Amines - a ... Structure, Properties, amines ọmụmụ

Amines abịa n'ime ndụ anyị na-atụghị anya. Ruo mgbe na-adịbeghị anya, ọ bụ egbu egbu bekee, nkukota na nke nwere ike iduga ọnwụ. Na ugbu a, mgbe ọkara otu narị afọ, anyị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eji eri ndị, textiles, ụlọ ihe, e ji esiji ákwà, nke na-dabere na amines. Ọ dịghị, ha adaghị odi mfe, dị nnọọ ndị mmadụ ha na-enwe ike "izu" na isiokwu, adịrị uru ụfọdụ maka onwe ha. Banyere ihe ọ bụ, na anyị ga-ekwu n'ihu.

definition

Amines - bụ organic ogige ewepụtara amonia ụmụ irighiri nke hydrogen na-anọchi hydrocarbon radicals. Ha nwere ike na-anọ na oge. The nhazi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke radicals ụmụ irighiri chọpụta na ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke amines. E wezụga hydrocarbons, dị ogige nwere ike nkejikotara aromatic ma ọ bụ aliphatic radicals, ma ọ bụ Nchikota-ya nile. Ihe e ji mara nke a na klas bụ ọnụnọ RN-moiety, nke R - bụ ihe organic otu.

nhazi ọkwa

All ndị amines nwere ike kere atọ nnukwu iche iche:

1. Site na ọdịdị nke hydrocarbon buu.
2. Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke radicals mmasị ka nitrogen atọm.
3. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke amino otu (mono-, di-, Tri -, wdg ...).

The mbụ gụnyere aliphatic amines ma ọ bụ ịmachi, nke ndị nnọchiteanya nke methylamine na methylethylamine. Ọzọkwa aromatic - ka ihe atụ, aniline ma ọ bụ phenylamine. Names Representatives nke ìgwè nke abụọ na-emetụtachaghị ego nke hydrocarbon radicals. N'ihi ya, ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ bụ isi amines (nwere otu nitrogen otu), nke abụọ (na-enwe abụọ nitrogen iche iche na Nchikota dị iche iche organic iche iche) na tertiary (kwekọrọ na-enwe atọ nitrogen iche iche). Aha ndị tertiary otu ekwu maka onwe ha.

Nomenclature (guzobe nke aha)

Iji na-etolite na compound aha aha nke organic otu nke a na njikọ aka nitrogen, ịgbakwunye nganiihu "Amen," na iche iche ha na-kwuru ya n'usoro abiidii, n'ihi na ihe atụ: metilprotilamin ma ọ bụ methyldiphenylamine (na nke a, "di" na-egosi na compound nwere ihe abụọ radicals phenyl). Hapụrụ na-aha, ntọala nke bụ carbon, na-anọchi anya ihe amino otu dị ka a substituent. Mgbe ahụ ọnọdụ nke ya index kpebisiri ike n'okpuru designation so, n'ihi na ihe atụ, Kra ₃ Kra ₂ Kra (NH ₂₎ Kra ₂ Kra _3. Mgbe ụfọdụ, na n'elu nri akuku nke na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egosi na ordinal nọmba nke carbon.

Ụfọdụ n'ime ogige ka idowe na-enweghị, a maara nke ọma mfe aha dị ka aniline, n'ihi na ihe atụ. Ke adianade do, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike izute ndị dị otú ahụ na ha ọhụma mmasị aha na-eji na a par na Ịhazi, n'ihi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị mmadụ n'ebe dị anya n'ebe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ọ bụ mfe ọzọ adaba na-ekwurịta okwu ma na-aghọta onye ọ bụla ọzọ

nkịtị Njirimara

The abụọ amine, dị ka a bụ isi, ike nke na-akpụ hydrogen nkekọ n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe, ọ bụ ezie na ubé ike ọgwụgwụ ka nkịtị. Eziokwu a na-akọwa na elu mmiri ịgbọ agbọ (n'elu otu narị degrees) pụta ụwa amines, dị ka e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ ogige enwe a yiri molekụla arọ. Tertiary amine, n'ihi enweghị NH-iche iche enweghị ike hydrogen bonding, si otú amalite obụpde ugbua na iri asatọ na itoolu degrees Celsius.

