Cholinergic synapses: Ọdịdị, ọrụ

Cholinergic synapses bụ ebe bụ nke na kọntaktị n'etiti abụọ akwara ozi ma ọ bụ neuronal sel effector ndibọbọ mgbaàmà. The synapse emi esịnede abụọ membranes - presynaptic na postsynaptic, nakwa dị ka si synaptic mkpịwa. Nnyefe nke akwara esi gboo a rụrụ site a onye ogbugbo, i.e. a transmitter umi. Na nke a emee site na mmekọrịta nke ihe nnabata na ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi na postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ. Nke a bụ isi ọrụ nke cholinergic synapses.

The onye ogbugbo na-anabata

The NA parasympathetic ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi bụ acetylcholine anabata - na abụọ na ụdị cholinergic anabata: H (nicotine) na M (muscarine). M-cholinomimetics enwe a ime ihe n'onwe ụdị pụrụ ịkpali anabata na postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ ụdị.

Njikọ nke acetylcholine na-rụrụ na cytoplasm nke cholinergic neuronal endings. Ọ a kpụrụ si choline na atsetilkoenzima-A, nke nwere a mitochondrial malite. Njikọ emee n'okpuru ihe nke cytoplasmic enzyme choline. The synaptic vesicles emee deposition nke acetylcholine. Na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a na-egosipụta ike ruo ọtụtụ puku ụmụ irighiri nke acetylcholine. Akwara na-akwadoghị akwado akpali ntọhapụ nke acetylcholine na synaptic mkpịwa ụmụ irighiri. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-abanye mmekọrịta acetylcholine anabata. Ọdịdị nke ahụ cholinergic synapse pụrụ iche.

Ọdịdị

Dị ka data, nke dị maka biochemists, acetylcholine ihe nnabata neuromuscular synapse pụrụ ịgụnye ise protein subunits na oyụhọ ion ọwa na ịgbatị site dum ọkpụrụkpụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ esịnede a lipid. Ụzọ acetylcholine ụmụ irighiri emekọ a ụzọ α-subunits. Nke a na-eduga ná eziokwu na-emepe ion ọwa na postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ na-depolarized.

Types of cholinergic synapses

Cholinergic anabata na-metụtara nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ na ụzọ dị iche iche na otu na ọtụtụ ụzọ chebaara mmetụta nke pharmacological mmadụ. Dị na nke a dị iche:

• Maskarinochuvstvitelnye cholinergic anabata - na-akpọ M-cholinergic anabata. Bụ ihe alkaloid muscarine pụta ụwa nọmba egbu egbu ero, Amanita atụ.
• Nikotinochuvstvitelnye holinoretseptora - na-akpọ H-cholinergic anabata. Nicotine bụ ihe alkaloid hụrụ na ụtaba epupụta.

ha na ọnọdụ

The mbụ dị na postsynaptic cell akpụkpọ ahụ esịnede effector akụkụ. Ha na-emi odude ke endings nke postganglionic parasympathetic emep uta eri. Ke adianade do, ha nwere na nural sel, autonomic ganglia na ọrịa ụbụrụ cortex. Ọ hụrụ na ndị M-cholinergic anabata nke dị iche iche orunótu bụ heterogeneous, nke na-eduga ná a dị iche iche uche na umi nke cholinergic synapses pharmacological okike.

Ụdị dabere na ebe

Biochemists nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke M-cholinergic anabata:

• Dị na autonomic ganglia na Central ụjọ usoro. A atụmatụ nke mbụ bụ na ha na-emi odude n'èzí nke synapses - M1-cholinergic anabata.
• Emi odude ke esịt. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha aka belata ntọhapụ nke acetylcholine - M2-cholinergic anabata.
• Emi odude ke ezigbo muscle, na ọtụtụ ndị endocrine glands - na m3-cholinergic anabata.
• Emi odude ke esịt, na mgbidi nke akpa ume alveoli, na CNS - M4-cholinergic anabata.
• Enịm ke CNS, na iris anya, emepụta asọ mmiri, na mononuclear sel ọbara - M5-cholinergic anabata.

The mmetụta na cholinergic anabata

Kasị nke mmetụta nyere site mara pharmacological bekee emetụta M-cholinergic anabata, n'ihi na na mmekọrịta ndị a bekee na postsynaptic M2 na m3 cholinergic anabata.

Tụlee nhazi ọkwa nke ego na-akpali cholinergic synapses n'okpuru.

