Expressionism na akwụkwọ: definition, nkiti atụmatụ, dere Expressionists

Extraordinary avant-garde direction, expressionism, sitere na ufọt ufọt 90s nke narị afọ nke 19. The nna nna nke okwu na-ewere dị ka nchoputa nke magazine "Oké Ifufe" - H. Walden.

Researchers expressionism kwere na ọ bụ ihe kasị doro anya na owụt ke akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-erughị yi expressionism gosi na ihe ọkpụkpụ, na ịbịaru na eserese.

The ọhụrụ style na a n'ụwa ọhụrụ iji

Na mgbanwe ndị na-ọha na eze na-elekọta mmadụ iji nke narị afọ nke 20, e nwere a ọhụrụ ntụziaka na art, nkiri na music ndụ. M na-eche na expressionism na akwụkwọ. Akọwapụta a direction na-arụ ọrụ si. Ma edemede expressionism akọwa otú nnukwu otu n'usoro nke dịgasị iche udu na ọnọdụ na-emepe emepe ke kpuchie nke modernist emekarị Europe nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ.

Ekwu okwu nke expressionism, fọrọ nke nta mgbe pụtara maka German. The kasị elu mgbe ndị a ugbu a na-akpọ mkpụrụ nke creativity nke "Prague akwụkwọ" (German na-asụ). Ọ gụnyere K. Čapek, P. Adler, L. Perutz, F. Kafka na ndị ọzọ. With a nnukwu ihe dị iche na okike ntọala ndị a dere jikọrọ ha mmasị na ọnọdụ uche na-adịghị, idiotically claustrophobia, omimi, omimi hallucinogenic nrọ. Na Russia, a na-emekarị mepụtara L. Andreev na E. Zamyatin

Ọtụtụ ndị so dee n'ike mmụọ nsọ romanticism ma ọ bụ Baroque. Ma karịsịa mmetụta dị ukwuu nke German na French atụ (karịsịa C. Baudelaire na Rimbaud) na-eche na expressionism na akwụkwọ. Ihe Nlereanya nke ọrụ site ọ bụla na-ede akwụkwọ na-eso ụzọ na-egosi na anya ka eme ihe na-ewe ebe site na mmalite nke nkà ihe ọmụma ndụ. Mara slogan ekpe expressionism - "Ọ bụghị a na-ada nkume, na iwu nke ike."

Amụma pathos pụta ụwa Georg Heym, ghọrọ a recognizable atụmatụ nke a typical mmalite nke Expressionism ka a ije. Ya na-agụ akwụkwọ na amaokwu "Coming oké anwụ anwụ ..." na "Agha" ịghọta amụma amụma ọdachi na-abịa na Europe.

Austrian exponent nke expressionist Georg Trakl na nnọọ obere uri nketa nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu niile German-asụsụ uri. Na Trakl poems ndị atụ mgbagwoju anya oyiyi, ọdachi na njikọ na ida nke ụwa iji na a miri emi obi richness.

Expressionism Dawn wee ke 1914-1924 afọ. Ọ bụ Franz Werfel, Albert Ehrenstein, Gottfried Benn na ndị ọzọ nwere nnukwu weere na ndị asakde iso ese na ihe siri ike kwenyesiri ike pacifist kweere. Nke a na-emekarị na ọtụtụ n'ụzọ doro anya kpughere na ọrụ nke Kurt Hiller. Uri expressionism na akwụkwọ, isi atụmatụ nke weghaara ejije na prose ngwa ngwa, rụpụtara ke ọwọrọetop anthology nke "The Twilight Mmadụ", nke pụtara na ikpe nke na-agụ na 1919.

A ọhụrụ na nkà ihe ọmụma

The isi na nkà ihe ọmụma na aesthetic echiche na-eso ụzọ expressionists e si "ezigbo kachasi mkpa" - ozizi nke ihe ọmụma nke Husserl, na na mmara nsinammuo "otubo nke ụwa" Bergson na ya usoro ihe "ndụ" itunanya. Ọ na-kweere na usoro ihe a bụ nwee ike imeri obduracy nkà ihe ọmụma okwu ihe unstoppable stream evolushọn.

