Aldehydes na ketones. Njirimara na njikọ nke carbonyl ogige

Ogige osisi ndị nwere na ngwugwu ha bụ carbonyle nke ụdị ndị a:> C = O, - a na - akpọ oxo ogige ma kewara ya n'ime nnukwu nnukwu - aldehydes na ketones. Site na usoro nke radical hydrocarbon, a na-ekepụta ihe ndị a n'ime aliphatic, aromatic na alicyclic. Nke mbụ na nke abụọ na-egosi na ọnụnọ dị na mkpụrụ ndụ nke carbonyl otu, nke ejikọtara ya na ụda benzene ma ọ bụ nkedo n'akụkụ. Aldehydes na ketones na ngwongwo nke ihe omimi nke usoro ihe omume ndi nwere otu oru n'ahiri a na-ewere dika ihe ndi ozo nke aliphatic carbonyl ogige.

A na-eme ka aldehydes dị omimi na ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa: iwebata otu carbonyl n'ime mgbanaka benzene n'oge usoro electrophilic na-agbanwe na ntụgharị nke ihe mgbakwunye ndị dị ugbu a na usoro. Aldehydes na ketones n'etiti ogige ndị na-eme ihe ndị dị na ya bụ ihe kachasị arụ ọrụ. Na usoro ihe omimi, onye mbu bu ihe karia nke ozo. Maka aldehydes, oxidation, mgbanwe, polymerization, mgbakwunye na odide bụ nnọọ njirimara. Ketones anaghị akwado mmeghachi omume polymerization.

Nkwadebe nke aldehydes nke usoro aromatic, karịsịa benzaldehyde, site na oxidation nke ogige hydrocarbon nwere ngwakọta nke ikuku mere site na usoro mmepụta ihe. A na-eme mmeghachi omume dị otú ahụ na osisi chemical na-eji oxides nke ọla dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, vanadium oxide. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, maka njikọ nke aromatic aldehyde, a pụrụ iji ụzọ ndị a na-eji na-akwadebe ogige aliphatic.

Aromatic aldehydes bụ ihe ka ukwuu n'ime mmiri mmiri-mmiri na-enweghị ike ịmịnye mmiri na-esi ike nke almọnd ilu. Ka ha na-enwe otu carbonyl otu dị anya site na mgbanaka benzene, onye na-egbu egbu na-esi ísì ísì. Aromatic aldehydes, bụ ndị ihe nketa ya dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ogige ndị dị nro nke usoro aliphatic n'ihi mmịnye aka nke mgbanaka benzene na otu carbonyl, nwere ụfọdụ kemịkal chemical na njirimara anụ ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịsị ha ngwa ngwa na acid carboxylic, tinyere mmịlata na mmanya na hydrocarbons kwekọrọ. A propionic aldehyde, nke jikọtara ya na ọtụtụ ụdị ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche, na-agbanwe ya na propionic acid n'ihu ọnụma ndị kwekọrọ na ya, na propanol n'oge hydrogenation.

Ọtụtụ ụzọ nwere ike iji synthesize ketones nke aromatic usoro. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro nke hydrolysis alkaline nke dihalides dị egwu, dehydrogenation, oxidation nke monatomic abụọ kwekọrọ na mmanya, na ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, usoro bụ isi nke inweta ihe ndị a bụ acylation nke ogige aromatic. All aldehydes na ketones, na-enwe ebe obibi electrophilic, na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke na ndị na-ekpo ọkụ nke usoro usoro nucleophilic.

Ebe ndị dị otú ahụ na-enyere ndị na-enye aka na-enye aka na-agụnye mmeghachi omume acylation. Ketones nke ihe omimi a bụ mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike na-esi ísì ụtọ nke na-esi ísì ụtọ, nke a na-anaghị edozi mmiri, nke na-enye ha ohere ka ha jiri ha na-esi ísì ụtọ.