Environmental ikike na gburugburu ebe obibi ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Russian Federation: general e ji mara ya, mmekọrịta

Environmental ikike na gburugburu ebe obibi ibu ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala - bụ ihe dị oké mkpa mmewere nke ọ bụla onye na nke iwu ọnọdụ, nke a na-ekesa ofụri n'ókèala nke oge a ala. Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na otú ahụ na atụmatụ ma ọ bụ mgbochi ide ala ọzọ na mmadụ nwere ikike ịbụ ụmụ amaala nke Russia, ya bụ, ụmụ amaala nke mba ahụ.

Isi nri: nri ndụ

Environmental ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala enshrined ke Russian oruru. A isi mmewere nke iwu ọnọdụ nke ụdị bụ a mmadụ nri ndụ - ndokwa a na-dị na Nkeji edemede 20 nke Basic Iwu nke Russian Federation. Nri ndụ dabeere na ọtụtụ omume nke mba iwu ọdịdị:

• Charter on Human Rights.
• Stockholm Declaration na na.

E nwere zuru ụwa ọnụ mba ngwá, nke na-nabatara ọchịchị òtù, dị ka a na-achị, otu n'ime ndị òtù ma ọ bụ ngalaba nke UN. Yana ha e nwere na-na mpaghara iwu omume, nke na ọdabara na ụfọdụ n'ókèala na nakweere ọchịchị obodo, dị ka Council nke Europe.

Ọzọ isi iyi nke ndokwa a na ndabere nke nke niile mepụtara gburugburu ebe obibi ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala, bụ Declaration of Human Rights, nke e kuchiri ọbụna tupu e guzobere Russian Federation dị ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha n'usoro iwu ochichi obodo na steeti.

Key gburugburu ebe obibi ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala na-enweghị ikike idi na-anọghị nke usoro iwu enshrined mmadụ ikike ndụ.

Ikike a ike na gburugburu ebe obibi

Environmental ikike na gburugburu ebe obibi ibu ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala na amanyere bụ iwu nke na-agụnye ikike a ike na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke na-ẹdude ke nkiti iwu kwadoro inye iwu iwu ọnọdụ.

Nkeji edemede 11 bụ isi na-akọwa ihe "na-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi". Ọ bụ ndị dị otú ahụ a eke gburugburu ebe obibi, nke na-echebe ndị eke ịrụ ọrụ nke eke atụmatụ, ecosystems, ụdị anụmanụ, osisi na na. The eke gburugburu ebe obibi ga-abụrụ ntọala bụ isi maka mmepe nke eke gburugburu ebe obibi ụlọ ọrụ, na ime ihe niile ụkpụrụ na-iji hụ na nchekwa nke ndụ na ike nke ụmụ amaala, ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi. Mma ala nke gburugburu ebe obibi ga-ezute ụkpụrụ na-ekpebi ya n'ókè nke gburugburu ebe obibi nkwado, ịdị ọcha, dịgasị iche iche nke umu, na eke na ụba n'ozuzu.

gburugburu ebe obibi ụkpụrụ usoro

Environmental ikike na gburugburu ebe obibi ibu ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala na-na-akwanyere ùgwù na ọnọdụ na ebubo nile e boro ụkpụrụ (guzosie ike Nkeji edemede 20 nke Federal Iwu "On gburugburu ebe obibi."), Nke usoro bụ dị ka ndị:

• Group ụkpụrụ, atụ gburugburu ebe obibi mma. N'ihi na isi nkọwapụta n'ime ebe a na-iwere chemical àgwà, e.g., larịị nke ịta nke redioaktivu bekee na ikuku. Yana a chemical data eji anụ ahụ na-egosi, tumadi dị ka larịị nke radioactivity na okpomọkụ.
• Group ụkpụrụ na ya mara na ndu egosi nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka a na-achị, ndị na-egosi tụrụ site ngụkọta oge nke osisi na umu anumanu na, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ ẹdude ntule. Ọ na-eji ụkpụrụ nke kacha ime ịta nke ntule na gburugburu ebe obibi.
• Ìgwè nke atọ oke na-adade ke art. 23 nke Iwu ahụ, na e ji a ime n'ebe uwa, ya bụ, wepụtara egosi nke ime umu anwuru nke bekee; guzobere oriri na mmepụta nke wastes; ụkpụrụ nke anụ ahụ mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi.
• Egosi nke anthropogenic ibu na gburugburu ebe obibi.
• Ọzọ allowable parameters na oke na ike ga-setịpụrụ gọọmenti etiti iwu nke Russian Federation.