Ọ bụ ya mere Expressionism na akwụkwọ na-egosi dị Nonfictional nghọta nke eziokwu dị ka ihe "ile".

Okwu ahụ bụ "ebumnobi ọhụhụ" si gboo ọrụ nke German nkà ihe ọmụma na pụtara uzọ nke eziokwu na cartographic ziri ezi. Ya mere, iji na-abịa na-abụ "ezigbo entities" n'ụwa, ọ dị mkpa ọzọ na-emegide ime mmụọ ihe.

Nke a echiche bụ yiri nnọọ ka ideological echiche Symbolists, mgbe expressionism na akwụkwọ na-elekwasị anya Bergson si intuitionism na Ya mere na-achọ a n'echiche nke ịbụ ná ndụ na enweghi uche. Life itunanya na a miri emi uche mmuo kwuru overriding ngwá agha na rapprochement na ime mmụọ w eziokwu. Na nke a, na expressionists kwuru na ihe onwunwe ụwa (ie mpụga ụwa) kpamkpam na ya onwe ya ecstasy na incredibly nso ịghọ ngwọta nke ọtụtụ narị afọ "ihe omimi" nke ndụ.

Expressionism na akwụkwọ nke narị afọ nke 20 n'ụzọ doro anya dị iche iche si okwukwo nke Surrealism na Cubism na mepụtara fọrọ nke nta ke ukem. Pathos, na, socio-oké egwu, na-eme uru dị iche n'etiti ọrụ nke expressionists. Ha jupụtara mkpesa megide nkewa nke otu n'ime mmadụ ọmụmụ na agha megide harried mmadu ọha oru na-elekọta mmadụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ expressionist dere n'ụzọ dị irè na-adọrọ onyinyo nke revolutionary dike, na-egosi ndị kasị na-enupụ isi na ọnọdụ, na-ekwupụta omimi eerie egwu nke mgbagwoju anya nke na-irresistible.

ụwa iji nsogbu dị ka a na-owụt ke ọrụ nke Expressionists onwe ha dị ka isi mmewere nke apocalypse, nke na-akpụ akpụ na a ezigbo ọsọ, na-ekwe nkwa iji ịbịakwasị kpọrọ mmadụ na ọdịdị.

ideological ntoputa

Expressionism na akwụkwọ kwuru na a arịrịọ ka eluigwe na ala agwa amụma. Nke a bụ ihe na-achọ iche nke style: ọ dị mkpa izi ihe, ume na-ekwusa. Naanị otú a, site ịlụ Bibie pragmatic omume ọma na stereotypes, ụmụazụ expressionism gbalịrị ka onwe nwoke ọ bula ntịme nke pụrụ ichetụ n'echiche, uche ime ka na-ewusi mma dum nzuzo.

Ma eleghị anya, na ihe mere Expressionism were ya si malite si mkpakọrịta otu nke ndị nka.

Historians omenala kwere na afọ nke si malite expressionism - 1905 nke. Na afọ bụ njikọ nke dị ka kpọrọ ndị mmadụ na German Dresden, a otu ndị kpọrọ onwe ha "The Bridge". N'okpuru ya converged ije akwụkwọ: Otto Müller, Erich Heckel, Ernst Kirchner, Emil Nolde, wdg Site na mmalite nke 1911 na-ekwu n'onwe ya kpara gbalaga "Blue agba" .. Ọ gụnyere akpa nka nke mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ: Franz Marc . August Macke, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky na ndị ọzọ Group bipụtara eponymous Almanac na March 1912, nke na-elekwasị anya ọhụrụ okike samples nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ, chepụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ na aka ha direction.

