Agba imeju. Structure na ọrụ nke imeju

Imeju bụ nke abụọ kasị ukwuu ngwa ke idem - na anụ bụ ibu na arọ. Imeju ọrụ pụrụ ịkpata nri mgbaze, metabolism, ọgụ na nchekwa nke nri ke idem. Imeju bụ a dị mkpa ngwa enweghị nke anụ ahụ nke ahụ ngwa ngwa anwụ enweghị ike na nri. Ọ dabara nke ọma, o nwere ihe ịrịba ike ịdị na-agbanwe na ike na-eto eto ngwa ngwa iji weghachi ha ọrụ na size. Ka anyị lee ihe owuwu ma na ọrụ nke imeju ọzọ.

Macroscopic mmadụ mmewere

Imeju bụ mmadụ nri n'okpuru diaphragm na nwere a zita udi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ya ibu na-emi odude n'akụkụ aka nri, na na a obere akụkụ ya bụghị naanị n'etiti akara nke ahu. Imeju mejupụtara a nnọọ nro, pinkish-aja aja anụ ahụ nchọ na a Capsule nke connective anụ ahụ (Glisson Capsule). Ọ na-kpuchie na mesikwuru site peritoneum (serous akpụkpọ ahụ) nke abdominal uji eze, nke na-echebe ma na-adọrọ ya na ọnọdụ n'ime afo. The nkezi size nke imeju - banyere 18 cm n'ogologo na ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 13 na ọkpụrụkpụ.

The peritoneum na jikọọ na imeju na anọ ebe: akwara ọgọdọ, ekpe na nri zita ọgọdọ na gburugburu ọgọdọ. A ogige na-abụghị nanị na anatomical uche; kama, ha na-abịakọrọ abdominal n'ógbè akpụkpọ ahụ, nke na-akwado imeju.

• Wide akwara ọgọdọ ejikọ Central akụkụ nke imeju na diaphragm.

• Odude na mpụta ókè nke ekpe na nri lobes, na ekpe ma ziri ezi zita akwara njikọ jikọọ ahụ na diaphragm.

• The kpebisiri ùkwù gbatịrị downwardly si aperture site n'ihu ihu imeju ya ala. Na na ala nke ahụ curved ọgọdọ Nleta gburugburu ọgọdọ na ejikọ imeju na umbilicus. The gburugburu ọgọdọ bụ a fọduru alọ akwara, nke na-eburu ọbara ahụ mgbe na-amalite amalite na mmepe.

Imeju mejupụtara abụọ iche iche lobes - ekpe na nri. Ha na-kewapụrụ onye ọ bụla ọzọ site na a curved gbalaga. Nri n'ọnụ ọnụ bụ banyere ugboro 6 buru ibu karịa n'aka ekpe. Onye ọ bụla òkè ekewa ndi, nke, n'aka, na-ekewa n'ime agba nke imeju. N'ihi ya, ahụ na-kewara abụọ n'akụkụ, 5 ndi na 8 agba. N'ihi ya agukọta agba imeju Rome n'ọnụ ọgụgụ.

nri òkè

Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, nri n'ọnụ ọnụ imeju bụ mkpokọta 6 ugboro ukwuu karịa n'aka ekpe. Ọ mejupụtara abụọ nnukwu ndi: nri mpụta oru na nri paramedian oru.

Right mpụta oru na-kewara abụọ n'akụkụ agba nke ndị contiguous na ekpe n'ọnụ ọnụ imeju: nri mpụta nke verhnezadny nta (VII nke) na mpụta nke nizhnezadny (VI nke).

Right paramedian oru a na-ugbua ka enwere abụọ agba: nkezi na etiti verhneperedny nizhneperedny imeju agba (nke Asatọ na V, karị).

Ekpe n'ọnụ ọnụ

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ekpe n'ọnụ ọnụ imeju dị obere karịa nri, ọ bụ a ibu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke agba. Ọ na-ekewa atọ ndi: ekpe dorsal, ekpe mpụta, ekpe paramedian oru.

Ekpe dorsal oru mejupụtara a nke: na caudate nke nke ekpe n'ọnụ ọnụ (m).

Ekpe mpụta oru kwa, a kpụrụ nke a nke: na posterior nke nke ekpe n'ọnụ ọnụ (II).

The ekpe paramedian oru na-kewara abụọ agba: square na n'ihu agba nke ekpe n'ọnụ ọnụ (IV na III, karị).