Na ụlọ okpomọkụ (iri na asatọ - iri abụọ degrees Celsius) naanị ala aliphatic amines na-na ụdị nke uzuoku. The nkezi na ọnụnọ a mmiri mmiri ala, na kasị elu na - na ihe siri ike. All amines ọmụmụ nwere a kpọmkwem isi. The ala organic radicals na a molekul, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe doro anya na site fọrọ odorless elu esi ísì ogige azụ n'etiti na ala-esi ísì amonia.

The amines nwere ike na-etolite ike hydrogen nkekọ na mmiri, ya bu na ha na-ọma soluble nime ya. The ọzọ molekul bụ ugbu ke hydrocarbon buu, ndị na-erughị soluble.

chemical Njirimara

Dị ka ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iche, amines - na nkwekọrịta nke amonia, na ya mere Njirimara ha yiri. E nwere Olee ihe enyemaka atọ ụdị chemical interactions nke kwere omume na ogige.

1. First, tụlee Njirimara nke amines dị ka ndị isi. The ala (aliphatic) agwakọta na mmiri na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-enye ihe alkaline mmeghachi omume. Bond a kpụrụ na a na-enye onyinye-acceptor usoro, n'ihi na eziokwu na nitrogen nwere unpaired elektrọn. Site omume niile amines na asịd na-etolite salts. Nke a bụ a siri ike, ukwuu mmiri-soluble bekee. Aromatic amines igosipụta a na-adịghị ike isi Njirimara, ebe ọ bụ na ha unshared elektrọn ụzọ na-gbanwere na benzene mgbanaka na interacts na ya electrons.
2. Ọxịdashọn. A tertiary amine na-oxidized mfe agwakọta na oxygen na ikuku ikuku. Ke adianade do, ihe niile amines nwere ike amụnyewo site na-emeghe ire (n'adịghị amonia).
3. Mmekọrịta nitrous acid na-eji na onwu ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe amine, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa a mmeghachi omume na-adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke organic iche iche ugbu ke molekul:

• ala isi amines kpụrụ si mmeghachi omume nke alcohols;
• aromatic isi yiri ọnọdụ enye phenols;
• abụọ converted n'ime nitroso ogige (dị ka ọ pụtara ìhè site na ndị e ji mara ísì);
• tertiary ụdị salts nke na-ngwa ngwa ebibi, otú ahụ bara uru dị otú ahụ a na mmeghachi omume bụ bụghị.

The pụrụ iche Njirimara nke aniline

Aniline bụ a compound Inwe Njirimara pụta ụwa ma ihe amino ìgwè na benzenes. Nke a na-kọwara ibe mmetụta nke atọm n'ime molekul. Na otu aka, a benzene mgbanaka ebelata isi (m. E. Alkaline) aniline ngosipụta na molekul. Ha ala karịa aliphatic amines na amonia. Ma na aka nke ọzọ, mgbe amino otu nwere mmetụta na benzene mgbanaka, ọ na-aghọ on Kama nke ahụ, ihe arụsi ọrụ ike na-abanye nnọchi Jeremaya mere.

N'ihi na qualitative na quantitative mkpebi siri ike nke aniline ogige ke ngwọta ma ọ bụ iji mmeghachi omume na bromine mmiri, na nke ala njedebe nke tube na-acha ọcha ịkpali nke 2,4,6-tribromanilina.

Amines na ọdịdị

Amines na-ahụ ná ọdịdị n'ụdị vitamin, homonụ, n'etiti ngwaahịa nke metabolism, na ha nwere na ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi. Ke adianade do, mgbe ire ere nke ndu eme ntule na-enweta a abụọ amines, nke bụ na mmiri mmiri ala na-agbasa ọjọọ ísì azụ asa brine. Ebe a kọwara na e ji amụ "ozu nsi" pụtara ekele kpọmkwem isi nke amines.

N'ihi na a ogologo oge anyị na-atụle umi mgbagwoju anya na amonia n'ihi nke yiri ísì ụtọ. Ma ke ufọt ufọt iri na itoolu na narị afọ French mmiri ọgwụ Wurtz ike synthesize methylamine na ethylamine, na-egosi na ha emit mgbe ọkụ hydrocarbons. Nke a bụ a isi dị iche si ogige kwuru amonia.