H-cholinergic anabata emi odude ke akpụkpọ ahụ nke postsynaptic akwara ozi na ganglia endings nke ọ bụla preganglionic emep uta eri (na parasympathetic na ọmịiko ganglia), na nke ebe carotid imi, na adrenal medulla, na neurohypophysis, na Renshaw mkpụrụ ndụ na skeletal muscle. The uche nke dị iche iche H-cholinergic anabata dịgasị maka bekee. Dị ka ihe atụ, H-cholinergic anabata na autonomic ganglia owuwu (anọpụ iche ụdị ihe nnabata) nwere ịrịba iche si H-cholinergic anabata na skeletal muscle (muscle-ụdị anabata). Ọ bụ nke a na atụmatụ-enye ha ka ha bibiri igbochi ganglia pụrụ iche bekee. Ka ihe atụ, kurarepodnye umi ike igbochi neuromuscular nnyefe.

Presynaptic cholinergic anabata na adrenoceptors na-aka na ụkpụrụ na usoro nke acetylcholine ntọhapụ na synapse neuroeffector okike. Mmetuta nke ndị a na-anabata ya ga-inhibit ntọhapụ nke acetylcholine.

Acetylcholine mkpatụ na H-acetylcholine anabata na-agbanwe ha conformation, enwekwu larịị nke permeability nke postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ. Acetylcholine nwere a na-akpali akpali utịp ke sodium ion, nke ahụ banye n'ime n'ime cell, na nke a na-eduga ná eziokwu ahụ bụ na postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ na-depolarized. Ná mmalite, e nwere a local synaptic nwere na-eru ụfọdụ uru, na-amalite usoro nke na-amụba ihe nwere. Mgbe ahụ, ndị obodo ahụ obi ụtọ, nke na-ejedebeghị na synaptic ebe-amalite na-agbasa gafee cell akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na e mmetuta nke M-choline ihe nnabata, ndị dị ịrịba ama ọrụ na-egwuri site abụọ ozi na G-edozi na mgbaàmà nnyefe.

Acetylcholine eme a nnọọ obere oge. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ọ na-ngwa ngwa hydrolyzed site enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Choline, nke a kpụrụ n'oge hydrolysis nke acetylcholine na ọkara olu nke presynaptic ọnụ weghaara ma gaa na cytoplasm maka ụdi biosynthesis nke acetylcholine.

Bekee na-eme ihe na cholinergic synapses

Pharmacological na a dịgasị iche iche nke na pụrụ imetụta a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Filiks na na-metụtara synaptic nnyefe:

• Usoro acetylcholine njikọ.
• Usoro ogbugbo tọhapụ. Ka ihe atụ, carbacholine ike ime acetylcholine ntọhapụ usoro, a Nsí botulinum nwere ike inhibit ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi ntọhapụ usoro.
• The usoro nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti acetylcholine na choline ihe nnabata.
• Hydrolysis nke acetylcholine enzymatic okike.
• The kpọọ nke choline, kpụrụ hydrolysis nke acetylcholine presynaptic ọnụ. Ka ihe atụ, nwere ike inhibit gemiholiny nke neuron kpọọ na iga nke choline n'ime cell cytoplasm.

nhazi ọkwa

Pụtara na-akpali akpali ndị cholinergic synapses, nwere ike inye ọ bụghị nanị na-enwe mmetụta, ma anticholinergic (mwute) mmetụta. Dị ka ihe ndabere maka nhazi ọkwa nke ndị dị otú ahụ bekee biochemists iji ntụziaka nke ihe nke ndị a ogige on dị iche iche cholinergic anabata. Ọ bụrụ na-rube isi dị otú ahụ a ụkpụrụ, na bekee na-emetụta ndị cholinergic anabata nwere ike nkewa dị ka ndị a:

• Bekee nke nwere mmetụta na M-cholinergic anabata na N-cholinergic anabata: a holinomimetikami bụ acetylcholine na carbacholine na holinoblokatoram - tsiklodol.
• anticholinesterase putara. A na-agụnye salicylate, physostigmine, Neostigmine, galantamine hydrobromide, Armin.
• Bekee emetụta cholinergic synapses. Site cholinomimetics gụnyere pilocarpine hydrochloride na aceclidine ka holinoblokatoram - atropine sulfate, matatsin, tartrate platifillina, ipratropium bromide, hydrobromide skopalamina.

• Bekee na vlinyanie H-cholinergic anabata. Site holinomimetikami bụ tsititon na lobeline hydrochloride. H blockers nicotinic acetylcholine ihe nnabata nwere ike kewara abụọ iche iche. The mbụ - a pụtara ganglioblokiruyuschimi agwa. Ndị a gụnyere benzogeksony, gigrony, pentamin, arfonad, pyrylium. Nke abụọ otu vkulyuchaet a Curariform umi. Ndị a gụnyere muscle relaxants, na-enye elu edinam ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka tubocurarine chloride, pancuronium bromide, bromide pipekuroniya.

Anyị na-enyocha n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'aka-emetụta cholinergic synapses.