A nso lee anya na Ọdịdị nke segmental imeju i nwere ike na atụmatụ ndị na-eso. Ka ihe atụ, ọgụgụ otu egosi imeju, nke a na-anya-ekewa ya niile akụkụ. The agba na-agukọta na ọgụgụ imeju. Onye ọ bụla nọmba kwekọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Latin nke.

Ọgụgụ 1:

bile capillaries

Tubules ebu bile site umeji gallbladder, bile akpọ capillaries na-etolite na branched Ọdịdị - biliary usoro.

The bile emepụta site imeju mkpụrụ ndụ, na-eru na microscopic ọwa - bile capillaries, nke na-achọkwa n'ime ibu opi mgbailu. Ndị a opi mgbailu na-ahụ jikọọ ọ bụla ọzọ, na-akpụ a nnukwu ekpe na nri alaka na-ebu bile si ziri ezi na ekpe imeju lobes. E mesịa, ha nọ n'otu nkịtị hepatic duct, nke uzo niile bile.

Common hepatic duct, n'ikpeazụ enyekwara cystic duct si gallbladder. Ha na-etolite na nkịtị bile duct ebu bile na duodenum nke obere eriri afọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bile emepụta site imeju, tinyere azụ n'ime cystic duct peristalsis, na-anọgide na gallbladder ruo mgbe ahụ, ruo mgbe ọ na-achọrọ maka mgbaze.

ọbara usoro

Imeju Perfusion pụrụ iche. Blood abatakwa n'ime ya si na abụọ isi mmalite: Portal akwara (venous ọbara) na hepatic akwara (ọbara ọbara).

Gate Vienna eburu ọbara si splin, afo, pancreas, ńsí eriri afo, obere eriri afọ na omentum. N'elu na-abanye n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke imeju, venous Vienna ekewa a ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke arịa, ebe ọbara esichara n'ihu na-akpụ akpụ na ndị ọzọ na akụkụ ahụ. Ịhapụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke imeju, na ọbara na-anakọtara na hepatic veins, nke nke dara n'ime vena cava, na-alaghachikwuru obi.

Na imeju na-na nwere nke usoro nke akwara ndị gara na obere akwara ndị gara na-anapụta oxygen n'ime anụ ahụ nke ya na otú ahụ dị ka ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ahụ.

Mpekere

The esịtidem Ọdịdị nke imeju mejupụtara ihe dị ka 100,000 obere hexagonal ọtọ nkeji maara dị ka Mpekere. Onye ọ bụla lobule mejupụtara a Central akwara, hepatic portal gburugburu 6 6 hepatic veins na akwara. Ndị a ọbara arịa na-metụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a capillary akpa - sinusoids. Dị ka spokes nke a wheel, ha ịgbatị si portal veins na akwara kwupụta Central akwara.

Onye ọ bụla sinusoid agabiga imeju anụ ahụ, bụ nke nwere abụọ isi ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ: mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer na hepatocytes.

• Kupffer mkpụrụ ndụ a ụdị macrophage. Na mfe okwu, ha weghara na-agbaji ala ochie, eyi na-mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie agafe enweghị ife.

• hepatocytes (imeju mkpụrụ ndụ) na-cuboidal epithelial mkpụrụ ndụ, nke na-emi odude n'etiti sinusoids na nkejikotara ọtụtụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na imeju. Hepatocytes ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ nke imeju - na metabolism, nchekwa, mgbaze na mmepụta nke bile. Obere ịnakọta nke bile, mara dị ka ya capillaries, sinusoids na-agba ọsọ yiri n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke hepatocytes.

atụmatụ imeju

Ozizi anyị bụ ndị maara. Ka anyị hụ ihe ya anya ka ụmụ mmadụ na imeju. Photos na nkọwa ha nwere ike dị n'okpuru. Ebe ọ bụ na otu picture ike na-egosi ahụ kpamkpam, anyị na-eji a ole na ole. Ọ dị mma ma ọ bụrụ na abụọ oyiyi na-egosi na otu akụkụ nke imeju.

Ọgụgụ 2:

The nọmba 2 akara onwe ya mmadụ imeju. Photos na nke a ga-abụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị, ya mere, lee ya foto. Ihe na-esonụ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ, na na na-anọchi anya a na ọnụ ọgụgụ:

1 - nri hepatic duct; 2 - imeju; 3 - ekpe hepatic duct; 4 - nkịtị hepatic duct; 5 - nkịtị bile duct; 6 - pancreas; 7 - pancreatic duct; 8 - na duodenum; 9 - sphincter nke Oddi; 10 - nke cystic duct; 11 - gallbladder.

