Calcium atụmatụ. calcium Njirimara. calcium usoro

N'etiti niile ọcha nke oge usoro nwere ọtụtụ ndị a, na-enweghị ọ bụghị nanị na mepụtara a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrịa na ndu eme ntule, ma n'ozuzu ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-ebi ndụ a kwesịrị ndụ na-eto eto. Otu n'ime ndị a - calcium.

Akpali mmasị, mgbe ọ na-abịa a metal ka a dị mfe umi, na ọ dịghị eji, na ọ dịghị ka mmadụ, ọbụna na-emerụ. Otú ọ dị, otu onye nwere hota nanị ion Ca ^2+, dị ka na-eduzi e nwere ọtụtụ isi ihe na ya mara na ha dị mkpa.

calcium itie ke oge usoro

Njirimara calcium, nakwa dị ka ọ bụla ọzọ mmewere-amalite na ọnọdụ nke ya ebe ke oge usoro. Mgbe niile, ọ na-enye ohere na-amụta ọtụtụ ihe banyere nke a atọm:

• ndebe nke ntọala;
• nọmba nke electrons na protons, neutrons;
• ọxịdashọn ala, kasị elu na kasị ala;
• elektrọn nhazi na ndị ọzọ na ihe ndị dị mkpa.

The nke n'ihu anyị ka mmewere na-anọ mgbe, a nnukwu ìgwè nke abụọ, isi ìgwè na nwere a Oghere Usoro ọgụgụ 20. Ọzọkwa, chemical oge table-egosi atọm ibu nke calcium - 40,08, nke bụ nkezi uru nke ẹdude isotopes nke a nyere atọm.

Ogo ọxịdashọn naanị, mgbe mgbe nile, bụ hà abụọ. Formula elu oxide CaO. The Latin aha maka mmewere calcium, n'ihi ya akara Ca atọm.

Njirimara calcium dị ka a dị mfe umi

N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ mmewere bụ a metal, a silver-acha ọcha na agba. calcium dị ka a dị mfe umi nke usoro - ca. Ruru akwa chemical ọrụ na bụ ike nke na-akpụ a plurality nke ogige nke dị iche iche ọmụmụ.

Na ihe siri ike ikwu na mmadụ na-adịghị gụnyere, bụ ya mere mkpa maka ulo oru na teknuzu ojiji (tumadi chemical syntheses).

Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị nke òkè ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ metal, 1.5%. Ọ na-ezo aka otu alkaline ụwa, ebe ọ bụ na mgbe etisasịwo ke mmiri na-amịrị ihe alkali, ma a na-na ọdịdị n'ụdị multiple minerals na salts. A ọtụtụ calcium (400 mg / l) a gụnyere ke mejupụtara nke oké osimiri mmiri.

crystal lattice

calcium atụmatụ kọwara crystal lattice Ọdịdị na ya nwere ike nke abụọ na ụdị (ebe e nwere ndị Alfa na beta ụdị):

• cubic granetsentricheskaya;
• obemnotsentricheskaya.

Mmekọrịta ụdị na molekul - a metal, a lattice, dị ka ihe niile - metal atọm ion.

N'ịbụ agwa

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe isi bekee na ọdịdị nke nwere a mmewere.

1. Mmiri nke oké osimiri.
2. Rocks na mineral.
3. Ibi ntule (shells na shells, ọkpụkpụ na na).
4. Ground mmiri na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ.

Ọ pụrụ ịpụta na-esonụ ụdị nke nkume na mineral na-na-eke na isi mmalite nke calcium.

1. Dolomite - a ngwakọta nke calcium carbonate na magnesium.
2. Fluorite - calcium Fluoride.
3. Gypsum - caso ₄ · 2H ₂ O.
4. Calcite - nzu, na nkume nzu, marble - calcium carbonate.
5. Alabasta - caso ₄ · 0.5H ₂ O.
6. Apatity.

Total dịpụrụ adịpụ banyere 350 iche iche minerals na nkume nke nwere calcium.

Ụzọ maka nkwadebe

Ọ na-emeghị-agbake metal maka a ogologo oge na a free ụdị, ebe ọ bụ na ya reactivity dị elu na agwa dị ọcha ụdị ike ẹkụt. Ya mere, ruo mgbe XIX narị afọ (1808), mmewere na ajụjụ ọzọ omimi, nke ji oge table.

Calcium dị ka metal ike synthesize na English mmiri ọgwụ Gemfri Devi. Ọ bụ mbụ chọpụtara atụmatụ nke na mmekọrịta nke agbazenụ nke siri ike minerals na salts si electrocution. Iji ụbọchị ka ndị kasị mkpa iji nwetere a bụ electrolysis nke a metal nnu-ya nile, dị ka:

• a ngwakọta nke calcium na potassium chlorides;
• a ngwakọta nke calcium Fluoride na chloride.

