Gịnị bụ radon? Ihe mmewere nke 18 otu nke oge table nke chemical ọcha D. I. Mendeleeva

Na ìhè nke ngwa mmepe nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ ndị ọkachamara kwupụtara nchegbu banyere enweghị nduhie radieshon ọcha n'etiti ndị bi na. Ndị ọkachamara na-ekwu na na-esonụ afọ iri "radiological amaghị" nwere ike ime ka a n'ezie nche iyi egwu ọha na planet.

The Silent egbu egbu

Na XVΙ narị afọ European dọkịta baffled abnormally elu enwe nke akpa ume ọrịa n'etiti m ọrụ, na-amị ígwè, isi ọla na ọla-ọcha. Omimi ọrịa maara dị ka "elu ọrịa", see miners iri ise ugboro karịa nkezi nwoke n'okporo ámá. Naanị na mmalite nke XX narị afọ, mgbe ọ chọpụtara nke radon, ọ na-ghọtara dị ka ihe na-akpata mmetuta nke mmepe nke ọrịa cancer akpa ume miners Germany na Czech Republic.

Gịnị bụ radon? Naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere a na-adịghị mma mmetụta ahụ mmadụ? Iji zaa ajụjụ ndị a, anyị kwesịrị icheta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke chọpụtara na ịmụ a dị omimi mmewere.

Sitere n'aka - pụtara "ngafe"

Radon a na-ewere a ọsụ ụzọ nke English physics Ernest Rutherford. Ọ ke 1899 afọ pụtara ìhè na formulations dabeere arọ thorium ma e wezụga α-ahụ emit a colorless gas, nke na-eduga ụba gburugburu ebe obibi radioactivity. The na-eme nchọpụta kwuru na boro sitere n'aka nke thorium ihe onwunwe (site sitere n'aka (lat.) - ngafe) na e kenyere a mbanye leta designation em. Yiri sitere n'aka ji dị ka radium. Ke akpa idaha, ọ na-ewepụtarịrị a gas akpọ thoron, nke abụọ - radon.

N'ọdịnihu, anyị bịara nwee ike igosi na, haruru bụ radionuclides nke ọhụrụ mmewere. Chetara ya na ya dị ọcha ụdị maka oge mbụ jisiri Scottish mmiri ọgwụ, Nobel Laureate (1904) William Ramsay (na Vitlou Gray) na 1908. Mgbe afọ ise na ikpeazụ na mmewere nke aha rapaara radon na akara Rn.

Gịnị bụ radon?

Na oge table nke chemical ọcha D. I. Mendeleeva radon bụ nke 18 otu. Ọ nwere ihe ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè z = 86.

All ẹdude isotopes nke radon (karịrị 35, na uka nọmba 195 na 230) bụ redioaktivu na-anọchi anya ihe ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ. Na ọdịdị, e nwere ebe anọ ụdị nke atọm nke mmewere. Ha nile bụ akụkụ nke eke redioaktivu usoro actinouranium, thorium na uranium - radium. Ụfọdụ isotopes nwere onwe ha aha na na akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala, a na-akpọ emanations:

• actinium - actinon ²¹⁹ Rn;
• thorium - ²²⁰ thoron Rn;
• radium - radon ²²² Rn.

Ikpeazụ ji kasị elu kwụsie ike. The ọkara ndụ nke radon ²²² Rn - 91,2 awa (3.82 ụbọchị). N'oge otu ebe ala fọdụrụ isotopes tụrụ na sekọnd na milliseconds. Na ire ere na emission nke α-ahụ a kpụrụ isotopes nke polonium. Site n'ụzọ, na-amụ radon ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ okosobode ọtụtụ ụdị atọm nke otu mmewere na-akpọ isotopes na ekemende (na Grik maka "hà ka", "otu ihe").

Anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara

N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, radon - gas bụ colorless na odorless, onye ọnụnọ nwere ike na-ekpebisi ike site pụrụ iche na ngwaọrụ. Njupụta - 9,81 g / l. Bụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ karịsịa (ikuku bụ Mkpa ọkụ ka 7.5 ugboro), na rarest na kasị oké ọnụ nke niile mara planet, haruru.

