DC moto: ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe. DC moto: ngwaọrụ

Mbụ niile mepụtakwara na narị afọ nke 19 n'usoro electric igwe bụ a DC moto. Ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ ya a mara ebe n'etiti narị afọ gara aga ruo ugbu oge DC Motors (DPT) nọgide na-ikwesị ntụkwasị obi na-eje ozi na onye, mwube na-efegharị a dịgasị iche iche nke bara uru igwe na usoro.

The mbụ DPT

Malite site 30s nke narị afọ nke 19 na mmepe ha na ha esiwo site na ọtụtụ nkebi. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke narị afọ gara aga engine alternators naanị iyi nke ike bụ a galvanic cell. Ya mere, ihe nile nke akpa electric Motors nwere ike na-agba ọsọ na kpọmkwem ugbu a.

Olee ihe mbụ DC moto? The na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke na ngwaọrụ na engines na-ewu ke akpa ọkara narị afọ nke 19, bụ dị ka ndị. Isi ubi bụ a ofu set nke na-adịgide adịgide nju ma ọ bụ electromagnets mkpanaka, enweghị a n'ozuzu mechiri emechi magnetik circuit. Salient-osisi armature kpụrụ ọtụtụ iche iche ụtarị nju na a nkịtị axis, nke na-chụpụrụ site na-asọ oyi na mma agha ka okporo osisi nke inductor. Ahụkarị nnọchiteanya nke ha engines W. Ricci (1833) na B. Jacoby (1834) na-onwem na n'ibu switches na nke ugbu a na electromagnets na armatures ibughari kọntaktsị na sekit nke armature asọfe.

Dị ka engine na-agba ọsọ Jacobi

Gịnị bụ nke a igwe ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe? Engine Jacobi mgbe nile ugbu a na ya analogs nwere pulsating akpa torque. N'oge convergence nke abụghị okporo osisi nke armature na inductor site magnetik mma agha moto torque ngwa ngwa ruru a kacha. Mgbe ahụ, mgbe osisi na ọnọdụ nke armature abụghị okporo osisi nke inductor, a n'ibu mgba ọkụ na-agbaji ndị dị ugbu na electromagnets nke armature. Torque tụlee ka efu. N'ihi na inertia nke armature na chụpụrụ usoro arịlịka okporo osisi si n'okpuru inductor okporo osisi, n'ebe a na ha si mgba ọkụ ugbu a na-ọnọ na-abụghị direction, ha polarity nwekwara nwesịrị, na ike nke ike ndọda ka kacha nso osisi nke inductor na-anọchi a na-asọ oyi ike. N'ihi ya, moto agbagharị Jacobi soje ịtụnanya.

Ọ na-egosi annular arịlịka

Na isi nke armature solenoids engine Jacobi ugbu a oge na agbanyụrụ, ha ike a ndọta okụrede, na ya ike na-ghọọ okpomọkụ weere na windings. N'ihi ya, electromechanical akakabarede ugbu a ike isi iyi armature (electrochemical cell) n'ime n'ibu mere nime ya intermittently. Ihe a chọrọ e mechiri na a na-aga n'ihu moto asọfe ugbu a nke ga-eruba mgbe niile n'oge dum oge nke ya ọrụ.

Na ndị dị otú ahụ fuhtufn e guzobere 1860. A Pachinotti. Gịnị bụ dị iche iche site na ya ụzọ DC moto? Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe nke engine na ngwaọrụ Pachinotti esonụ. Dị ka arịlịka o ji a ígwè mgbaaka na spokes ofu na a vetikal aro. Na nke a, na arịlịka enweghị salient okporo osisi ya. Ọ ghọrọ neyavnopolyusnym.

armature eriri igwe winding na-emerụ n'etiti spokes nke mgbanaka, na nsọtụ nke ejikọrọ na usoro na arịlịka, na site na isi ihe nke njikọ nke ọ bụla abụọ coils e mere tap jikọọ mkpoko efere ndokwa tinyere gbaa nke ala nke moto aro, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nke nhata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke coils. The dum armature e mechiri na onwe ya na Oghere Usoro njikọ isi nke ya coils jikọọ n'akụkụ mkpoko efere, nke slide on a ụzọ ugbu a ọkọnọ rollers.

