Lignin - ihe ọ bụ? Lignin hydrolysis. Ngwa nke hydrolytic lignin Njirimara

Lignin - ihe ọ bụ? Ọ bụghị mmadụ nile ga-enwe ike ịza ajụjụ a, ma anyị ga-agbalị ịghọta. Lignin - a umi na bụ a akụkụ nke nnọọ niile osisi na Earth. Ọzọkwa, ọ ga-ga-aha dị ka bara uru mmiri dị ka cellulose na hemicellulose.

Isi nzube nke lignin - bụ iji hụ eziokwu nke arịa mgbidi, nke-akpali mmiri na etisasịwo nri. Lignin na cellulose bụ ọnụ na cell mgbidi, dịkwuo ike ha. Ọ bụghị ihe niile osisi nwere otu ego nke onyinye. Ọtụtụ n'ime ya na-achọta na conifers, banyere 40%, ma na deciduous - na 25%.

Njirimara nke lignin

A ihe onwunwe bụ a eke polima ọchịchịrị odo. Ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke unyi anaghị agbasa na mmiri na organic solvents. Lignin - gịnị ka ọ bụ na ihe owuwu ele ihe anya? A doro anya azịza ajụjụ a ga-arụ ọrụ, n'ihi na, n'ịbụ onye so dị iche iche na osisi, na umi nwere ike n'ụzọ dị iche iche na Ọdịdị.

N'elu decomposition nke lignin a kpụrụ potassium ọgaranya humus, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọdịdị. Nhazi nke lignin na gburugburu ebe obibi kemgbe agha na ndị bacteria, dịkwa ka usoro ha na ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ.

Ndị isi uru nke ihe onwunwe bụ na ọ dịghị mkpa na-emepụta ma ọ bụ nweta. Ee, ọ fọrọ nke nta agaghị ekwe omume, lignin na otú ike ndị a na-osisi sel, na ya wuru nkewa bụ a mgbagwoju usoro.

The lignin, na mmepụta nke nke a rụrụ ka ụbọchị, onye ọzọ karịa ka nkịtị n'efu na pulp nhazi. A nnukwu uka nke ọ na-efu, ma enwekwu reactivity.

Ụzọ nke na-akpa iche lignin

The usoro nke adịrị umi si osisi a rụrụ na dị iche iche na nzube:

• ọmụmụ nke Njirimara nke okwu;
• ịchọpụta ego nke lignin dị iche iche osisi.

Ụzọ nke mmịpụta gị n'ụlọnga na-ahọrọ na-adabere nzube nke na-eme. Ọ bụrụ na ihe ọzọ ozi bụ ịmụ ya amụ, na ụzọ nke iche nwere dịghị ihe ọzọ na o kwere omume mmetụta na ihe owuwu ma na àgwà nke lignin. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị ndị dị otú ahụ ụzọ nke ga-ekwe nkwa na inweta umi agbanweghi agbanwe.

Mgbe nkewa nke lignin nwere ọtụtụ adịghị:

• extractives on hydrolysis enye unyi anaghị agbasa na ogige;
• humification ngwaahịa nke shuga n'ókè;
• trudnogidrolizuemyh ngwakọta nke polysaccharides.

The kacha adabara ọnọdụ maka iche nke lignin bụ ndị nọ n'okpuru nke a kasị ukwuu ego nke umi. Na nke a, na lignin a nwetara fọrọ nke nta free nke adịghị, na hụrụ ya obere losses.

The kasị usoro-atụle ga-na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, ma solyanokislotny eji ọtụtụ obere ugboro ugboro n'ihi na nke mgbaka nke na-arụ ọrụ a lekwasị acid.

iche lignin

The isi iyi nke lignin bụ ulo oru na mmepụta nke cellulose. Na iche iche osisi a direction ike ga-eji dị iche iche na mmepụta teknụzụ na Ya mere lignin nwetara otú a, o nwere ahaghị àgwà na mejupụtara.