E nwekwara ụkpụrụ ndị na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Russia, ọ bụghị inwe a kpọmkwem mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ukwuu n'ime, nke a nke ụkpụrụ ndị metụtara ọrụ a na-ebupụ na nọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi-echebe ọrụ. Ọzọkwa, e nwere na-agaghị emeli e jikọtara ya na aku na uba na-arụ ọrụ na ya ụdi ezighị ezi mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi. Iche iche umu akara ụkpụrụ bụ ọrụ nke na-esite na ikikere ka mepụta ụdị ụfọdụ nke ọrụ metụtara ifịk na mmekọrịta ya na gburugburu ebe obibi.

The ụmụ amaala 'ikike ozi

Environmental ikike na gburugburu ebe obibi ibu ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala ka ihe dị oké mkpa nke nri na-enye obodo bi ọmụma na gburugburu ebe obibi, nakwa dị ka ala. Isi iwu nke Russia Nkeji edemede 24 na-ekwu na ọ bụla nwa amaala nwere ikike ohere ndị ihe na-emetụta kpọmkwem ihe ndị ruuru ha na nnwere onwe, ma ọ a obodo usoro iwu mee ihe ma ọ bụ ọdịdị nke omume nke mmanye, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ụlọikpe ahụ kpebiri.

Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na yiri gburugburu ebe obibi ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala kwesịrị ekwesị egosi na mmepe nke oge a na ala, ebe ọ bụ na a ole na ole ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga, ihe niile na gburugburu ebe obibi nsogbu na mgbe dị na mba, na-gbara ya gburugburu kwụrụ nzuzo. N'oge ọnọdụ bụ kpam kpam na-abụghị ihe ọ pụtara, dị ka oruru nke Russian Federation na isi nwere a iwu ibu ọrụ n'ihi zoro ezo nke eziokwu na ọnọdụ na-eyi egwu ahụ ike na ndụ nke ụmụ amaala.

Akụkụ ọzọ nke ikike ọmụma bụ nchebe na zuru ohere ihe ọmụma, na-agwa banyere nsogbu nke gburugburu ebe obibi ihe mberede; na-ekpughe ihe ọmụma banyere nchekwa nke na-emetụta obodo na na. Ozi nke ụdị nwere ike ịbụ ọnọdụ nke "ọmụma emejupụta a ala. nzuzo ", karị, na ohere ha nwere ike ịbụ nanị. Na mbụ kọwara n'elu ọmụma na nkewa dị ka "N'ihi na Official were naanị." Ebe ọ bụ na ndị a na edemede nke akwụkwọ dị maka review naanị ụfọdụ edemede nke ejere ọha mmadụ ozi, nwere ike ọ bụghị-atụle iji hụ full na-emeghe ohere na ozi a maka ụmụ amaala niile.

Ụzọ nke na mmejuputa atumatu ikike ozi

Environmental ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala nkenke usoro bụghị nanị site oruru, ma site na ndị ọzọ NPA, gụnyere iwu "On ọmụma", nke na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ ụzọ mejuputa ikike ozi:

1. The ọmụmụ nke ọmụma nke ọha na eze ego free ohere. Akpa, niile ọrụ nwere hà iwu ọnọdụ na-akwanyere ndị ojiji nke a akụ; Nke abuo, onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ọrụ na-achọrọ na-akọ na nzube na ndabere nke natara ozi nyere. The naanị wezụga bụ ọmụma emejupụta a steeti nzuzo, na ọ nkewa.
2. Site na mmejuputa iwu nke ọha na eze na-achịkwa òtù na ụlọ ọrụ iwu kwadoro na ndị na par na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ohere ọmụma. Inweta ụfọdụ ozi, nzukọ nwere ikike agbasakwa ozi banyere ala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti ìgwè mmadụ.
3. Mmejuputa iwu nke uka oha site na nzukọ nke na-arụ ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ nke ala. ike na obodo onwe-ọchịchị. Upolnomochennnye iwu ji ike ozi mpaghara ego, nakwa dị ka na-egosipụta na-achị ebutere òtù na gburugburu ebe obibi mmata.
4. Ịrịọ n'ụlọikpe iji chebe ikike ọmụma.
5. Site na mmejuputa iwu nke onye ziri ezi ụgwọ maka mmebi kpataara n'ihi ọdịda iji nye ihe ọmụma banyere gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ na-ezighị ezi data.

Nri ịrịọ ụlọikpe maka nchebe nke ikike

Environmental ikike na ọrụ nke Russian Federation ụmụ amaala enshrined ke oruru nke ala na-agụnye ọ bụghị dịghị ihe ọzọ, nri nke ọ bụla nwa amaala - ikike ịrịọ n'ụlọikpe iji chebe ikike na ohere.

Nke a ikike e nyere:

• Huu ụkpụrụ nke legality, nke isi oche nile postulates n'akụkụ nile nke iwu, si otú na-enye a nkwa nke mmezu nke kwusara ụkpụrụ.
• Chebe iwu ọnọdụ nke ụmụ amaala n'ime ha iwu gburugburu ebe obibi ọnọdụ.
• Realization nke ụmụ amaala 'ikike ka na-emebi n'ihi iwu na-akwadoghị omume nke ikike mmadụ maka nchebe nke a akpan akpan ebe nke gburugburu ebe obibi nchebe.
• Regulation nke ọrụ nke ikpe ozu na ha ibu ọrụ maka nchedo nke ụmụ amaala 'ikike.

The ikike reparation

Ihe ọzọ, nke na-agụnye na gburugburu ebe obibi ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Russian Federation, bụ ụmụ amaala 'ikike akwụ ụgwọ, nke a kwadebere na njikọ na ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi imebi. Ikike a bụ ofu na Art. 42 nke Russian oruru. N'aka nke ya, na-n'ụzọ zuru ezu karị ikike reparation nyere na Federal Iwu "Na gburugburu ebe obibi", nke na-ekwu na onye ọ bụla bụrụ na nke mmebi nke ebe obibi usoro ga chefuo ya kpatara na zuru. N'ihi ihe ọjọọ nwere ike owụt dị ka:

• mmetọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi na n'ozuzu;
• depletion nke gburugburu ebe obibi ego;
• mebiri na mbibi nke eke ihe;
• unsustainable oriri nke eke ego;
• umuihe na mbibi nke ebe obibi na usoro, okụre na eke Okirikiri;
• ime ndị ọzọ ụdị mmejọ, nke na-nyere site na gọọmenti etiti, steti na iwu obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi na ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Environmental ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Russia na-ekwu na ndị mebiri mere ka a n'ihi nke ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọzọ na-eme, a ga-gbakọọ dị ka iwu ụfọdụ. Dabere na mpaghara ya nwere ike gbakọọ mma tinyere ma ọ bụ na ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka ịgbakọ emebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụrụ na ha anaghị adị, mgbe ahụ unit ẹka ego chọrọ iji naghachi ahụ n'ezie na-akwụ ụgwọ nke mweghachi nke okike. Na nke a, e nwekwara ike sonye na akaụntụ niile metere weere na ọnwụ nke uru.

Akwụ ụgwọ nwere ike-akwụ ụgwọ ma n'afọ ofufo ma ọ bụ dị na mkpebi ọ bụla nke Kasị Elu Arbitration Court nke isiokwu. All metụtara kwụọ ha ụgwọ n'ihi mmebi, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala na-usoro oruru nke Russian Federation, Federal Iwu "Na gburugburu ebe obibi", nke Criminal Usoro na Nlekọta Code, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ NPA.