The annular arịlịka e enịm n'etiti okporo osisi nke abụọ ofu electromagnets inductor-stator, nke mere na e nke ike kere ha excitation ndọta gụnyere na elu cylindrical elu nke moto armature n'ebe ugwu osisi excitation gabiga annular armature, na-enweghị na-akpụ akpụ n'ime ime nke ya onu, na-abịa si n'okpuru ndịda osisi.

Dị ka engine na-agba ọsọ Pachinotti

Ihe o nwere a ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe? DC moto Pachinotti arụ ọrụ ahụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka oge a DPT.

The ndọta nke inductor okporo osisi na polarities a mgbe a ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-eduzi nke armature asọfe ugbu a na mgbe nile na direction, agaghi asu inductor n'okpuru dị iche iche okporo osisi nke armature ugbu direction e nwesịrị. Nke a na-enweta site na ịtụkwasị ugbu a ọkọnọ rollers, nke na-eme ka brushes, na mbara n'etiti okporo osisi nke inductor. Ya mere armature ozugbo ugbu a-asọpụta na eriri igwe site na ala, ndị mkpoko efere na o sie thereto taps, bụ nke na-na mbara n'etiti okporo osisi, mgbe ahụ, asọpụta na-abụghị ntụziaka abụọ gaa poluobmotkam-alaka, na n'ikpeazụ-asọpụta site na alaka akara, a mkpoko efere na ala ọzọ interpolar nkeji. N'ime otú ahụ, ndị eriri igwe arịlịka n'okpuru okporo osisi nke inductor gbanwere, ma na ntụziaka nke ugbu a eruba agbanwebeghị na ha.

Site Ampere Iwu, onye ọ bụla na-eduzi ya nke armature eriri igwe na nke ugbu a na ndọta nke inductor osisi, a na ike nke a na-kpebisie ike site na ntụziaka nke a maara nke ọma na-achị "ekpe ubọk." Ikwu na axis nke engine, a ike ike torque, na nchikota nke oge niile ndị a agha na-enye ngụkọta oge nke DPT, nke bụ ugbua n'okpuru ọtụtụ mkpoko efere bụ fọrọ nke nta mgbe nile.

DPT na ihe annular armature asọfe grammovskoy

Dị ka mgbe mere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ, ahụ mepụtara A. Pachinotti na-adịghị mee ihe. Ọ e chefuola maka 10 afọ ruo mgbe na 1870 ọ onwe bụghị ekpeghachi Franco-German nchepụta H. Gramm na a yiri imewe nke DC generator. Na igwe ndị a, ndị axis nke adiana bụ kwụ na e ji mee carbon brushes eji tinyere mkpoko efere fọrọ nke nta dịkọrọ ndụ aghụghọ. Site 70 nke afọ nke narị afọ nke 19 ụkpụrụ nke reversibility nke eletriki ígwè ọrụ aghọwo a maara nke ọma, na igwe Gramm-eji dị ka a generator na DC moto. Ya ọrụ ụkpụrụ na-ama kọwara n'elu.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na mepụtara nke mgbanaka armature bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke DPT, ya asọfe (akpọ grammovskoy) a dị ịrịba ama drawback. The ndọta nke inductor okporo osisi bụ nanị ndị nke ya na-eduzi (kpọrọ ifịk), nke dina n'okpuru ndị a okporo osisi na elu cylindrical elu nke armature. Iji ha ọ esonyere magnetik ike nke Ampere, a torque na-akwanyere ndị moto axis. Ndị na-adịghị ejekwa eduzi na-agabiga aperture mgbanaka arịlịka ekereghị òkè na ihe e kere eke nke na oge. Ha na-abaghị uru agamevu ike n'ụdị okpomọkụ ọnwụ.

