Sodium phenate: Nkwadebe, Chemical Properties

Phenols - aromatic ogige enwe otu ma ọ bụ karịa hydroxyl iche iche jikọrọ carbon atọm benzenovogo ntọala. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị OH iche iche na-akwanyere ùgwù otu-, abụọ- na trihydric phenols.

Monohydric phenols - nkwekọrịta nke benzene na ya homologues na ntọala nke onye hydrogen atọm na-anọchi a hydroxyl otu.

Isomerism na nomenclature. Na mfe nnọchiteanya nke phenols - carbolic acid (phenol) isomers bụghị, na ya homologs adị positional isomers nke hydroxyl otu benzonovom isi (Ụlọ, meta, para ọnọdụ).

Iji aha phenols ji atọ nomenclature - akụkọ ihe mere eme, ò na IUPAC. N'ihi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nomenclature phenols na-akpọ trivially - phenol (carbolic acid), cresols, wdg

Natural isi n'ihi ndị a ihe bụ coal tar, kernel mmanụ, tar beech, wdg Kol tar na-emepụta n'oge coal akọrọ distillation. Isi mmalite amị phenols bụ averages (esi na 170-230 ° C) na arọ (esi na 230-270 ° C) mmanụ. N'oge nhazi nke sodium hydroxide a kwadebere sodium phenolate. The usoro nke ihe a mejupụtara nke fọduru nke phenol na sodium.

N'okpuru laabu ọnọdụ, mgbe mgbe, aromatic sulphosalts (sodium na potassium salts nke sulfonic asịd) na-eji iji nweta phenols. N'oge chemical Jeremaya mere, a sodium ma ọ bụ potassium phenolate. Mgbe ahụ, ndị a ogige na-emeso ya na ịnweta asịd na-enye free phenols.

Chemical Njirimara bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke phenol OH otu benzelnom ntọala. Ndị bekee nwere ike ịbanye Jeremaya mere nke bụ ihe e ji mara nke alcohols (guzobere esters, phenolates, halogenated) na arenes (nnọchi nke hydrogen atọm na a isi benzenovom halogens, Nitro otu, sulfo otu). Ya mere, ndị a elekọta mmadụ na-eme ngwa ngwa na ọla-etolite a sodium phenolate. Ọ bụ na ọnọdụ ndị a na-egosipụta karịsịa electronic Ọdịdị nke ụmụ irighiri nke alcohols na phenols.

sodium phenoxide (ma ọ bụ phenoxide) a kpụrụ site omume phenols na alkalis. The acidic Njirimara nke phenols dịtụ obere akpọ. Ndị bekee na-adịghị ntụpọ na litmus akwụkwọ. sodium phenolate n'adịghị alkoxides nwere ike ịdị na okenye alkaline ngwọta, mgbe ọ na-adịghị na-amalite irekasị. Phenates na-ngwa ngwa akadiahade site mmeghachi omume na asịd (ọbụna na-ekweghị, e.g., coal).

Ma ndị acidic Njirimara nke phenols ndị ọzọ akpọ karịa aliphatic alcohols. Introduction n'ime molekul nke phenol elektrọn-wezụgara substituents (Nitro, halogen, a sulfo otu, ihe aldehyde otu na dị ka) enwekwu hydrogen gidroksogrupp ije, otú acidic Njirimara na-enwekwukwa.

Ọnụnọ nke phenols mma mesomeric mmetụta-eme ka ha nucleophilic Njirimara, nke na-erughị akpọ tụnyere alcohols. Nke a ihe onwunwe na-iji na-emepụta esters, ma ọ bụghị na-ekere òkè ndị Jeremaya mere onwe ha phenols na phenolates na halogenated hydrocarbons.

Ester guzobere emee site omume phenols na chlorides ma ọ bụ anhydrides nke carboxylic asịd. Dị ka e guzobere esters, mmeghachi omume bụ mfe n'ihu na potassium ma ọ bụ sodium phenates.

Mgbe ihe nke halogens kpụrụ phenols halogen emepụta. The bromination nke phenols eji na-emepụta ọgwụ analysis: 2,46-tribromophenol bụ agụghị oké soluble na mmiri na precipitates si, nke na-enye ohere kwuru mmeghachi omume iji chọpụta phenols na ngwọta.

The nitration nke phenol. The ihe iji phenol a 20% nitric acid , a ngwakọta nke o-na p-nitrophenols nke na-iche site distillation na uzuoku (o-nitrophenol e distilled anya, na p-nitrophenol na-anọgide na ngwọta).