Ọgụgụ 3:

Ọ bụrụ na ị na mgbe ahụ onye na-atilasi mmadụ mmewere, ị mara na ọ nwere ihe dị otu image. Ebe a, na imeju na-na-anọchi anya n'ihu:

1 - ala oghere Vienna; 2 - curved ọgọdọ; 3 - nri n'ọnụ ọnụ; 4 - ekpe n'ọnụ ọnụ; 5 - gburugburu ọgọdọ; 6 - gallbladder.

Ọgụgụ 4:

Nke a na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egosi na imeju na ndị ọzọ aka. Ọzọ, Atlas of Human Mmebe nwere fọrọ nke nta ahụ nlereanya:

1 - gallbladder; 2 - nri n'ọnụ ọnụ; 3 - ekpe n'ọnụ ọnụ; 4 - na cystic duct; 5 - hepatic duct; 6 - hepatic akwara; 7 - hepatic portal Vienna; 8 - nkịtị bile duct; 9 - ala oghere Vienna.

Ọgụgụ 5:

Ihe atụ a na-egosi na a nnọọ obere akụkụ nke imeju. Ụfọdụ nkọwa: nọmba 7 ke ọgụgụ na-egosi na a chi atọ n'ime portal - a otu na n'otu hepatic portal akwara, hepatic akwara na bile duct.

1 - hepatic sinusoid; 2 - imeju mkpụrụ ndụ; 3 - Central Vienna; 4 - na hepatic akwara; 5 - bile capillaries; 6 - nsia capillaries; 7 - «chi atọ n'ime portal»; 8 -pechenochnaya ámá Vienna; 9 - hepatic akwara; 10 - nke bile duct.

Ọgụgụ 6:

E dere na Bekee sụgharịrị dị ka (ekpe gaa n'aka nri): nri mpụta oru, nri paramedian oru, ekpe paramedian oru na ekpe mpụta oru. White numerals imeju agukọta agba, onye ọ bụla nọmba kwekọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Latin nke:

1 - nri hepatic Vienna; 2 - ekpe hepatic Vienna; 3 - nkezi hepatic Vienna; 4 - n'ime eriri Vienna (fọduru); 5 - hepatic duct; 6 - ala oghere Vienna; 7 - hepatic akwara; 8 - ụzọ ámá Vienna; 9 - na bile duct; 10 - nke cystic duct; 11 - gallbladder.

The physiology nke imeju

mmadụ imeju ọrụ bụ nnọọ iche iche: ya na-emezu a isi ọrụ mgbaze na metabolism, na ọbụna na nchekwa nke nri.

mgbaze

Imeju na-arụ-arụsi ọrụ ike na digestive usoro site na mmepụta nke bile. Bile bụ ngwakọta nke mmiri, salts nke bile asịd, cholesterol na bilirubin ink.

Mgbe hepatocytes na imeju na-emepụta bile, ọ na-agabiga opi mgbailu na-echekwara na na gallbladder ruo mgbe ahụ, ruo mgbe adịkwaghị mkpa. Mgbe nri nwere abụba esịmde duodenum, duodenal mkpụrụ ndụ na-emepụta ihe hormone cholecystokinin, nke-eme ka ndị gallbladder. Bile, na-akpụ akpụ site na bile duct abatakwa duodenum, ebe nnukwu emulsifies abụba uka. Emulsification nke abụba bile na-eme ka nnukwu chunks nke abụba ke obere iberibe, nke nwere a ala n'elu ebe ya mere mfe egweri.

Bilirubin bụ ugbu ke bile, imeju bụ ngwaahịa nke nhazi nke kara nká mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Kupffer sel ke imeju enwetaghị na-ebibi ochie, eyi si mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ebunye ha na hepatocytes. N'oge gara aga ka akara aka nke haemoglobin - ọ na-ekewa iche iche nke heme na globin. Globin protein n'ihu rụrụ arụ ma na-eji dị ka onye ike isi iyi nke aru. Iron-nwere heme otu ike-redesigned ahụ na nanị ghọrọ ka bilirubin, nke na-agbakwunyere na bile. Ọ bilirubin enye bile ya pụrụ iche akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na agba. Nsia bacteria na-n'ihu converted n'ime bilirubin strekobilin aja aja ink nke ọnọde excrement aja aja.

metabolism

Imeju hepatocytes ebubo a otutu mgbagwoju nsogbu metụtara metabolic n'ibu. Ebe ọ bụ na ọbara nile ahapụ digestive usoro, na-aga site na hepatic portal akwara, imeju bụ maka n'ịgbari carbohydrates, lipids na-edozi ahụ na a biologically bara uru ihe.