Na mmepụta usoro ma ọ bụ alkali sulfate lignin sulphates nwetara na mmepụta nke asịd - sulfite.

Ihe dị iche n'etiti ndị a na ụdị onye ọ bụla ọzọ, ọ bụghị nanị ihe ndị mejupụtara kamakwa usoro mkpofu. Sulphate lignin na-incinerated, na sulphite zigara nchekwa pụrụ iche nchekwa ebe.

On hydrolysis ụlọ ọrụ na-lignin hydrolysis.

Properties hydrolytic lignin

Nke a powdery umi na a njupụta nke 1,45 g / cm³. Ya na agba dịgasị iche n'ebe ìhè na agba aja aja dị iche iche shades nke aja aja. The lignin ọdịnaya dị otú ahụ ihe nwere ike iche site na 40 ruo 80%.

Hydrolytic lignin nwere nsí Njirimara na elu ikike maka adsorption, a dabeere na ya iji na nkà ọgwụ.

Ọ bụrụ na ị ịgba a umi nke mgbe Fikiere na-aghọ a mmanụ ụgbọala, e nwere ike a ize ndụ nke gbawaranụ. Akọrọ lignin n'oge combustion ewepụtarịrị nnukwu ichekwa okpomọkụ bụ ezuru. ya mgbanye okpomọkụ bụ 195 degrees na ire ere na-amalite mgbe a okpomọkụ nke 185 ° C.

Production lignin preparations

Lignin osisi dịpụrụ adịpụ iji nweta na mgbe ya ọgwụ maka a dịgasị iche iche nke ọmụmụ. Tụlee lignin mgbake ogbo:

• mgbutu osisi ibe-ala, na mgbe ụfọdụ, ntụ ọka;
• ọgwụgwọ nke mmanya-toluene ngwakọta ka Bibie nke extractives;
• na ojiji nke acid akpali, nke gbochie Itie lignin na a soluble ala.

Na n'ichepụta usoro, ụfọdụ nke soluble forms nke ogige, nke precipitated, ọcha na-Fikiere, adịru a ntụ ntụ.

Ngwa nke hydrolytic lignin

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na umi bụ nnọọ ihe siri ike egweri ruru ya mgbagwoju ọdịdị na-ejighị n'aka, ọ bụ ike depụta iche iche ndi ebe lignin na-eji. Ngwa nke umi nwere ndị na-esonụ ebe:

• mmepụta nke manu briquettes;
• dị ka a ji esi mmiri ọkụ na mmanụ ụgbọala;
• mmepụta mbenata mmadụ maka ụfọdụ ọla na sịlịkọn;
• dịanyā na plastik ụlọ ọrụ;
• Production nke manu gas;
• Nlụpụta fatịlaịza;
• mmepụta nke ogwu ndi;
• dị ka akụrụngwa n'ihi na mmepụta nke phenol, acetic acid;
• mmepụta nke ọrụ carbon;
• dị ka a sorbent maka ọgwụgwọ nke mepere emepe na ulo oru effluents;
• mmepụta nke ọgwụ;
• mmepụta nke brik na seramiiki ngwaahịa.

Mere na-abawanye na ina lignin

Lignin hydrolysis bụ ihe magburu onwe mmanụ ụgbọala nke, n'elu combustion, na-arụpụta a nnukwu ego nke ike. Ke adianade do, akụrụngwa n'ihi na mmepụta nke a ike akụ bụ nnọọ ịgụ na mmeghari.