Ọ bụ soluble na mmiri (460 ml / l), ma radon solubility nnọọ elu na organic ogige. Ọ nwere mmetụta nke fluorescence mere site elu eke radioactivity. N'ihi gaseous na mmiri mmiri ala (na okpomọkụ n'okpuru -62˚S) e ji mara-acha anụnụ anụnụ luminescence, crystalline (n'okpuru -71˚S) - odo ma ọ bụ epe-acha ọbara ọbara.

Chemical akparamagwa nke radon ruru ya bụ ndị ìgwè nke inert ( "nējide onwe-"), haruru. Ọ e ji a chemical mmeghachi omume na oxygen, fluorine na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ halogens.

N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị ejighị n'aka isi mmewere bụ isi iyi nke elu ike ahụ impacting na ọtụtụ bekee. N'ebe radon eduga staining nke iko na poselin, erekasịchaala mmiri n'ime oxygen, hydrogen na ozone ebibi paraffin na Vaseline, na na. D.

inweta radon

Iji anọrọ radon isotope naarap ezu umi nwere radium na otu ụdị ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ikuku iyi. Ịta nke gas na ugboelu ga-emetụta ọtụtụ anụ ahụ ihe (mmiri mmiri, okpomọkụ), na crystalline Ọdịdị nke okwu, mejupụtara, porosity, Ime Otu, na ike ịdị iche iche site na obere ụmụ irighiri ihe ruo 100%. A ngwọta na-eji radium chloride ma ọ bụ bromide na hydrochloric acid. Solid porous bekee na-eji ọtụtụ obere ugboro ugboro, ọ bụ ezie na radon tọhapụrụ n'otu oge Cleaner.

Ihe gas ngwakọta-ọcha site mmiri vepo, oxygen na hydrogen, site na-agafe ya site na a na-ekpo ọkụ ọla kọpa okporo. The fọduru (1/25000 nke mbụ olu) E condensed mmiri mmiri ikuku na-adịghị na-ewepụ si ghọọ mmanụ nitrogen, helium, na magburu, haruru.

Iji mara: n'ụwa nile maka otu afọ na-emepụta naanị ihe ole na ole na iri na abuo cubic sentimita nke chemical mmewere radon.

Nkesa na ọdịdị

The nuclei nke radium, nke bụ a fission ngwaahịa nke radon n'aka kpụrụ akpụ site na ire ere nke uranium. N'ihi ya, isi iyi nke radon - Ona na mineral nwere uranium na thorium. The kasị elu ịta ndị a, ndị na igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic nkume, shales mafic. Radon gas ruru ha inertia mfe doo crystal lattice minerals na voids na cracks na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na-adị mfe akp ka ibu anya guzo n'ime ikuku.

Ke adianade do, ala mizhplastovi mmiri saa dị otú ahụ ghara ịdị mfe jupụta radon. Radon mmiri na ya kpọmkwem Njirimara na-eji onye ogologo oge tupu ndị chọpụtara nke mmewere.

Enyi ma ọ bụ onye iro?

N'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ puku ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ewu ewu isiokwu dere banyere nke a redioaktivu gas, mfe azịza nke ajụjụ: "Gịnị bụ radon na ihe bụ mkpa ya maka ụmụ mmadụ?" O siri ike. Tupu oge a na-eme nnyocha bụ ihe abụọ nsogbu. Nke mbụ bụ na ubi nke radon radieshon ndụ n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ ma na-emerụ na bara uru mmewere. The abụọ - enweghị pụrụ ịdabere na na ndekọ na nlekota n'aka. Ugbu ẹdude radon ziri na ikuku, na ọbụna ndị kasị oge a na mwute, mgbe ugboro ugboro nha nwere ike arụpụta ihe dị iche site na ọtụtụ ugboro.

Ọma, radon!

Isi dose of radieshon (70%) na ndụ nke a mmadụ na-akawanye site usoro nke eke radionuclides, gụnyere na-eduga ọnọdụ dịịrị colorless gas radon. Dabere na ala ọnọdụ nke a residential Ọdịdị, ya "input" nwere ike ịbụ site 30 na 60%. A mgbe nile ego nke na-ejighị n'aka isotopes ize ndụ mmewere na ikuku na-nọgidere na-enwe na-aga n'ihu inflow nke ụwa formations. Radon nwere wetara onwunwe imubanye na residential na ụlọ ọha, ebe ya ịta ike nwekwuo ọtụtụ iri na ọtụtụ narị ugboro. N'ihi na ụmụ mmadụ ike ize ndụ ọ bụghị otú ukwuu redioaktivu gas dị ka reactive isotopes nke polonium Po ²¹⁴ na Po ^218, n'ihi ya mbibi. Ha na-enwe ike na ahụ, na-akpali mmetụta ọjọọ esịtidem α-radieshon na anụ ahụ.

