Dardanelles na map nke Eurasia

Dardanelles - a mkpagide n'etiti ugwu-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Asia Minor na Gallipoli Peninsula, emi odude ke European akụkụ nke Turkey. Dardanelles onye obosara bụ n'etiti 1.3 km na 6 km, na ogologo - 65 km, bụ nke usoro dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmiri ụzọ na njikọ Mediterranean na Black.

oké osimiri Gell

Mabu dị ka Straits - na Hellespont, nke sụgharịta na Grik dị ka "Oké Osimiri Gell." Aha a sitere oge ochie akụkọ ifo banyere ejima, nwanne na nwanne, Frix na Gell. A mụrụ orhomenskim eze Athamas na Nephele, umu anya ekpe na-enweghị nne na - akpọlite ha ajọ onye nnochi anya nne Ino. Ọ chọrọ igbu nwanne ya nwoke na nwaanyị, ma ụmụ ejima ọsọ na a na-efe efe ebule na ọlaedo ntutu. N'oge elu Helle echefuwo n'ime mmiri na nwụrụ. Ebe ada ụmụ agbọghọ - n'agbata Chersonesus na Shiga - ebe kpọrọ "Sea Gell." Dardanelles nwetara ya ugbu aha site aha ozugbo guzoro n'usọ n'obodo oge ochie - Dardania.

Bosphorus

Nke a bụ ihe ọzọ na Black Sea Strait. Bosporus-ejikọ ndị Black Sea na Marmara. Strait nwere a ogologo banyere 30 kilomita, obosara àmà site 700 m na 3700 m omimi nke ọwa - .. Site 36 124 m mkpagide odude Istanbul (akụkọ ihe mere eme Constantinople). Mben nke Bosphorus jikọọ abụọ àkwà mmiri: na Bosphorus (ogologo - 1074 mita) na Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (ogologo - 1090 mita). Na 2013, ka jikota Asia na European n'akụkụ nke Istanbul, Marmaray ụgbọ okporo ígwè mmiri n'okpuru osimiri ọwara e wuru.

obodo ọnọdụ

Dardanelles Bosphorus na ndị na a anya nke 190 kilomita site ọ bụla ọzọ. N'etiti ha ụgha ndị Marmara Sea, nke ebe nke 11.5 km2. Marine arịa na-abịa site Black Sea na Mediterranean, aghaghị ibu ụzọ banye a kama warara Bosporus uzo Istanbul, igwu mmiri ka Osimiri Marmara, mgbe nke ọ ga-na na Dardanelles. Nke a mkpagide agwụ Oké Osimiri Aegean nke n'aka nke bụ akụkụ nke Mediterranean. Dị ka ogologo-ya, nke a ụzọ adịghị gafere 170 amụ ka kilomita.

The usoro mkpa

Bosporus na Dardanelles bụ njikọ nke yinye na-ejikọ ndị mechiri emechi oké osimiri (Black) na-emeghe (Mediterranean). Mpaghara akwukwo ndia ndidi isiokwu nke eneni eduga ike ụwa. N'ihi na Russia na narị afọ nke 19 n'ụzọ bụ Oké Osimiri Mediterenian na-enye ohere ka center nke zuru ụwa ọnụ azụmahịa na mmepe anya. N'ụwa taa, ọ dịkwa mkpa bụ "mkpịsị ugodi" na Black Sea. International Convention-atụ aro na Itie nke azụmahịa na ndị agha mmiri site Straits kwesịrị free na free. Otú ọ dị, Turkey, nke bụ isi regulator nke okporo ụzọ site na Bosphorus, na-agbalị iji ọnọdụ a ha uru. Mgbe na 2004 ukwuu ụba olu nke mmanụ na-ebupụ si Russia, Turkey ikike nke gbochiri ije ụgbọ mmiri na Bosphorus. The Strait pụtara mkpọchi, na mmanụ malitere ịta ahụhụ ụdị nile nke na-emebi maka odida nke nnyefe ugboro na mfe ụgbọ mmiri tanker. Russian ukara ebubo Turkey nke ụma sikwuoro okporo ụzọ na Bosphorus na ebumnuche nke na redirecting mbupụ ibu mmanụ Ceyhan n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, bụ ndị ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ. Nke a abụghị naanị iji nke Turkey na-erite uru Geophysical ọnọdụ. The mba azụlitewo a oru ngo maka owuwu nke Bosphorus ọwa. The echiche dị mma, ma na-Turkish Republic bụghị ma chọpụtara investors maka mmezu nke a oru ngo.

Na-alụ ọgụ na mpaghara

Na n'oge ochie, Dardanelles Strait bụ ndị Grik, na isi obodo na mpaghara bụ Abydos. Na 1352 na Asian n'ikpere mmiri nke Strait kwagara Turks na ghọrọ ọchịchị kasị obodo nke Çanakkale.