Nkwadebe nke amines na ulo oru ọnọdụ

Ebe ọ bụ na nitrogen atọm na amines bụ na a ala ọxịdashọn ala, na mgbake nke nitrogen-nwere ogige bụ ihe kasị mfe na inweta usoro ha nkwadebe. Ọ bụ ebe nile na ulo oru omume n'ihi na nke cheapness.

Mbụ usoro bụ Mbelata Nitro ogige. The mmeghachi omume n'oge nke kpụrụ aniline a maara dị ka a ọkà mmụta sayensị Zinin na ẹkenịmde maka oge mbụ ke ufọt ufọt iri na itoolu na narị afọ. Nke abụọ usoro a na-eweghachiri amides iji lithium aluminum hydride. Site nitriles dịkwa ike weghachi isi amines. Nke atọ n'onwe - alkylation mmeghachi omume, i.e. iwebata alkyl iche iche na amonia molekul.

The ojiji nke amines

Onwe ha, n'ụdị dị ọcha bekee, amines na-eji obere. Otu n'ime ole na ole ihe atụ nke - polyethylene polyamine (Pepa) nke a anụ ụlọ na gburugburu ebe obibi mmemmem hardening nke epoxy resin. Ihu ọma, bụ isi, nke abụọ ma ọ bụ tertiary amine - ọ bụ n'etiti na mmepụta nke dị iche iche organic bekee. The kasị ewu ewu bụ aniline. Ọ - ndabere nke a nnukwu palette nke aniline dyes. The agba na-ga-esi na ọgwụgwụ, na-adabere na na họrọ ihe onwunwe. Pure aniline enye a-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba, na a ngwakọta nke aniline, ortho- na para-toluidine ga-acha ọbara ọbara.

Aliphatic amines achọrọ maka nkwadebe nke polyamides, dị ka naịlọn na ndị ọzọ na eri. Ha na-eji n'ibu injinịa, nakwa dị ka ke imewe nke ụdọ, akwa na fim. Ke adianade do, aliphatic diizotsinaty eji imewe nke polyurethanes. N'ihi na nke ahụkebe Njirimara (lightness, ike, mgbanwe na ike rube isi niile na-ebupụta) ha na-mkpa na-ewu (ụfụfụ, mama) na na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ụlọ ọrụ (ileghara naanị).

Medicine - ebe ọzọ amines na-eji. Chemistry enyere synthesize ha n'ime otu ìgwè nke ọgwụ nje sulfonamides, nke na-ọma-eji dị ka nke abụọ-akara ọgwụ ọjọọ, ie ndabere. Bụrụ na nke bacteria ịzụlite iguzogide isi ọgwụ ọjọọ.

Mmetụta ọjọọ n'ahụ mmadụ

Ọ maara na amines - nke a bụ nnọọ na-egbu egbu umi. Injury nwere ike ime ka ọ bụla na mmekọrịta ya na ha: inhalation nke vapors, na kọntaktị na-emeghe akpụkpọ ma ọ bụ ingress njikọ n'ime ahụ. Ọnwụ emee site na enweghi oxygen, ka amines (karịsịa aniline) ejikọ na haemoglobin na ọbara na-adịghị enye ya weghara ụmụ irighiri nke oxygen. Egwu mgbaàmà ndị mkpụmkpụ nke ume, blue nasolabial triangle na aka, tachypnea (ngwa ngwa iku ume), tachycardia, ọnwụ nke nsụhọ.

Bụrụ na nke kọntaktị nke a bekee na kpughere akụkụ ahụ mkpa ngwa ngwa wepụ ha na owu na mbụ tinye ke mmanya. Nke a ga-eme dị ka nke ọma dị ka o kwere ka ọ ghara dịkwuo ebe ofufe. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ihe mgbaàmà nke na nsi - Jide n'aka na-hụ dọkịta.

Aliphatic amines - a nsi na ụjọ na obi usoro. Ha nwere ike ime ka ịda mbà n'obi nke na imeju na-ya mbelata na ọbụna cancer nke eriri afo ọrịa.