Ke adianade asthmatic ọgụ nke breathlessness na dara ya mbà ala, dizziness na oké isi ọwụwa, ọ bụ fraught na mmepe nke ọrịa cancer akpa ume. Ihe ize ndụ na-agụnye ọrụ na uranium mines na ore-ejiji osisi, volcanologists, radonoterapevty bi disadvantaged ebe na-elu radon nkwekọrịta na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na artesian mmiri, radon spas. Iji mata ebe ndị dị otú ajụjụ maka radon ize ndụ map iji geological na ụzarị ọkụ na-ọcha ụzọ.

Iji mara: ọ bụ kwere na ikiri radon a kpasuru iwe ọnwụ n'aka ọrịa cancer akpa ume na 1916, na Scottish nchọpụta William Ramsay a mmewere.

Security ụzọ

Ke akpatre afọ iri, n'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya nke Western agbata obi mkpa antiradon omume malitere ịgbasa na mba nke mbụ CIS. E nwere ụkpụrụ (SanPiN 2.6.1., The nkwonkwo ịmalite 2.6.1.) With doro anya chọrọ iji hụ na radieshon nchekwa nke ndị bi na.

Isi jikoro nke ala gas nchebe na eke na isi mmalite nke radieshon na-agụnye:

• Ruo eruo na ụrọ ala osisi ala monolithic ihe slab na a macadam isi na pụrụ ịdabere na waterproofing.
• Inye enwekwukwa ventilashion n'okpuru ala na n'okpuru ala ohere, ventilashion nke residential ụlọ.
• Water eru n'ime usekwu na ime ụlọ ịwụ, ga-doro a pụrụ iche iyo, na ụlọ ha na-onwem na-amanye iyuzucha ngwaọrụ.

Radiomeditsina

Gịnị bụ radon, nna nna anyị hà na-amaghị, ma ka ebube-inyinya nke Genghis Khan gwọọ ọnyá ha mmiri na isi mmalite Belokurikha (Altai), jupụta na a gas. The eziokwu na microdozes radon nwere mmetụta dị mma n'ebe ụmụ mmadụ dị oké mkpa akụkụ na Central ụjọ usoro. N'ebe radon mmiri gbapụrụ ọsọ elu metabolism, ikwe ka mebiri emebi anụ ahụ na-agbake ngwa ngwa, nkịtị n'obi ọrụ na ọbara, na-ewusi ọbara arịa.

Resorts ugwu nke Caucasus (Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk), Austria (Gastein), Czech Republic (Jachymov, Karlovy Vary abịa), Germany (Baden-Baden), Japan (misasa) ka ogologo ụtọ a nke ọma kwesịrị ama na-ewu ewu. Nkà mmụta ọgwụ ọgbara ma e wezụga radon baths awade ọgwụgwọ n'ụdị mmiri, inhalation, n'okpuru ike nlekọta nke kwesịrị ekwesị ọkachamara.

The ọrụ nke ndi mmadu

Akporo radon gas na ọ bụghị nanị na onye na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. The ike nke isotopes nke ihe mmewere nke adsorption na ọtụtụ-eji ihe maka n'ihe nke ogo nonuniformity nke metal na-ebupụta na decorating. Na mmepụta nke ígwè na iko radon na-eje ozi na-achịkwa oruru Filiks. Na ya, na-ebu site n'aka masks na chemical nchebe maka leaks.

Na Geophysics, geology na ọtụtụ ndị na ụzọ nke search na nchọpụta nke ịnweta ego na redioaktivu ores dabere na ojiji nke radon nnyocha e mere. Dị ka ịta nke isotopes nke radon ke ala nwere ike ikpe na permeability na njupụta nke oké nkume formations. Radon nlekota ọnọdụ anya ekwe na okwu nke ịkọ n'ọdịnihu ala ọma jijiji.

Ọ na-ele anya na mmetụta ọjọọ nke radon mmadu ka idi na redioaktivu mmewere ga-eme ka ndị bi n'ụwa na naanị uru.