Ọ bụghị naanị na mba anyị ma na gburugburu ụwa ugbu Nde nke nke ọzọ ume na isi mmalite. Iji mee nke a, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe mere, otu nke anyị nwere ike depụta ndị na-esonụ:

1. Natural ike na-ebu - coal, mmanụ na gas ina ya mmepụta eji ụzọ dị iche iche nke na-eri. Nke a enweghị ike ma emetụta mgbe niile na-amụba uru ha bara.
2. Energy na isi mmalite ndị na-ugbu a na-eji, na-exhaustible eke ego, ya mere, ga-abịa a oge mgbe onunu na-fọrọ nke nta na-eji elu.
3. Production nke ọzọ na isi mmalite nke ike a kpaliri site na steeti na ọtụtụ mba.

Lignin dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala

Dị ka nke taa, ka ihe na ndị ọzọ na-dị ka onye ọzọ na mmanụ ụgbọala na-eji lignin. Gịnị ọ bụ na otú ọ na-ele anya dị ka?

Umi bụ sawdust na a mmiri ọdịnaya nke ruo 70%, nke ịdị iche na mejupụtara dabere na akụrụngwa. Ha mebere atumatu dị yiri nnọọ unyi, nke nwekwara nwere a ukwuu nke obere pores. Njirimara nke a ihe onwunwe ekwe ikpughe ya briquetting na pelletizing. Ọ bụrụ na elu-mgbali ọrụ na ndị dị otú ahụ a achicha, ọ na-enyo n'ime a viscous plastic uka.

The pellets mere si dị otú ahụ lignin, nwere elu okpomọkụ dissipation, ma ọ dịghị na-emepụta ihe na-ese. Mmanụ ụgbọala briquettes na pellets bụ elu-edu ihe, nke na-agbakwa a otutu okpomọkụ, na ọ nweghị soot. Ọ nwere ike kwubiri na lignin bụ ihe magburu onwe akụrụngwa n'ihi na mmepụta nke manu briquettes.

The ojiji nke lignin na ntụ ntụ ụdị

The umi ke ntụ ntụ ala okụt ya iji dị ka ihe mmako na mmepụta nke korota ihe. The ojiji nke hydrolyzed lignin-enye gị ohere:

• dịkwuo ike, mmiri na-eguzogide ma na-eguzogide ndị cracking;
• azọpụta ụzọ-ụlọ ihe;
• budata melite obibi ọnọdụ na ebe n'efu echekwara;
• weghachi ọmụmụ nke ala, nke na-eji n'okpuru pupụtara.

Na ụzọ oru zuru ezu uru iji lignin. Ya Njirimara ndị dị otú ahụ na ọ na-enye gị ohere iji budata mma nke ewu ihe owuwu. Ọzọkwa, lignin enye ohere iji dochie ọnụ nwekwara.

lignin nkwekọrịta

Nkwekọrịta nke umi bụ lignosulfonates, nke na-kpụrụ sulfite usoro osisi nhazi. Lignosulfonates nwere nnukwu ọrụ, na-eme ha ka ha chọta ha ngwa dị iche iche ọrụ:

• mmanụ ụlọ ọrụ (gh Njirimara nke mkpọpu ala muds) ;
• Foundry (eme ka a nragide na mixtures);
• mmepụta nke ihe;
• ewu ụlọ ọrụ (dị ka emulsifiers na emulsions nke ụzọ);
• akụrụngwa maka nkwadebe nke vanillin;
• agriculture (ọlu-ubi-igbochi ozize).

Sulphate lignin nwere a elu njupụta, na chemical-eguzogide. Na akọrọ ala - a aja aja ntụ ntụ nke dissolves na amonia, alkali, ethylene glycol, dioxins.

The sulphate lignin bụghị nsí, adịghị ize ndụ na na-agbasara si ele ihe anya nke ọku odachi. Ọ na-eji:

• dị ka a plasticizer ke imewe nke seramiiki isiokwu, ihe;
• dị ka akụrụngwa n'ihi na mmepụta nke plastik na phenol-formaldehyde resins;
• dị ka a njikọ ke imewe nke paperboard, akwụkwọ na osisi dabeere ihe;
• dị ka ihe mmako ke imewe nke roba na latex.