Ọ dịkwa ike iwepu calcium oxide si ya site ọsọ ke nkà mmụta banyere ígwè aluminothermy usoro.

nkịtị Njirimara

calcium atụmatụ nke ahụ kwa nwere ike kọwara na ọtụtụ ihe.

1. State of aggregation - siri ike n'okpuru ihere ọnọdụ.
2. Agbaze uche - 842 ⁰ C.
3. Metal nro, nwere ike ebipụ na a mma.
4. Agba - ọlaọcha na-acha ọcha, nke onwunwu.
5. Conduction na nwere ezigbo okpomọkụ na-eduzi Njirimara.
6. Ruo ogologo oge kpo oku atọghata ka a mmiri mmiri, mgbe ahụ, Alụlụụ ala, adịkwa Njirimara nke metal. The esi n'ókè nke 1484 ⁰ C.

Physical Njirimara nke calcium nwere otu atụmatụ. Mgbe metal bụ nsogbu, ya na oge ụfọdụ na-efunari ya dara Njirimara na ikike conductivity. Otú ọ dị, na n'ihu na-abawanye na ikpughe na-ebelata na ọzọ na-egosipụta onwe dị ka a superconductor, ọ bụ ọtụtụ ugboro buru ibu karịa ndị ọzọ ọcha n'ihi na ndị a na-egosi.

chemical Njirimara

The ọrụ nke metal bụ nnọọ elu. Ya mere, e nwere ọtụtụ interactions, nke calcium-abanye. Jeremaya mere na ndị na-abụghị ọla niile maka ya - a nkịtị ihe, n'ihi na dị ka a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga, ọ bụ nnọọ ike.

1. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ a dị n'ọtụtụ meghachi omume na-etolite kwekọrọ ekwekọ ọnụọgụ abụọ ogige na: halogens, oxygen.
2. N'elu kpo oku, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, sịlịkọn, site, boron, sọlfọ, na ndị ọzọ.
3. Outdoors ozugbo meghachi omume na carbon dioxide na oxygen, otú kpuchie isi awọ oge ntoju.
4. Acid mkpatụ ike, mgbe ụfọdụ, mbufụt.

Nti Njirimara nke calcium apụta mgbe ọ na-abịa ya na mejupụtara nke salts. N'ihi ya, mara mma ọgba stalactites na stalagmites, nke na-eto eto na n'uko na mgbidi, bụ ihe ọ bụla dị ka calcium carbonate, kpụrụ na oge nke mmiri, carbon dioxide na nwụrụ site n'ibu n'ime ala.

Ịmata ifịk metal na nkịtị ala, na-ya na laabu, nakwa dị ka alkaline. Na a ọchịchịrị iko akpa na a kaa akara mkpuchi na n'okpuru oyi akwa kerosin ma ọ bụ paraffin.

Qualitative mmeghachi omume na calcium ion - a ire ọkụ agba? Na a mara mma, full brick-acha ọbara ọbara na agba. Ọzọkwa mata metal ogige nwere ike ekewet nke ihe unyi anaghị agbasa na ọdịda nke ụfọdụ n'ime ya salts (calcium carbonate, Fluoride, sulfate, phosphate, silicate, sulfite).

metal ogige

Iche-iche na-esonụ metal ogige:

• oxide;
• hydroxide;
• calcium nnu (nkezi, acidic, isi, abụọ, mgbagwoju).

Calcium oxide a maara dị ka quicklime. CaO na-eji ike a ewu ihe owuwu (lime). Ọ bụrụ na oxide imenyụ mmiri, anyị na-enweta kwekọrọ ekwekọ hydroxide, alkali emepe Njirimara.

Of oké bara uru dị iche calcium salts, nke na-eji dị iche iche ndi nke aku na uba. Gịnị bụ e nnu, anyị ugbua kwuru n'elu. Anyị na-enye ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke ndị a na ụdị ogige.

1. Ọkara nnu - carbonate CaCO _3, phosphate Ca ₃ (PO _{4) 2} na ndị ọzọ.
2. Acid - sulfate CaHSO _4.
3. Key - hydrogencarbonate (CaOH) ₃ PO _4.
4. Mgbagwoju - [Ca (NH _{3) 8]} cl _2.
5. Dual - 5Ca (NO _{3) 2} * NH ₄ NO ₃ * 10H ₂ O.

