The ụkpụrụ ụlọ mgbagwoju "Kyiv ebe e wusiri ike"

"Kyiv Ebe e wusiri ike" - a mgbagwoju nke e wusiri ike nke Ukraine isi obodo, guzobere iri na ise na narị afọ. Ọ na-agụnye: Museum nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ mere, osisi "Arsenal", Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, na a kpọrọ nke nzere mgbidi na osisi Kiev.

The pụrụ iche ncheta

Ọ bụ mba na ncheta nke e wusiri ike na otu onye nke kasị ibu n'ụwa ụrọ ulo-agha na-anwụghị ruo ugbu a. Ma, ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla maara ebe Kiev e wusiri ike. Ọ bụ dị Hospital Street, 24a.

E na-mgbe niile na-na mmejuputa ọhụrụ mgbe ochie oge nke Kievan rus na Sitia ugboro. N'oge ememe ke mgbagwoju Kyiv wusiri ike (foto n'okpuru) egbe ekele, na-azụ ọkọlọtọ. Na-amụnye ọkụ ụlọ, nke nwere dịghị hà ya now Njirimara, musical na edemede mgbede.

The ebe e wusiri ike nke Kievan rus: a ole na ole eziokwu si akụkọ ihe mere eme nke

History ike malitere na mbubreyo 5th century na nkera, emi odude ke Old Kiev Hill. N'oge ahụ, ọ nọ na-sikwuo ike palisades, moats na ramparts. Ma mgbe Kiev ghọrọ isi obodo Kievan rus, obodo wee malite ịkpa a usoro nke e wusiri ike. All akụkụ nke obodo ahụ wee ya n'usoro ihe nchebe. Na 1240, mgbe e meriri, nwetara site Batu Khan, dilapidated wusiri ike. Ọhụrụ ha na ogbo nke mmepe-amalite n'oge na-Polish-Lithuanian ọchịchị, mgbe wuru a ebe e wusiri ike (Lithuanian nnukwu ụlọ) na Horevitsa ugwu. Mgbe ọ nọ na-Russian obodo ọchịchị na Kiev e wuru wusiri ike nke Pechersk ka Khreshchatyk. Na 1679 Cossack agha edu Samoilovych ikpokọta Crypt Starokievsky na ike, si otú kpụrụ a nkịtị nnukwu ebe e wusiri ike. Pechersk citadel ná mmalite iri na asatọ na narị afọ na-guzosie ike.

The mgbagwoju

Kiev ebe e wusiri ike, bụ nke dị na Pechersk ugwu, na-agụnye atọ isi mmiri nke na-azara ọnụ: The ụlọ ọgwụ na Vasilkovskoe ike, nakwa dị ka citadel. The ewu nke ebe e wusiri ike, bụ nke malitere na mmalite afọ nke iri na asatọ na narị afọ, ọ bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na Russian Alaeze Ukwu nọ na-akwadebe maka Great Northern War. Ọzọkwa Kiev mata dị ka isi emeri na ebe. Na 1706 ọ ga-abịa obodo, Peter m, na okụt a ebe ọhụrụ e wusiri ike. The kacha adabara ebe tụgharịa gburugburu Kiev-Pechersk Obibi. N'otu afọ na ọnụnọ nke eze ukwu bụ ukara inception nke mbụ nkume nke ebe e wusiri ike, nke na-eme n'ọdịnihu ga-a bastion nke Kiev e wusiri ike. Na n'oge ugbu oge na Kyiv wusiri ike mgbagwoju address bụ nnọọ adaba maka njem nleta.

Ebe obibi ndị mọnk dị ka a usoro akpan owo

Kiev-Pechersk obibi ndị mọnk, na isi isi ike Crypt, e họọrọ ohere. Ọ bụ site ná mmalite nke ịdị adị nwere siri ike ụlọ nche na iji chebe onwe mgbidi. Si emere n'ubọchi ọ mara na ugbua na 2nd ọkara nke iri na otu narị afọ, ebe obibi ndị mọnk gbara ya gburugburu a palisade. Na nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ na palisade dochie a nkume mgbidi, nke na 1240 bibiri ndị Mongol. Na nke iri na asaa na narị afọ nke ebe obibi ndị mọnk ngere ka mere nke osisi. Ọ oge e wusiri ike ramparts. Ya mere, na 1679 ndị agha Hetman Ivan Samoilovych gburugburu ebe obibi ndị mọnk wuru embankments. Iri afọ abụọ mgbe e mesịrị, ebe obibi ndị mọnk na-echebe ndị dị nnọọ elu mgbidi na ọtụtụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá na ise elu, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị pụrụ iche ụzọ ámá ụka. Iji ụbọchị, anyị na-anwụghị Ivan Kushnikov, Onufrievskaya, South na-egosipụta ndị ụlọ elu. Onwem na loopholes iberibe elu na ihu ọma nke mgbidi. Chebe onwe nkume mgbidi, na ala nke banyere 3 mita oké, nwere a elu nke asaa mita na chupu mara veranda dị owuwu okwu. Ha na-na n'ime ndị e mere n'ụdị arcades.