Anọchitekwa anya nke expressionism na akwụkwọ magazine emechi na ndabere nke "Aktion" ( "Action"). The mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na Berlin na n'oge 1911. Ọ e gara site na-ede uri na-adịghị ma a maara nke ọma playwrights, ma na-egbuke egbuke nnupụisi a direction: E. TOLLER, Frank L., J. Bika na ndị ọzọ.

Atụmatụ ọzọ yi expressionism nnọọ pụtara German akwụkwọ, Austrian na Russian. French Expressionists ọkọnọ na-ede uri Perom Garne.

Expressionist ede uri

Na-ede uri nke a na-emekarị ka nwetara ọrụ "Orpheus." Ya bụ, ọ ga-abụ a dibịa afa, onye, na-agbalị na nnupuisi ọkpụkpụ okwu na-abịa n'ime ezi zuru oke nke ihe na-eme. Ndị isi ihe maka na-ede uri - ọdịdị zuru oke nke nke pụtara na mbụ, na bụghị ezigbo onu onwe ya.

Ya mere - nke a bụ ndị kasị elu caste, elu klas. Ọ na-ekwesịghị-akụkụ na "omume nke ìgwè mmadụ." Na pragmatism na aghara aghara kwesịrị kpamkpam na-atụ uche ya. Ọ bụ ya mere, dị ka ndị guzobere expressionism chere mere na ọ bụ mfe imeta eluigwe na ala clamping vibration "ezigbo entities".

Nanị òtù nzuzo na-eso ụzọ chi omume nke creativity expressionism akpọ nanị ezi ụzọ gbanwee ihe ụwa na ijide ya.

Site na nke a ọ pụtara na ihe eziokwu bụ n'elu ịma mma. Secret, nzuzo ihe ọmụma expressionist ọgụgụ uwe ihe mgbawa-eru nke na-kere ọgụgụ isi dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na ara ma ọ bụ ịmụ anya arọ nrọ.

okike ecstasy

Mepụta maka adept na a direction - bụ ike masterpieces na a ala nke ufiop subjectivity, nke dabeere na a steeti ecstasy, improvisation na-agbanwe agbanwe ọnọdụ nke na-ede uri.

Expressionism na akwụkwọ - ọ na-adịghị ekwu, bụ n'enweghị ike ọgwụgwụ, na-erughị ala pụrụ ichetụ n'echiche, na ọ bụghị ihe ntule na ecstatic ọhụụ oyiyi.

German Expressionist, ya theorist na otu n'ime ndị ndú Casimir Edshmid kweere na a ezi na-ede uri na-egosi na adịghị na-egosipụta eziokwu. Ya mere, dị ka a na ya pụta, edemede ọrụ ke ẹbọ nke expressionism bụ n'ihi nke gbasara obi na-akwadoghị akwado ihe na ihe ahụ maka aesthetic ụtọ mkpụrụ obi. Expressionists bụghị ibu arọ ha na-elekọta nke ukpụhọde kwuru ụdị.

Ideological uru nke nkà okwu bụ asụsụ na expressionist distortion, mgbe grotesque, nke na-egosi dị ka a n'ihi nke ọhịa hyperbolism na mgbe nile na-agha na-eguzogide okwu. Ndị dị otú ahụ a distortion bụghị naanị agbagọ mpụga atụmatụ nke ụwa. Ọ na-enye-awụ akpata oyi na pụtara ìhè grotesque kere oyiyi.

Na ebe a na ọ na-aghọ doro anya na ebumnobi bụ isi nke expressionism - nwughari nke mmadụ obodo na inwe ịdị n'otu na eluigwe na ala.

"Expressionist afọ iri" na German-asụsụ akwụkwọ

Na Germany, dị ka ndị ọzọ na mba Europe, expressionism pụta mgbe ihe ike ọgba aghara na ọha na eze na-elekọta mmadụ na ngalaba, ka kwusiri mba afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ gara aga. Na German omenala na akwụkwọ expressionism bụ a pụtara ìhè onu nke 10 na '20 nke iri abụọ na narị afọ.