Anyị digestive usoro mgbari carbohydrates n'ime glucose monosaccharide na mkpụrụ ndụ na-eji dị ka onye bụ isi ike isi iyi. Ọbara-abanye imeju site na hepatic portal akwara, bụ oké ọgaranya na glucose si gbarie nri. Hepatocytes banye kasị nke glucose na-echekwa ya ka glycogen macromolecule, a branched polysaccharide, nke na-enye ohere imeju na-echekwa nnukwu ichekwa glucose na ngwa ngwa hapụ ya n'etiti nri. The absorption na ntọhapụ nke glucose site hepatocytes aka ịnọgide na-enwe homeostasis na ala ọbara glucose.

Ọdụdụ asịd (lipids), ọbara-agafe imeju, gbarie na etinye obi gị dum site hepatocytes na-emepụta ike na ụdị ATP. Glycerol, a akụrụngwa nke lipid na hepatocytes gbanwee glucose site gluconeogenesis usoro. Hepatocytes nwekwara ike na-emepụta lipids dị ka cholesterol, phospholipids na lipoproteins, nke na-eji mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ ofụri idem. Kasị nke cholesterol emepụta site hepatocytes, na-ewepụtara ahụ ka a akụrụngwa nke bile.

Dietary na-edozi na-agbajikwa ala n'ime amino asịd nke digestive usoro ọbụna tupu ha na-agafere na hepatic portal akwara. The amino asịd abanye n'ime imeju, metabolic achọ nhazi tupu ha nwere ike ji mee ka onye ike isi iyi. Hepatocytes na-akpa wepụrụ si amino otu nke amine na tọghata ya n'ime amonia, nke na-emecha ghọrọ n'ime urea.

Urea bụ obere na-egbu egbu karịa amonia, na e nwere ike iche na mmamịrị dị ka a n'efu ngwaahịa nke mgbaze. The fọdụrụ akụkụ nke amino asịd na-agbajikwa ala n'ime ATP ahụ ma ọ bụ n'ime ọhụrụ ụmụ irighiri nke glucose site gluconeogenesis usoro.

detoxification

Ebe ọ bụ na ọbara si digestive akụkụ-agabiga portal nke imeju ọbara, ọbara content akara hepatocytes na wepụrụ ọtụtụ nwere nsi, tupu ha nwere ike iru ndị ọzọ nke ahu.

Enzymes na hepatocytes tọghata ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nsị (eg, mmanya ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọjọọ) n'ime ha na-adịghị ejekwa metabolites. Iji nọgide na-na ọkwa nke homonụ na homeostatic ókè, imeju na-metabolizes na ewepu si mgbasa homonụ emepụta site glands na ahu onwe.

nchekwa

Imeju na-enye nchekwa nke ọtụtụ mkpa nri, vitamin na mineral enwetara site na ọbara nke nnyefe site hepatic portal usoro. Glucose na-ebuga na hepatocytes n'okpuru nduzi nke hormone insulin na echekwara ka ndị polysaccharide glycogen. Hepatocytes nwekwara banye na ọdụdụ asịd nke triglyceride ingested. Nchekwa nke ndị a ihe na-enye ohere imeju ịnọgide na-enwe homeostasis nke glucose dị n'ọbara.

Anyị imeju nwekwara echekwa vitamin na mineral (vitamin A, D, E, K na B 12, na mineral ígwè na ọla) iji hụ na a mgbe nile na-eruba n'ime mkpa bekee ka ozu arọ.

mmepụta

Imeju bụ maka na-amị a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke dị mkpa protein mmiri ọbara plasma: prothrombin, fibrinogen na albumin. Prothrombin na fibrinogen edozi bụ coagulation metụtara ke kpụworo egbochi mkpụkọ nke ọbara. Albumins bụ ndi na-edozi na ịnọgide na-enwe ọbara isotonic ajụ ya na mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịghị na-enweta ma ọ bụ ida mmiri na ọnụnọ nke mmiri ahụ.

