Clastic nkume. Description na nhazi ọkwa nke nkume

Na ngiri-afọ-nke ụwa bụ fọrọ nke nta dum oge table. Chemical ọcha etolite n'etiti ha a compound nke eke mineral. Otu ma ọ bụ karịa minerals nwere ike gụnyere na nkume di elu nke ụwa. Isiokwu a ga-agbalị na-emeso ha dị iche iche, na uru Njirimara.

Gịnị bụ oké nkume

N'ihi na oge mbụ a okwu ka etinyere anyị Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị Severgin na 1978. Definition nwere ike e nyere bụ: nkume - nke a n'ime otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndammana na-ewere ọnọdụ minerals nwere a na-adịgide adịgide Ọdịdị na mejupụtara. Rocks pụrụ ịchọta n'ebe nile, dị ka ha na ihe akụkụ nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ.

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-agụ nkọwa nke nkume, ha niile bụ ndị dị iche iche ihe ịrịba ama:

• Njupụta.
• Porosity.
• Agba.
• Ike.
• Strong iguzogide ntu oyi.
• Ji achọ àgwà.

Dabere na Nchikota àgwà ha na-eji.

The iche iche nke nkume

Na obi nke oké nkume nkeji na iche iche na ụdị bụ chemical ma ịnweta mejupụtara. The aha nke nkume e nyere, dabere na ha si malite. Tụlee ihe ha ịkọrọ otu. Common nhazi ọkwa nwere ike anya na ụzọ.

1. Sedimentary nkume:

• clastic nkume;
• organogenous;
• chemogenic;
• mbuaha.

2. Magmatic:

• mgbawa ugwu;
• plutonic;
• hypabyssal.

3. Metamorphic:

• isochemical;
• metasomatic;
• ultrametamorphic.

Ọzọ, tụlee a ọzọ zuru ezu akparamagwa nke a umu.

sedimentary nkume

Ọ bụla nkume, nke pụtara ná nlegharị anya nke ihe dị iche iche na mpụga Filiks nwere ike nkwarụ ịgbanwe ya udi. Ha na-amalite imebi ala, ndị irighiri na-agbasa, nwere ike debe na ala nke oké osimiri na oké osimiri. N'ihi - guzobe sedimentary nkume.

Were nkume nke sedimentary si siri ike, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ha na e guzobere n'okpuru nduzi nke ọtụtụ Filiks, ya mere, na ya ikwu na ha otu otu bụ fọrọ agaghị ekwe omume. Ugbu a, a ụdị nkume ekewa:

• Clastic nkume. Ihe Nlereanya nwere ike ime ka dị iche iche: ndị maara gravel ma ọ bụ echi ọnụ n'ala nkume, ájá na ụrọ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.
• Organogenous.
• Chemogenic.

Ka anyị kwuo banyere onye ọ bụla ghara ịdị ụdị.

Clastic nkume

Ha na-egosi n'ihi na e guzobere irighiri. Ọ bụrụ na anyị were ha dị ka ha na Ọdịdị, ntọhapụ:

• Sikwuo oké nkume.
• Unconsolidated.

The mbụ ụdị incorporates a ejikọta akụrụngwa, nke nwere ike na-anọchite anya carbonates na clays. The abụọ ụdị adịghị a bekee mere nwere a rụrụ Ọdịdị.

I nwekwara ike dee na clastic nkume ejikarị metụtara na foduru nke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. A na-agụnye shells nke mollusks ẹnịm fossils nke azuokokoosisi, ụmụ ahụhụ na nku.

Kasị mara clastic nkume. Ihe Nlereanya gosi na nke a. Site detrital bụ egwu ájá na ụrọ, anuahade, nkume na gravel, nakwa dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. All nke ha na n'ọtụtụ ebe, na-eji na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ.

akwa nke oké nkume

Otu a bụ ngwaahịa nke chemical Jeremaya mere. Ekewet ya nwere ike salts, dị ka potassium na bauxite. The usoro nke na-akpụ ụdị ụdị nwere ike n'ihu na ụzọ abụọ:

1. Jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na ịta nke usoro ngwọta. Ọ na-adịghị ekwe ebe a na mmetụta nke radieshon anyanwụ.
2. Onyinye ọzọ salts na a belatara okpomọkụ.