Site na annular armature na a drum

Address a emezi mgbanaka arịlịka ịga nke ọma 1873 site ama German eletriki F. Gefner-Alteneku. Olee otú ọ arụ ọrụ DC moto? The na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke ngwaọrụ, ya inductor stator bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka moto na mgbanaka asọfe. Ma na imewe nke armature na ya winding gbanwere.

Gefner-Altenek kwuru na ntụziaka nke armature ugbu a-eru site na ofu ahịhịa, na-eduzi grammovskoy asọfe excitation na n'akụkụ okporo osisi na-mgbe na-abụghị, ie ha nwere ike webatara na windings nsogbu ke ná mpụta cylindrical elu nke eriri igwe na a obosara (pitch) hà osisi pitch (ndị gbaa nke armature, na otu osisi nke excitation).

Na nke a, ọ na-aghọ na-enweghị isi na okirikiri oghere nke armature, ọ na-emekwa n'ime a siri ike cylinder (drum). Nke a asọfe na arịlịka onwe ya nwetara aha nke drum. Oriri nke ọla kọpa na ya na otu nọmba nke nọ n'ọrụ na-eduzi nnọọ obere karịa na grammovskoy asọfe.

Anchor gia na-aghọ

The igwe na Gramm-Gefner Alteneka arịlịka n'elu bụ ezigbo, na ya asọfe eduzi mere ndokwa na na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na okporo osisi nke inductor. The anya n'etiti concave cylindrical elu nke excitation okporo osisi armature convex elu ruru ọtụtụ millimeters. Ya mere, ike a chọrọ ndọta ike achọrọ itinye excitation coils na a nnukwu magnetomotive ike (na a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ibe). Nke a ukwuu ụba na size na arọ nke engines. Ke adianade do, ezigbo elu nke armature coils ọ bụ ike idozi. Ma, olee otú nke ahụ pụrụ isi? N'ezie, n'ihi na ihe na-eduzi ya na a ugbu a Ampere ike ọ ga-abụ na ihe na ohere na elu magnetik n'ubi (na a magnetik agbanwe oge njupụta).

Ọ tụgharịrị na nke a bụ adịghị mkpa. American nchepụta H. Maxim egbe gosiri na ọ bụrụ na arịlịka ịrụ drum gia, na grooves kpụrụ n'etiti ezé ebe eriri igwe asọfe drum, ọdịiche dị n'etiti okporo osisi na excitation nwere ike na-ebelata ka ụmụ irighiri ihe nke a millimeter. Ọ bụ ike budata belata size nke excitation coils, ma torque DPT anaghị ebelata.

Dị ka ọrụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ a DC moto? Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe dabeere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na toothed arịlịka magnetik ike na-etinyere na-na-eduzi ya ohere mpere (ndọta na ha bụ ihe fọrọ nke anọghị), na nnọọ ezé. Ọnụnọ nke ugbu a na-eduzi na uzo bụ oké egwu maka omume nke a ike.

Olee otú iji tufuo nke Eddy okwukwo

Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa mma mere ma ama nchepụta TA Edison. Ihe o kwukwara na DC moto? The ọrụ ụkpụrụ agbanwebeghị, ma ihe nke mere ka ya arịlịka gbanwere. Kama nke mbụ oke ọ bụ a laminated mkpa electrically dịpụrụ adịpụ onye ọ bụla ọzọ site na ígwè Ibé akwụkwọ. Nke a belatara ịdị ukwuu nke Eddy okwukwo (Foucault okwukwo) na armature, nke mụbara arụmọrụ nke engine.