N'okpuru a nkwekọrịta banyere 1841, naanị Turkish warships ike gafere Dardanelles. First Balkan War -akwụsị a ọnọdụ. Greek nsoro meriri ndị Turkish n'ọnụ ụzọ ndị isi ike ugboro abụọ: na 1912, 16 December, n'oge Agha nke mmekorita, na na 1913, na January 18, na Agha nke Lemnos. Mgbe ahụ, Turkish nsoro agaghị anwa anwa na-abịa nke a mkpagide.

Na mbụ World War, ụbọchị nke na-Dardanelles ndị na ọbara agha n'etiti Atlanta na Turkey. Na 1915, Sir Winston Churchill, kpebiri ozugbo ịkụ aka Turkey nke agha, inwere site na isi obodo site na Dardanelles. First Onyenwe Admiralty kọrọ nke agha talent, otú ahụ ka ọrụ nke na-emezughị. Mkpọsa bụ agụghị oké kpara na incompetently emejuputa atumatu. Na otu ụbọchị, Briten na French nsoro efu atọ battleships, ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ na-kpọrọ mebiri emebi, na ọrụ ebube ọbọhọ. The ọdịda nke ndị agha na Gallipoli dịịrị banye na mmiri ghọọ ihe ka ukwuu ọdachi. 150 puku ndị gburu ke miri dọrọ grinder, bụghị me bụla na-arụpụta. Mgbe Turkish mbibi na a German ụgbọ okpuru mmiri miri dị atọ British agha na nke abụọ ọdịda na Bay Suvli e ignominiously meriri, a agha ọrụ, e kpebiri na-atụgharị. Banyere ọnọdụ nke kasị ukwuu ọdachi na British agha akụkọ ihe mere eme dere, sị akwụkwọ a kpọrọ "Dardanelles, 1915. The kasị wụfuo ọbara na mmeri nke Churchill."

Ajụjụ nke Straits

Ezie na Byzantine na mgbe Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman adịkwaghị Straits ebe, ajụjụ nke ha ịrụ ọrụ e kpebiri n'ime-ekwu. Otú ọ dị, na uzo nke 17-18 ọtụtụ narị afọ, ọnọdụ gbanwere - Russia ruru n'igbere mmiri na Black na Azov n'oké osimiri. akara nsogbu n'elu Bosporus na Dardanelles biliri na mba burukwa.

Na 1841 na a ogbako na London, nkwekọrịta e ruru na Straits ga-emechi maka Itie warships na peacetime. Ebe ọ bụ na 1936, dị ka ugbu a iwu mba, ndị Straits ebe a na-ewere "n'oké osimiri" na banyere ya mbipụta na-usoro Montreux Convention on ọnọdụ nke Straits. N'ihi ya, akara nke amaokwu a rụrụ ma na-akwado ọchịchị Turkey.

The ndokwa nke Montreux Convention

The Convention na-ekwu na ahịa mmiri niile na-ekwu nwere free ohere Itie site Bosporus na Dardanelles isi ike ma na oge agha na na peacetime. Black Sea ike ike gabiga ihe isi ike nke naval arịa ọ bụla na klas. Non-Black Sea States nwere ike gabiga Dardanelles na Bosphorus bụ naanị obere n'elu mmiri.

Ọ bụrụ na Turkey bụ idem ke hostilities, mba nwere uche ruo warships nke mba ọ bụla. N'oge agha, nke Republic of Turkey nwere ihe ọ bụla na-eme, ndị Bosphorus na Dardanelles ga-emechi ka warships.

The ikpeazụ esemokwu na nke e abuana ke usoro n'okpuru Convention, bụ South Ossetian nsogbu August 2008. N'oge a, site na ihe isi ike e Agbaghara US Navy warships, nke wee na ntụziaka nke Georgian ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Poti na Batumi.

ọgwụgwụ

Dardanelles na map nke Eurasia ewe obere oghere. Otú ọ dị, usoro mkpa nke a korido na Afrika nwere nnọọ njikọ. Site na aku na uba na na-ekwu dị mkpa ka Russia, akpan akpan, na-ebupụ nke mmanụ ala na ngwaahịa. Transportation nke "nwa gold" na mmiri dị ukwuu dị ọnụ ala karịa site pipeline. Kwa ụbọchị site Dardanelles na Bosphorus agba 136 ụgbọ mmiri, 27 nke ha - mmiri tanker. na njupụta nke okporo ụzọ site Straits bụ ugboro anọ osisi ike nke Panama Canal, ugboro atọ - Suez. N'ihi na nke ala cross-isi ike Russian Federation na-eburu kwa ụbọchị ọnwụ nke banyere 12,3 nde. Dollars. Otú ọ dị, a oké ọzọ na-erubeghị hụrụ.