Ọdịdị nke ndị dị otú ahụ ụdị ga-adabere na ebe ha na-eme. Ndị na-na-kpụrụ n'elu nke ụwa, nwere udi nke esite, na omimi bụ ugbua nnọọ iche.

Nnọọ n'ọtụtụ ebe na site otu a nke nkume, ihe atụ naanị gosi na nke a. Na akwa nke nkume dị:

• Ịnweta salts.
• Bauxite.
• Limestones.
• Dolomite, magnesite, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

Na ọdịdị na-nnọọ nkịtị nkume ke kpụworo nke e gara site dị iche iche sitere n'okike. Aha nke nkume na emeela ebe dị otú ahụ a ụzọ - weere. Ka ihe atụ, ájá nwere ike zutere ihe admixture nke ụrọ.

Organogenic sedimentary nkume

Ọ bụrụ na clastic nkume na-mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere ya mejupụtara na-anọgide ndụ ntule, mgbe ahụ, otu a bụ nnọọ otu n'ime ha na bụ. Ọ na-agụnye:

• Mmanụ na shale.
• Bitumen.
• Phosphate nkume.
• Carbonate ogige, dị ka nzu, nke na-e dere na bọọdụ.
• Limestones.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere ihe ndị mejupụtara, na nkume nzu nke na nzu na-fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam mere ka nke remnants nke shells nke oge ochie mollusks, foraminifera, ruby, dị ka ha nwere algae. Nyere na-enye ebili organogenic nkume dị iche ntule, ha na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ iche:

• Bioherm. Ya mere na-akpọ ìgwè ndu eme ntule.
• Thanatocoenoses na tafrotsenozy bụ remnants nke ntule na biri ndụ ogologo oge gara aga na ebe ndị a ma ọ bụ na-ada site na mmiri.
• Planktonogenic nkume a kpụrụ si ntule na-ebi na mmiri.

Ọka size of sedimenti

Nke a na atụmatụ otu n'ime ndị e ji mara sedimentary nkume Ọdịdị. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-nkume, ha nwere ike kere n'ime homogeneous na inclusions. Ke akpa n'onwe, dum rock na-aghọta ka a homogeneous uka, na nke abụọ na onye fractions ike-atụle na ọka ha na udi ma na ruru.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle nke nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, anyị nwere ike ịmata ihe dị iche ọtụtụ iche iche:

1. Ọka nke ọma akara.
2. Skrytozernistye anya na-egosi unstructured.
3. Na-atọ na otu, ọ gaghị ekwe omume iji tụlee granularity enweghị pụrụ iche akụrụngwa.

inclusions ụdị nwere ike ịbụ otu nke ibiere nke ịkọrọ ndị a nkume. Ọtụtụ iche iche nke owuwu:

• Gipodiomorfny. Ke ụdị-eme omume dị ka mkpụrụ kristal nke dapụtara ngwọta.
• Gipidioblastovy ụdị akọ na etiti Ọdịdị, bụ nke a redistribution nke bekee na-ama sikwuo ike oké nkume.
• Granoblastic ma ọ bụ mpempe akwụkwọ nwere kristal nke oge ufodu udi.
• Mehanokonforny ụdị kpụrụ n'ibu ihe nke pressurized ọka n'ígwé, nke na-emi odude n'elu.
• Nekonformnozernisty nwere a isi mma n'ụdị dị iche iche shapes nke mkpụrụ, nke na-eduga ná voids na porosity.

Ọzọkwa owuwu emit ọbụna ma udidi. Nkewa dabeere na ịdọ of:

• Gradation. Ya guzobere bụ rụrụ na oké ogbu n'okpuru mmiri.
• Prosloevaya n'akparamagwa ụfọdụ n'ígwé nke mmiri, ụdị nwere ike ekewet ụrọ smears, n'ígwé nke ájá ụrọ.
• Pereslaivatelnaya na-adị mgbe a nnukwu ọkpụrụkpụ, ọ bụ omume na-edebe mgbanwe nke na agba n'ígwé. Dị ka ihe atụ, interlace ụrọ na ájá.

