpeazụ afọ nke ndụ nke Frederic Joliot-Curie, onye biography a n'ihu n'elu, raara nye ezi ihe ma na-eme nnyocha. Ọ na-ada World Council na ekenịmde omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na 1956, Irene nwụrụ. Ọnwụ nke nwunye ya bụ maka Frederick arọ otiti. Ma ọ nwere sere onwe m ọnụ ma na-aga na Institute of Radium. Joliot-Curie nwekwara chịkwara ndị na-ewu a ọhụrụ mahadum Orsee na-akụzi n'ụlọ ndị Sorbonne. N'oge na-adịghị, Otú ọ dị, ya ahu ebelatawo site obubu-atụ nke gara aga ịba ọcha n'anya na nrụgide, nke na-emezughị. Na August 1958, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị anwụwo Paris.

Mmasị na enọ

Ọrụ ibe ya mara Frederick dị ka onye ọrịa, ụdị na mwute mmadụ. O nwere mmasị na-agụ, agba Okirikiri ala na-egwu piano. Na 1940 Joliot-Curie, o meriri a nrite ọlaedo Barnard nke Columbia University maka pụtara ìhè na nkà mmụta sayensị rụzuru. Na na USSR Frederick ọdịda na Stalin Nrite, ẹmen kwa afọ "maka udo n'etiti iche iche."