Expressionism na German akwụkwọ a nzaghachi nsogbu nke intelligentsia, ndị na-ebu ndị Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ndị November Revolutinary Movement na Germany na nkwatu nke Tsarist ọchịchị ke Russia na October. The ụwa ochie e bibiri na na mkpọmkpọ ebe ya apụta ọhụrụ. Dere, nke weere ọnọdụ na n'ihu mgbanwe a, acutely chere odida nke ẹdude iji na n'otu nhụsianya na unenforceability ọhụrụ ọ bụla na-enwe ọganihu na ọha mmadụ ọhụrụ.

German expressionism yi a na-egbuke egbuke, na-enupụ isi, protivoburzhuazny agwa. Ma n'otu oge, na-ekpughe adịghị ike nke ndị ikeketeorie usoro, expressionist igosipụta nyere kama, ọ bụ a na-edochaghị anya, nkịtị na uche na-adịghị na-elekọta mmadụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omume nke nwere ike ịtụte mmụọ nke ndi mmadu.

Aghọtachaghị ihe akụziri nke proletariat, na Expressionists kwere na ọgwụgwụ na-abịanụ nke ụwa iji. Mbibi nke ụmụ mmadụ na ọdachi na-abịa - Central gburugburu nke expressionist oge nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Karịsịa gbaa ọ ga-hụrụ na lyrics of G. Trakl, Heym G. na F. Werfel. J. Van Goddis zara ihe na mba na nke uwa, amaokwu a, "The njedebe nke ụwa." Na ọbụna satirical show ndị dị ịrịba ama na ọnọdụ (Karl Kraus, "The Ikpeazụ Mmadụ").

Aesthetic ideals nke expressionism anakọtara n'okpuru nku nke a dị nnọọ iche style of art, masịrị ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụkpụrụ nke ndị dere: si F. Wolf na J. Bika, nakweere echiche ndị Nazi nke revolutionary mgbanwe nke mmadụ, na Mr. Jost, mesịrị ghọọ a na-ede uri na ikpe nke atọ Reich.

Franz Kafka - a synonym expressionism

Frantsa Kafku na-ezi na-akpọ otu expressionism. Ya kweere bụ na mmadụ bi na a ụwa na bụ obi ọjọọ ya nnọọ, ọdịdị ụmụ mmadụ enweghị ike imeri eguzogide ya oru, ma si otú ahụ nwee obi ụtọ bụ ekwe omume, bụ isi Expressionist echiche edemede okirikiri.

Onye dere ekwere na e nwere ihe mere nchekwube na onye na ike Ya mere enweghị ndụ anya. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ nke Kafka, ọ gbalịrị ịchọta ihe-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, "ìhè" ma ọ bụ "kwụọ".

Author nke ama "usoro" mere akporo ọgba aghara. The gbara ya gburugburu eerily egwu. Franz Kafka egwu nke agha nke uwa, nke a na-ama ekesịpde mmadu. Ya mgbagwoju anya na-atụ egwu na-adị mfe ịghọta: ndi Israel, ha meriri uwa, ike obibi na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ha. Ke adianade do, ha lụrụ agha ma gbuo onye ọ bụla ọzọ si, ebibi n'obodo nta na mba, na-ekweghị ka onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-enwe obi ụtọ.

Site oge nke ndị myths nke si malite na-ede akwụkwọ nke abụọ na narị afọ myths nke ụwa iche site na ihe fọrọ nke nta 35 ọtụtụ narị afọ nke mepere anya. Echiche Ụgha Kafka jupụtara egwu, obi nkoropụ na enweghị olileanya. The aka nke mmadụ na-adịghị ama-ekesịpde site na onye ya onwe ya, ma site na ụfọdụ otherworldly ike, na ọ na-adị mfe iche na nwoke ahụ n'onwe ya.