The ọrụ nke ndị mọnk ihe mere eme nke ebe e wusiri ike

N'ihi ya, ebe obibi ndị mọnk na isi oge Pechersk ebe e wusiri ike bụ zuru ezu a pụrụ ịdabere na-agbachitere usoro. Construction bastion ụdị ụrọ e wusiri ike e dechara na 1723 Ọ bụ a ike na okwu nke a okirikiri usoro nke e wusiri ike. Ọ na-agụnye 9 bastions, otu polubastion Ravelin, ákwà-nkwuba ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ka iso iyi egwu nke ndị mba ọzọ aka, nnukwu ụlọ mgbe niile choro mmezi nke kwesịrị ekwesị mmezi, nakwa dị ka ya modernization na nhazigharị. Na fifties nke iri na asatọ na narị afọ, ndị e wusiri ike ọrụ owuwu agba Bosquet, a agha engineer. N'oge ahụ, ndị bastions enweta ya ugbu a na aha: Spassky, Pavlovsky, mwere, Petrovsky, Semyonov, St. Andrew. Ruo mgbe mmalite nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ na ebe e wusiri ike karịa emeghe wusiri ike, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ dị nnọọ mkpa ụlọ wuru, dị ka Moscow na Vasilkovsky ụzọ ámá, Arsenal House, powder magazine, formulations n'ogige ahụ. Nyere ọganihu na mmepe nke ngwá agha, gụnyere onye na-abawanye na dị iche iche nke a egbe ala, e wuru ụrọ Zverinetsky Opperman ike nke ndị amaghị na, a agha engineer. Ọ mere na Iv nke Agha nke 1812 kpọmkwem iji chebe Pechersk e wusiri ike.

Construction nke owuwu ọhụrụ nke ebe e wusiri ike

Kiev adịghị efu ya agha na-emeri na uru na ọbụna mgbe agha. Na 1830, atụmatụ e mma site ọhụrụ ebe e wusiri ike, nke e mepụtara Oppermann. Dị ka oru ngo envisaged ndị na-ewu Hospital na Vassilkovsky wusiri ike. Ọ na-zubere ịgbanwe Pechersk citadel esịne ke n'ozuzu usoro nke e wusiri ike. Na ruo ugbu a, Kyiv wusiri ike (photos nwere ike anya na isiokwu a) awade a lee anya na a ihe.

Kiev malitere iwu nke ebe siri ike na 1831, mgbe a tọrọ ntọala nke a na-akpọ Vassilkovsky ike, mgbe ndị na-ewu ya biri na 1863. O nwere Ravelin na Nche, embankments, nakwa dị ka atọ elu. Cherepanov ugwu ike ụlọ ọgwụ e wuru na 1842-1849 afọ. Ọ na-agụnye 3 Nche, emi odude ke ọwa, embankments, oblique caponier, n'ebe ugwu caponier a obere akwa, a n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa nso na ndagwurugwu Klovsky mmepụta noo e wuru ụlọ elu abụọ, ọnụ ụzọ ámá Nikolaev na gburugburu Far na Near Abaitiat kere nzere mgbidi.

Wusiri Ike ụkpụrụ ụlọ mgbagwoju "Kyiv ebe e wusiri ike", nke e dechara na sixties nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ, gụnyere nke Hospital na Vassilkovsky wusiri ike Pechersk citadel gwupụtatụrụla Zverynets wusiri ike. Ma, dị ka n'oge ahụ nke nọ n'ọrụ na-emepe emepe a égbè, ọ bụ oge nke oru ngo ke izute ama oge a na-azara ọnụ chọrọ. Na 1871-1877 afọ mkpa imelite wusiri ike mere ka kwem a ebe e wusiri ike nke dị n'ugwu.

N'ihi ya, Kyiv Ebe e wusiri ike dị ka a isi e wusiri ike mgbagwoju, wuru ihe karịrị ọkara otu narị afọ. The ozi ọma bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ e chekwara ruo ugbu ugboro.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na mgbagwoju "Kyiv ebe e wusiri ike" na oge furu efu ya mbụ usoro dị mkpa, a nnukwu ego nke na-azara ọnụ 4 n'oge e kere eke nke e wusiri ike owuwu ndị ike na-adị ndụ ruo ugbu a.

Pụtara nkera na akụkọ Kiev

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo nke Kiev e wusiri ike ambiguous. Fọrọ nke nta ka afọ 70 nke ihe e kere eke nke a agha e wusiri ike mara ụlọikwuu n'ime Pechersk ike oge na obodo na-ewu nke ebe. Ọzọkwa, ya na-ewu na-na metụtara ngwa mmepe vodogona, brick ụlọ mmepụta ihe, na-eke ọganihu (Pankratevskogo, Alexandrovsky, Navodnitsky, Klovsky) na cobbled n'okporo ámá, ná mkpọda nke okporo ụzọ, ihe mbụ na-adịgide adịgide akwa gafee Dnieper. Production ọkà ARSENALNY ebe e wusiri ike bụ nwa nke "Arsenal" osisi. Ka ụbọchị, mgbagwoju nke ụlọ nke ebe e wusiri ike na-atụle ga a kpọmkwem ihe ngosi nka nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke e wusiri ike, nke na-egosi na mmepe nke e wusiri ike oge rifled na smoothbore egbe.