Nri iji hazie

Tumadi gburugburu ebe obibi ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Russian Federation na-chịkọtara na n'usoro ochichi. Nke a normative akwụkwọ, tinyere ndị ọzọ na atụmatụ, na dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị ruuru kwusara ụmụ amaala ha ikike ka mkpakọrịta, ntọala na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke azụmahịa òtù, nke e nyere ikike na-ebu-eme na ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi nchebe.

Nzube nke e kere eke nke ndị dị otú ahụ na òtù - nchedo nke gburugburu ebe obibi site na iwu na-akwadoghị encroachments na akụkụ nke òtù ndị ọzọ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Ọzọkwa, òtù ndị a na-a ụdị ọha akara nke ememe nke gburugburu ebe obibi iwu. Òtù ndị a na-isiokwu na-agbazi ogige iji gbochie mmejọ na nnukwu ibu ọrụ na mkpochapu onwunwe mebiri.

Ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Russian Federation na ubi nke gburugburu ebe obibi iwu

The iwu ọnọdụ nke ọ bụla nwa amaala nke mba na-agụnye ọ bụghị nanị na ikike ma ụfọdụ ọrụ. Environmental ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala na ha na-akpakọrịta na a par na ikike a ike na gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye ọrụ iji chebe ya.

Ọrụ amanye site na steeti na na-metụtara iwu ụfọdụ nke omume. The imposition nke a koodu omume metụtara mkpa ịda ọha mmadụ na mkpa kpọmkwem ụkpụrụ nke na-elekọta mmadụ na ibe ya. General e ji mara nke gburugburu ebe obibi ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala na-agụnye ọrụ maka ò ojiji nke eke ego, ọrụ iji weghachi nsogbu gburugburu nke anụmanụ na osisi ndụ, n'ihi na mgbochi nke gburugburu ebe obibi imebi na na. Ihe bụ isi ndepụta ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Russia bụ dị ka ndị:

• mkpa-atụ ụtụ isi ma na ụgwọ, nke na ofu na Tax Code nke Russian Federation na ndị dị mkpa maka ihe ịga nke ọma ego nke jikoro na-echebe ma weghachi okike;
• na-ekerechi òkè na-eme na Environmental Protection Agency, n'ihi na ya na mweghachi;
• ime na gburugburu ebe obibi àgwà ụkpụrụ, iwu chọrọ, ịdị ọcha-epidemiological iwu, enye nche n'oge a karịsịa ụdị ọrụ, akụ na ụba metụtara Ụwa ilekota;
• ịmụba na chebe eke ego na akụ na ụba;
• isonye na gburugburu ebe obibi akwụkwọ nke na-eto eto, ịkpọlite obibi mmata nke ndị bi;
• ime na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ ya;
• chebe eke Okirikiri;
• ịrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụkpụrụ ime na gburugburu ebe obibi mgbochi;
• iji ezigbo ala na ụlọ na gburugburu ebe obibi iwu, ọ bụghị yi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ịrụ ọrụ e nyere nyere site n'obodo, nke na-emekwa ka ndị na site na steeti. Bụrụ na nke mebiri nke iwu ka a ịkwado ihe ndutịm iwu etinyere ndị amaala, nakwa dị ka site ekperima ikpe. Ọ bụla ibu ọrụ ụfọdụ amanye site na mkpebi ma ọ bụ ikpe a n'ụlọikpe.

Mmekọrịta nke gburugburu ebe obibi ikike na ọrụ

Mmekọrịta nke gburugburu ebe obibi ikike na ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala na-isi gosiri na eziokwu na, ọnụ, ndị a ọcha etolite iwu ọnọdụ nke ọ bụla nwa amaala na nọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a echiche, na abuo, bụ ihe akụkụ nke izugbe iwu ọnọdụ nke onye ọ bụla amaala nke Russia na mba ọzọ na ụmụ amaala, stateless madu, ma na na.

Ke adianade do, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na ọ bụla nri nke nwa amaala bụ ibu ọrụ nke ala, na-abụghị nnabata nke gụnyere a ọtụtụ nke iwu ibu ọdabara isi. Kpọmkwem otu dị ka ndị na-abụghị mmezu nke ọrụ e nyere a nwa amaala na-enye obodo nri iji ụfọdụ iwu sanctions.