Ọ bụ n'ụdị ogige nke a na klas nke calcium dị mkpa maka ndu usoro, dị ka isi iyi nke ion aka ahu na-salts.

The ndu ọrụ

Gịnị bụ mkpa nke calcium maka ahụ mmadụ? E nwere ọtụtụ ihe.

1. Ọ bụ nke a mmewere ion bụ akụkụ nke intercellular umi, na anụ ahụ ọmụmụ, na-ekere òkè ụkpụrụ nke excitation usoro hormone na neurotransmitters.
2. Calcium-agbakọ ọkpụkpụ, ezé Enamel ke ichekwa banyere 2.5% nke ngụkọta ahu aro. Nke a bụ nnọọ ọtụtụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na-eme ndị a akụkụ, retaining ike ha ma kwụsie ike. Uto nke organism agaghị ekwe omume na-enweghị ya.
3. Blood clotting bụkwa dabere na-ewere ion.
4. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke obi muscle iso na ya excitation na mkpi.
5. Bụ a ọzọ iji Filiks nke exocytosis na ndị ọzọ na intracellular mgbanwe.

Ọ bụrụ na ego nke calcium oriri bụghị zuru ezu, ọ bụ omume na mmepe nke ọrịa ndị dị ka:

• rickets;
• osteoporosis;
• ọbara ọrịa.

Ọnụego ya kwa ụbọchị maka ihe okenye - 1,000 mg, na n'ihi na ụmụ site 9 afọ nke 1300 mg. Iji zere a njuputa ke idem nke a mmewere ekwesịghị gafere ndị gosiri dose. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ị nwere ike ịzụlite bowel ọrịa.

N'ihi na ihe niile ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ndị calcium abụghị obere mkpa. Ihe atụ, ọtụtụ invertebrates , ọ na-adịghị a ọkpụkpụ, ma mpụga n'aka ike ha dị ka ndị na-metal formations. N'etiti ha:

• akịrịkọ;
• mọsel na oysters;
• fom;
• coral polyps.

All ha na-eyi ha ahụ n'azụ ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ, na-guzobere na a usoro nke ndụ exoskeleton nke na-echebe ha si mpụta mmetụta na-eri ha. The isi akụrụngwa nke ya - calcium nnu.

Vertebrate ụmụ anụmanụ, dị ka ụmụ mmadụ, ọ dị mkpa ka a ga-atụle ion maka nkịtị na mmepe na-esi na ha nri.

Calcium-nwere ọgwụ

E nwere ọtụtụ nhọrọ na-enyemaka nke na ọ bụ omume na-eme ka elu efu mmewere na nkịtị ahu. N'eziokwu, ọ bụ ya, eke ụzọ - ngwaahịa nwere chọrọ atọm. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na n'ihi ihe ọ bụla ọ gaghị ekwe omume ma ọ bụ ezughi oke, ahụ ike na-aga bụkwa na-anabata.

N'ihi ya, ihe ndepụta na ngwaahịa nwere calcium, dị ka nke a:

• mmiri ara ehi na mmiri ara ehi na ngwaahịa;
• azụ;
• elu;
• ọka (buckwheat, osikapa, mmiri dum wheat);
• ụfọdụ citrus mkpụrụ osisi (oroma, tangerines);
• agwa;
• All mkpụrụ (karịsịa almọnd na walnuts).

Ọ bụrụ na ụfọdụ nri anataghi ma ọ bụ ike iji ha maka ihe ọ bụla ọzọ, ndị rijuru afọ larịị nke chọrọ mmewere ke idem ga-enyere calcium-nwere ọgwụ ọjọọ.

Ha niile bụ ndị metal salts na-eru nke mfe gbarie, ngwa ngwa tinye ke ọbara na eriri afọ. Otu n'ime ha ndị kasị ewu ewu na bara uru na-na-esonụ.

1. calcium chloride - Ngwọta n'ihi ọgwụ ma ọ bụ n'ihi ọnụ na ochichi na ndị okenye na ụmụaka. Dị iche iche ịta nke nnu ke mejupụtara eji maka "ọkụ gbaa" ebe ọ na-akpata a mmetụta mgbe vkalyvaniem. E nwere ụdị na ihe ọṅụṅụ mkpụrụ osisi ikwado ingestion.
2. Calcium gluconate. Dị ka pellets (0.25 ma ọ bụ 0,5 g), na ngwọta maka igba ogwu n'akwara ogwu ogbugba. Ọtụtụ mgbe n'ụdị mkpụrụ ọgwụ na-agụnye dị iche iche mkpụrụ flavors.
3. Calcium lactate - dị na mbadamba nkume nke 0,5 g