-ulo-ikwū

Ihe odide kasị ochie ochie ịrịba ama na-ewere dị ka nzere mgbidi na elu. Ha na-emi odude gburugburu Upper Lavra. N'ihi na ndị ọhụrụ e wusiri ike usoro nwe bastion ụrọ e wusiri ike nke citadel, ụlọ ọgwụ polygonal e wusiri ike Vasilkovskoe ike. All iche iche nke iji chebe onwe n'ogige ndị agha, dị na Pechersk, n'onwe ya embody atụmatụ nke Russian e wusiri ike ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ na-, dị ka ndị ọkachamara, ogide a isi itie ke Europe ke akpa iri na itoolu na narị afọ. Lysogorskaya ike na-egosi na e ji mara nke a ebe e wusiri ike outlying ulo-agha oge rifled ogbunigwe. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ndị e wusiri ike na-na-jikọrọ ya na ihe ndị mere na amamihe na ntọhapụ mmegharị. Ebe ozugbo enwere a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mkpọrọ "Kiev Shlisselburg" na zitere nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ meghere ngosi nka "oblique caponier".

Kyiv Ebe e wusiri ike Museum taa

Kwa afọ, ọkà mmụta ihe ochie chọpụtara iche iche eziokwu si akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ahụ na ebe ewusiri ike. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mere na na ugbu oge Kyiv wusiri ike - otu n'ime ndị kasị dị omimi obodo ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. The kasị akpali mmewere nke ihe a na-atụle Diagon Caponier, wuru na 1844. Ọ bụ a ụlọ na nnọọ oké mgbidi, onye ndabere bụ a nkume na brick. Na mgbidi ya slits e enịm na embrasures maka egbe na egbe. Builders maka mfe akwụkwọ Caponier n'ọgbọ agha enịm ke n'akuku ka aro nke ebe e wusiri ike, n'ihi ya aha ya pụtara. Site ná mmalite, ọ dị mkpa maka nchekwa nke ogbunigwe na ngwá agha stockpiles. Ma na sixties nke narị afọ nke 19 ghọrọ a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mkpọrọ, bụ nke nwere, dị ka ị nwere ike ịgwa, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mkpọrọ n'ihu ha nyefe Lesogorskiy nkera n'elu osisi.

Ka ụbọchị, oblique Caponier na-anọchi anya otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa na-akpali ihe nke Kiev e wusiri ike. E wezụga ya, na akụkụ nke Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya Museum, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, nakwa dị ka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ha nwere ike gara mgbe ke Pechersk, na mgbagwoju "Kyiv e wusiri ike." Olee otú ga-esi mara na onye ọ bụla na obodo, na ha ga-akpali gị: si ụgbọ okporo / n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nwere ohere ịba bọs nọmba 14, ụgbọ ala nọmba 534 na bọs na-akwụsị na kwesịrị ekwesị aha ma ọ bụ tagzi. Site Bessarabki na ndị Peoples 'Enyi na Solomyanki eje ije ụgbọ ala nọmba 450.

ngosi ihe mgbe ochie

Na Nche abụọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na-raara onwe ka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke e wusiri ike. -Akpali mmasị, otu onye n'ime ha bụ n'okpuru ala. Ọbịa ga-enwetaghị ya na a ụdị ghọrọ ka ndị mkpọrọ. Na mgbanwe ke akụkọ ihe mere eme ọnọdụ niile loopholes e converted n'ime windo na pụrụ ịdabere na grids. Ebe a bụ ohere ahụ a otutu ochie arịa, ụdị, ngwá agha na ibu nke ndị mkpọrọ ọbọhọ ruo ugbu a. The ọzọ ngosi nka dị mkpa mere eme na akwụkwọ na uniforms si dị iche iche ugboro.

Taa Kyiv ebe e wusiri ike bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị enigmatic obodo nke ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, dị ka ọ bụla afọ, ọkà mmụta ihe ochie chọpụtara iche iche eziokwu si akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ahụ na ebe ewusiri ike.

The ngosi nka collection

Nnukwu nkume elu, earthworks na caponiers - ya mmụta ngosi akpọkwa ke ụkpụrụ ụlọ mgbagwoju "Kyiv e wusiri ike." Ihe omume nke ngosi na-anọchi anya a collection of akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị agha miniatures na Ukraine, Europe kasị ukwuu collection of "Napoleoniana" ebi akwụkwọ nkewa nke UPR na ya. Makhno. Mma-agha, na ube, crossbows, na gakovnitsy Chablis na ngwá ama kwesịrị ekwesị n'ime n'ozuzu anya nke e wusiri ike. Museum ngosi na-enịm ke abụọ caponiers na-agwa banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Kiev na mba e wusiri ike kemgbe Tripoli omenala ruo nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ, nakwa dị ka ihe ndị mere ngwa nke ebe ewusiri ike chepụtara.