The nwoke na-ekwere onye dere, - ihe e kere eke nke na-elekọta mmadụ (ma ọ nwere ike ọ bụghị), ma ọ na-na-ekara ngwaọrụ ọha kpamkpam agbagọ ọdịdị mmadụ.

Expressionism na akwụkwọ nke narị afọ nke 20 na ihu nke Kafka aghọta na ghotara vulnerability na feebleness nke mmadụ kpụrụ ya na agaghịkwa na-achịkwa na-elekọta mmadụ na-elekọta mmadụ oru. The àmà doro anya: a onye na mberede dara n'okpuru pụta (a ga-echebe na-enweghị ndidi nri!), Ma ọ bụ na ha mberede mmasị "iju" ndị mmadụ, nke na-eduzi aghọta na-amaghị nke ọchịchịrị agha. A nwoke n'okpuru nduzi nke na-elekọta mmadụ na-elekọta mmadụ oru dị mfe iji na-eche ya achi, na mgbe ndị fọdụrụ nke ozi nke ịdị adị na-eme adịghị amị mkpụrụ bụ mgbalị ikike ibi ndụ na-na ụwa ọjọọ a.

Kafka idem ya onyinye nke nghọta. Karịsịa n'ụzọ doro anya gosiri na (bipụtara postmortem) "Usoro". Na ya na-ede akwụkwọ hụziri ọhụrụ ara nke iri abụọ na narị afọ, monstrous ya ebibi ihe. Otu n'ime ha - nsogbu nke ndioru govanmenti, bụ inweta ike dị ka a oké mmiri ozuzo, onwere ihe dum eluigwe, mgbe onye na-aghọ ngwangwa inconspicuous ahụhụ. Adị ekiri aggressively ọjọọ, kpamkpam ebibi na mmadu, na, ya mere, ụwa bụ idikwe.

The spirit nke expressionism na Russian

Destination Europe omenala, nke mepụtara na mbụ nkeji iri na ise nke iri abụọ na narị afọ, ike ma emetụta Russian akwụkwọ. Ndị dere akwụkwọ, bụ ndị na-ebipụta ọrụ si 1850 na njedebe nke 1920, sharply zara ndị bourgeois na-ezighị ezi na-elekọta mmadụ nsogbu nke a oge, nke bilie dị ka a n'ihi nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na ụdi reactionary coups.

Gịnị bụ Expressionism na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ? Nkenke - a nupụrụ isi. Iwe bilie megide dehumanization nke ọha mmadụ. Ọ, tinyere a ọhụrụ okwu nke existential ụkpụrụ nke mmụọ mmadụ, bụ amasị, ọdịnala na omenala nke a omenala Russian akwụkwọ. Ya dị ka Mesaya ahụ na obodo-egosicha na-adịghị anwụ anwụ ọrụ NV Gogol na FM Dostoevsky, site pụtara osise MA Vrubel na NN Ge, baa ọgaranya site ụwa dum V. F. Komissarzhevskuyu na AN Scriabin.

Ọ ike deere nnọọ n'ụzọ doro anya na n'ọdịnihu dị nso a oké ohere maka ọmụmụ nke Russian expressionism na "The Dream of a mkpari Man" by Fyodor Dostoevsky, "Uri nke ọgwụ ecstasy" Scriabin, "Red Flower" V. Garshin.

Russian Expressionists chọ eluigwe na ala-eguzosi ike n'ezi, na ọrụ ya chọrọ iji mee ka "mmadụ ọhụrụ" a ọhụrụ nsụhọ karịa aka ịdị n'otu gburugburu na omenala na nkà obodo nke Russia.

Edemede nkatọ na-ekwu na ọ bụghị expressionism ada udi dị ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha, iche iche N'ezie. Ọ na-egosipụta na site na iche nke poetics na styling, na nascent ajụ esesịn guzosie ike dị iche iche mmegharị karịa ha ala ọzọ uzo, na ọbụna ot.