ọgụ

Imeju ọrụ dị ka ahụ ji alụso ọrịa usoro site na ọrụ nke Kupffer mkpụrụ ndụ. Kupffer mkpụrụ ndụ macrophages, mononuclear phagocytes akpụ akụkụ nke usoro tinyere macrophages nke splin na Lymph. Kupffer mkpụrụ ndụ na-egwu ọrụ dị mkpa, dị ka esichara bacteria, dịkwa ka usoro ha, nje, na-eyi na-mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na cellular irighiri.

Ultrasound imeju: norm na ndiiche

Imeju na-eme ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa na ọrụ na ahụ anyị, n'ihi ya, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na ọ mgbe a na-ahụkarị. O bu na imeju nwere ike na-arịa ọrịa, n'ihi na ọ dịghị akwara endings, i nwere ike ịhụ otú ọnọdụ ahụ olileanya na-adịghị. Ọ pụrụ nnọọ imebi ala, nke nta nke nta, ma na na ọgwụgwụ ya ga-ekwe omume ka ọ gwọọ.

E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke imeju ọrịa nke ị na-adịghị ọbụna na-eche na e nwere ihe irreparable. Man nwere ike ibi a ogologo oge na-ele onwe gị ike, ma na ọgwụgwụ ya enyo na o nwere imeju ma ọ bụ imeju cancer. Na a ga-agbanwe agbanwe.

Ọ bụ ezie na imeju na-na nwere ihe onwunwe na-agbake, ya onwe mgbe iji nagide dị otú ahụ ọrịa. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ chọrọ enyemaka gị.

Iji zere na-abaghị uru nsogbu, mgbe ụfọdụ, dị nnọọ iji gaa a dọkịta na-eme ultrasound nke imeju, na ọnụego nke bụ nke a kọwara n'okpuru ebe a. Cheta na imeju na-ejikọta ya na kasị dị ize ndụ ọrịa ndị dị ka ịba ọcha n'anya, na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike ime oge oké pathologies dị ka imeju na cancer.

Ugbu a, ka ị gaa ozugbo na na US na ya norms. The mbụ ọkachamara anya na-ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na imeju bụ na ihe ya size na-dechapụ.

The kpọmkwem size nke imeju na-apụghị kpọmkwem dị ka a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na iji anya nke uche ahụ agaghị ekwe omume. ngụkọta ahu ogologo ekwesịghị gafere 18 cm. Physicians emeso ibe akụkụ iche iche imeju.

Ka na-amalite na eziokwu na imeju na ultrasound kwesịrị doro anya na anya abụọ nke ya òkè, nakwa dị ka ndi nke ha na-ekewa. N'otu akwara (ya bụ, ụdọ) agaghị anya. The ọmụmụ ekwe ka ndị dọkịta na-amụ ihe niile asatọ agba iche iche, ebe ọ bụ na ha, kwa, ga-adị mfe hụrụ.

Norm akụkụ nke ziri ezi na n'aka ekpe n'ọnụ ọnụ

The ekpe n'ọnụ ọnụ kwesịrị banyere 7 cm na ọkpụrụkpụ na banyere 10 cm n'ịdị elu. Amụba size kwuru banyere nsogbu ahụ ike ikekwe na i nwere mbufụt nke imeju. Nri n'ọnụ ọnụ, nke bụ ọnụego - banyere 12 cm na ọkpụrụkpụ na ruo 15 cm n'ogologo, dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ n'aka ekpe.

Ke adianade ahụ, ndị dọkịta ga-nyochaa ma bile duct, nakwa dị ka nnukwu ọbara arịa nke imeju. The size nke bile duct ka ihe atụ, ga-bụghị karịa 8 mm, portal Vienna - banyere 12 mm na olulu Vienna - 15 mm.

N'ihi na ndị dọkịta na-abụghị nanị akụkụ nke akụkụ, ma ya Ọdịdị, aru contours na anụ ahụ.

Human Mmebe (imeju, nke bụ a nnọọ mgbagwoju ngwa) - nnọọ a na-adọrọ mmasị ihe. Ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ na-akpali karịa ịghọta Ọdịdị onwe ya. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ pụrụ ọbụna-azọpụta unu achọghị ọrịa. Na ọ bụrụ na ị na-amụ anya, nsogbu nwere ike izere. Njem dọkịta - ọ bụghị dị ka egwu dị ka o yiri. Nọrọ mma!