Ọ ugbu a na-aghọ doro anya otú ọtụtụ-eji lignin. Gịnị ka ọ bụ ugbu a na ọ dịghị onye na-adịghị eme ka nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ ruru ya àgwà a umi bụ nnọọ ihe na-ina na n'ụwa taa.

Ọgwụ dabeere lignin

Dị ka anyị hụworo, ojiji nke hydrolyzed lignin na ikekwe na ahụ ike na ubi. Ị nwere ike depụta ndị na-esonụ ọgwụ ọjọọ dabeere na ya:

• "Lignosorb" gosiri maka ọrịa nke eriri afọ tract, nsị na nri;
• "Polifan" nwere otu nkwanye banyere ngwa;
• "Polyphepan" na-eweta enyemaka maka afọ ọsịsa na dysbacteriosis;
• "Filtrum-STI";
• "Entegnin".

The iji "Polyphepan"

Aha ọzọ a nkwadebe - lignin hydrolysis. Ọ na-emepụta na ụdị nsogbu dị iche iche, suspensions, ntụ, na ọgwụ. Herbal ọgwụ, ọ dabeere lignin. Ntuziaka na ngwa na-ekwu na ọgwụ na-ọma ike nkịtị microorganisms na ha metabolic ngwaahịa.

Ọzọkwa, n'okpuru ihe nke ọgwụ detoxified nsi nke dị iche iche ọdịdị: arọ ọla, redioaktivu isotopes, amonia. Lignin eburu hydrolytic detoxification nke organism, nakwa dị ka na-enye antioxidant na lipid-ẹsụhọde mmetụta.

Ebe a bụ ogologo ndepụta rụzuru na-lignin! Ntụziaka nwekwara-atụ aro na-ewere a ọgwụ, ị nwere ike chefuo maka enweghị nke dietary eriri na eriri afọ, nke na-ifịk ke usoro nke mgbaze, normalize microflora na mma ọgụ.

Egosi maka nnabata "Polyphepan" bụ:

• -adịghị ala ala ma ọ bụ nnukwu eriri afọ ọrịa;
• nri nje;
• afọ ọsịsa;
• malitere ịrịa ịba ọcha n'anya;
• ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ;
• nsia dysbiosis;
• salmonellosis;
• afọ;
• nfụkasị Jeremaya;
• ọrịa nke abụba metabolism ke idem;
• mgbake oge mgbe na-anara ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ụzarị ọkụ;
• gynecological nsogbu: candidiasis, vaginosis.

A kama ọtụtụ ndepụta egosi nwere dị otú ahụ a ọgwụ, dị ka lignin. Ntuziaka kwukwara ụfọdụ contraindications:

• Hypersensitivity ọgwụ;
• -adịghị ala ala afọ ntachi;
• mgbu;
• arịa ọrịa shuga.

N'oge n'ikuku lignin mmetụta nwere ike ime: adịghị anabata ma ọ bụ na afọ ntachi.

Ụzọ maka itinye ọgwụ na ya onunu ogwu atọrọ dọkịta dabere na mgbagwoju anya nke nchoputa na ọnọdụ. A ọgwụ oriri nke lignin n'izu, ma na ụfọdụ nsogbu nke oge nke ọgwụ nwere ike mụbara ruo a ọnwa.

Ọmụmụ ihe dị ndụ na lignin

Nke a na umi na-emepụta na nnukwu ichekwa na pulp nhazi. Ọ na-apịaji na nnukwu ikpo, nke na-eme ka mmetọ. Ke adianade do, e nwere otu nke n'amaghi combustion nke lignin.

Iji ụbọchị, ọ bụ ihe nke nke umi iji dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, ebe mgbe ya combustion a nnukwu ego nke n'efu, nke ime ka emebi uwa. Lignin okụt ya ngwa na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, otú nke mbụ niile, ọ dị mkpa iji dozie nsogbu nke ebe obibi na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.