The na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke DC moto

Nkenke ọ nwere ike chepụtara dị ka ndị a: mgbe ejikọta ndị armature asọfe obi ụtọ moto ka a ike isi iyi nime ya na-ebilite nnukwu ugbu a na-akpọ inrush na-uku ọtụtụ ugboro gosiri uru. Ọzọkwa, n'okpuru excitation okporo osisi nke na-abụghị polarity ntụziaka nke esiri na-eduzi nke armature asọfe na otu abụghị ka e gosiri na ọgụgụ n'okpuru. Dị ka ndị na-achị, "aka ekpe", ndị a na-eduzi bụ Ampere magbuo a counterclockwise direction na-eburu armature bugharia. Na armature asọfe eduzi rata electromotive ike (azụ-EMF), eduzi oppositely na ọkọnọ voltaji isi iyi. Dị ka armature osooso na-abawanye na azụ-EMF ya asọfe. N'ihi ya, armature ugbu a na-ebelata si amalite uru kwekọrọ ekwekọ na engine ọrụ mgbe e ji mara.

Iji-amụba ọsọ nke adiana nke armature, ọ dị mkpa ma na-amụba ugbu a na ya eriri igwe ma ọ bụ belata azụ-EMF na ya. Nke ikpeazụ nwere ike nweta iwetulata ịdị ukwuu nke excitation ndọta site na mbenata na nke ugbu a dị n'ọhịa asọfe. Nke a na usoro nke ịchịkwa ọsọ nke DPT nile.

The na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke DC moto na iche iche excitation

Na Nsonye nke ubi asọfe ọnụ (Ob) ka a iche iche ike isi iyi (nọọrọ onwe ha OM) dị ike DPT na-arụ iji mee ka ọ na ihe na-adaba adaba ịchịkwa ịdị ukwuu nke excitation ugbu a (iji ịgbanwe rotational ọsọ). On Njirimara nke DPT na onwe ha Ob n'ụzọ yiri DPT na Ob, ejikọrọ ke ukem na armature asọfe.

Shunt DPT

The na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke yiri DC moto ubi ugbu a kpebisiri ike site n'ibu e ji mara, i.e. ndabere nke na-agba nke adiana nke ibu torque na ya aro. N'ihi na ndị dị otú ahụ ihe engine ọsọ mgbanwe na mgbanwe site idling na gosiri ibu torque bụ site 2 na 10%. Ndị a n'ibu Njirimara na-akpọ isiike.

N'ihi ya, ihe ụkpụrụ nke a DC moto na shunt akpata ya ngwa na actuators na mgbe nile na-agba mgbe a nnukwu ibu mgbanwe nso. Otú ọ dị, ọ na ọtụtụ-eji a usoro electric mbanye na agbanwe ọsọ. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi na ya ọsọ iwu ike ga-eji dị ka mgbanwe nke armature ugbu a na ubi ugbu a.

Zipụta ha n'usoro excitation nke DPT

The na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke DC moto nke usoro excitation ka ukem, ọ na-kpebisiri ike site n'ibu e ji mara, nke na nke a bụ nro, n'ihi na engine ọsọ ukwuu dịgasị na ibu mgbanwe. Ebe bụ ihe kasị uru iji a DC moto? The ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè traction moto ọsọ nke kwesịrị ibelata na-esi merie ihe ndị mejupụtara adahade ma laghachi na elu ọnụ ngagharị mgbe ndagwurugwu n'ụzọ zuru ezu kwekọrọ na DPT na Ob sequentially jikọọ na armature asọfe. Ya mere, a ịrịba òkè nke electric locomotives n'ụwa onwem na ndị dị otú ahụ na ngwaọrụ.

The ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke a DC moto na usoro excitation mejuputa ka pulsating ugbu traction Motors nke nnoo otu ihe ahụ na DPT na-agbanwe agbanwe RH, ma pụrụ iche maka ọrụ na adị ugbua na osisi eletrik na-enwe a ọkpụrụkpụ ripple.