Ọ pụrụ ịrụpụta ọtụtụ ihe classifications, ma nke a, ikekwe, na-akwụsị.

Anọchitekwa anya nke sedimentary nkume

Anyị na-ama-enyocha sedimentary clastic nkume, nke nwekwara rụpụtara, na ugbu a bi n'elu ọzọ, nke a na-ekesa na ọdịdị.

1. Grits. Na-anọchi anya sedimentary nkume n'ụdị gravel. Ọ na-emi esịnede iberibe nke nkume na mineral nke dị iche iche nha.
2. Sandy nkume. Ndị a gụnyere ájá na sandstone.
3. Silty nkume yitụrụ sandstones, naanị na ya Ọdịdị na-ọzọ mụ minerals n'ụdị quartz, muscovite.
4. Siltstone ji a roughness na mgbaji ọkpụkpụ na agba na-adabere na cementitious ihe onwunwe.
5. Loam.
6. Clay nkume.
7. Mudstones.
8. Marl bụ a ngwakọta nke carbonates na clays.
9. Limestones, nke na-ekewet nke calcite.
10. Mel.
11. Dolomites yiri nkume nzu, calcite, ma kama ha nwere dolomite.

All ndị a nkume na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na-ewu na ndị ọzọ na ndi nke aku na uba.

metamorphic nkume

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-echeta nke a metamorphosis, ọ ga-aghọta na metamorphic nkume bụ n'ihi mgbanwe nke minerals na nkume n'okpuru edinam nke okpomọkụ, ìhè, nsogbu, na mmiri. The kasị mara amara nke otu a bụ: marble, quartzite, gneiss, schist, na ndị ọzọ.

Ebe ọ bụ na metamorphosis nwere ike ịbụ na isiokwu dị iche iche na iche nke nkume, na nhazi ọkwa na-adabere na ya:

1. METABASIC - a izu, bụ nke na-site na ntughari nke igneous na sedimentary nkume.
2. Metapelites bụ n'ihi na ntughari nke acid sedimentary nkume.
3. Carbonate nkume, dị ka marble.

The ụdị nke metamorphic rock na-edebe si aga atụ, ọ bụrụ na oké nkume dị n'elu n'ígwé, na e guzobere ọhụrụ ga-enwe otu udi. The chemical mejupụtara, n'ezie, na-adabere na mbụ nkume, ma n'okpuru nduzi nke Jeremaya mere nwere ike ịdị iche iche. The ịnweta mejupụtara nwere ike dị iche iche, na ya nwere ike na-agụnye ma ịnweta bụ otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ.

Igneous nkume

Otu a nke nkume bụ fọrọ nke nta 60% nke ụwa dum jikọrọ ọnụ. Ha ibili si agbaze nke nkume ma ọ bụ na uwe-nwuda na ala nke jikọrọ ọnụ. Magma - wụrụ awụ ihe onwunwe na-na-ezughị ezu ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu mma dị iche iche, haruru. The usoro nke guzobere na-mgbe na-ejikọta ya na a elu okpomọkụ n'ime ime ụwa. Geological Filiks aa n'ime Earth, mgbe niile akpasu magma adahade ka elu. Na usoro nke mkpọlite ewe ebe jụrụ na crystallization nke mineral. N'ihi ya, bụ usoro nke e guzobere igneous nkume.

Dabere na omimi na nke obi, na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ dị iche iche nke nkume, ụdị nke table nwere ike anya dị ka nke a:

plutonic	mgbawa ugwu	hypabyssal
A nkume na-guzobere ke ala akụkụ nke jikọrọ ọnụ.	Kpụrụ n'oge mgbawa nke magma ka elu.	Izu-adị mgbe magma jupụtara n'ime cracks na ẹdude nkume.