N'ihi ya, n'ihi na ihe atụ, expressionism mụrụ n'ime nsiridi, rụpụtara na ihe e kere eke Leonida Andreeva, Andrei Bely agbapụla symbolist direction acmeists Michael Zenkevich Vladimir Narbut tọhapụrụ a collection of poems na a na-egbuke egbuke ekspressionistkoy isiokwu, na Vladimir Mayakovsky, ịbụ a Futurist, dekwara Expressionist n'ụzọ.

Expressionism style na Russian ala

Na Russian maka oge mbụ okwu "expressionism", "dara" na Chekhov akụkọ "The ukpana". The heroine bụ ihe ọjọọ, na-eji a "expressionist" kama "Impressionists." Researchers Russian expressionism kwere na ọ na-anya ike na, na ụdị nile nke expressionism ochie Europe, nke e hiwere na ndabere nke Austrian, ma ọtụtụ n'ime German expressionism.

Chronologically, a na-emekarị na Russia bịara ọtụtụ mbụ na-abịa ka ọ la n'iyì ukwuu mgbe e mesịrị "afọ iri Expressionism" na German-asụsụ akwụkwọ. Expressionism Russian akwụkwọ malitere n'akwụkwọ nke akụkọ Leonida Andreeva "The Wall" na 1901, na biri na a arụmọrụ "Moscow Parnassus" na otu emotsionalistov na 1925.

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev - a na-enupu isi Russian expressionism

New direction ngwa ngwa weghara Europe, adịghị ekpe na sidelines na Russian edemede milieu. The tọọ ntọala nna Expressionism na Russia na-atụle Leonid Andreev.

Na mbụ ya ọrụ, na-ede akwụkwọ nke ukwuu eneme ịrịba ama eziokwu gburugburu ya. N'ụzọ doro anya na nke a na-ahụ ná mmalite ọrụ: "Garas'ko", "Bargamot", "City". Ugbua ebe a onye nwere ike Chọpụta isi ebumnobi nke onye so dee.

"Life Vasiliya Fiveyskogo" na akụkọ "The Wall" ise na zuru ezu na-ede akwụkwọ si ede na uche mmadụ na oké skepticism. N'oge ọ na-n'ihe omume ntụrụndụ okwukwe na spiritualism Andreev dere ama "Judas Iskarịọt."

Ná mmalite nke amamihe mmegharị nke na-ede akwụkwọ kpọrọ ọmịiko amamihe ije, na dị ka a pụta na e nwere akụkọ "Ivan Ivanovich," "Governor" na play "Iji na Stars".

Mgbe a mkpirikpi oge, creativity Andreeva Leonida Nikolaevicha na-eme ka a nkọ n'aka. Ọ na-ejikọrọ na mmalite nke amamihe ije na 1907. Writer reconsiders echiche ya na-aghọta na uka riots, ma e wezụga nnukwu mmekpa na uka ọnụ, bịara ihe ọ bụla ụzọ. Ihe omume ndị a kọwara na "The Seven Ònye e eyịri".

Akụkọ "The Red ochi" na-aga n'ihu na-ekpughe na-ede akwụkwọ echiche na ihe omume ndị na-ewere ọnọdụ na steeti. The ọrụ na-akọwa ndị dị egwu nke agha na ndabere nke ihe ndị mere 1905 Russian-Japanese agha. Obi na-ajọ ike ụwa iji dike dị njikere anwa anwa anarchic inupụ isi, kama dị nnọọ ka mfe nwere ike n'ogige atụrụ na-n'ezinụlọ.

More na-adịbeghị anya ọrụ nke onye dere imbued na echiche nke mmeri nke ejiri Ananayas agha na oké ịda mbà n'obi.

post scriptum

Chie, ndị German expressionism ka a edemede emekarị adịkwaghị agbapụta site n'etiti 20-ies nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ, nwere a ịrịba mmetụta na edemede omenala nke ọzọ ọgbọ.