Igneous nkume dị iche na irighiri na ọ dịghị remnants nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ ntule na ha. Granite rock guzobere bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị a ma ama n'etiti otu a. Ọ mejupụtara: feldspar, quartz na mica.

Mgbe ihe ọkọ, na magma ahapụ n'elu ụwa, nke nta nke nta cools na Nleta a ụdị mgbawa ugwu na oké nkume. Ha adịghị nwere nnukwu kristal dị ka okpomọkụ dobe na-ewe ebe nnọọ ngwa ngwa. Nnochite anya nke ndị dị otú nkume ndị basalt na konkiri. Ha na-ejikarị na n'oge ochie maka imewe nke ncheta na ọkpụkpụ.

Mgbawa ugwu clastic nkume

Na usoro nke mgbawa ugwu ndị kpụrụ bụghị naanị nkume konkiri, kamakwa ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa effusion lava n'ime ikuku napu apu ukwuu nke iberibe nke, ọnụ na-egbochi mkpụkọ sikwuo ike lava atapụsị elu ma ụdị tephra. Nke a pyroclastic ihe a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eroded, ebibi akụkụ nke ya mmiri, na otu onye bụ sụkọtara na-aghọ a ike nkume - mgbawa ugwu tuffs.

Na n'inyawa rock iberibe nwere ike hụrụ, oghere n'etiti nke jupụtara ntụ mgbe ụfọdụ ụrọ ma ọ bụ siliceous sedimentary bekee.

Weathering nke nkume

All nkume, na-na ọdịdị, na-emetụta ọtụtụ ihe na-eme na ozize ma ọ bụ mbibi. Dabere na mmetụta dọgburu e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke usoro a:

1. Physical weathering nke nkume. Ọ na-adị n'ihi okpomọkụ mgbanwe, na-akpata oké nkume ịkụ, na ndị a cracks afiak okpu nditọ mmiri nke e nwere ike converted n'ime ice na ala okpomọkụ. Ya mere nwayọọ nwayọọ mbibi nke ndị na nkume emee.
2. Chemical weathering a rụrụ site mmiri nke odụk rock cracks na leaches, dissolves ya. Ndị dị otú ahụ na mmetụta na-kasị amenable ka marble, na nkume nzu, nnu.
3. Ndu weathering a rụrụ na òkè nke ndu eme ntule. Ka ihe atụ, osisi na ha na mgbọrọgwụ na-ebibi oké nkume, lichen, biri na ha, secrete ụfọdụ acid, nke na-emerụ mmetụta.

Zere weathering nke nkume bụ fọrọ nke nta agaghị ekwe omume.

pụtara nkume

Ọ gaghị ekwe omume iche na aku na uba na-enweghị ojiji nke nkume. Mgbatị dị otú ahụ were malitere n'oge ochie, mgbe ndị mmadụ mụtara otú aka na nkume. N'ụzọ bụ isi na-eji na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ nkume. Ihe Nlereanya gunyere:

• Marble.
• Limestone.
• Mel.
• Granite.
• Quartzite na ndị ọzọ.

Ha were na-ewu dabeere na ike na ndị ọzọ dị mkpa àgwà.

Ụfọdụ udiri anumanu na-eji na Metallurgical ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka refractory ụrọ, na nkume nzu, dolomite. The chemical ụlọ ọrụ bụ atọsa si n'oké nkume nnu, Tripoli, diatomaceous n'ụwa.

Ọbụna ìhè ụlọ ọrụ na-eji oké nkume ha mkpa ha. Ugbo nwere ike ime na-enweghị potash, phosphate nkume, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa nke nri.

N'ihi ya, anyị na-enyocha nkume. Na ya nwere ike kwubiri na ugbu ha bụ ndị ụfọdụ na ọ dị mkpa na-enyere aka onye ọ bụla ụlọ ọrụ, sitere na site kwa ụbọchị ndụ na-ewu. Ọ bụ ya mere echiche na-adịghị na oké nkume kasị na-eji, na mineral na kpọmkwem na-egosipụta mkpa nke ndị a eke ọdọ.