Graphene na ya ngwa. The chọpụtara nke Graphene. Nanotechnology na ụwa nke oge a

Dịtụ nso nso a na Science and Technology bụ a ọhụrụ ebe, a na-akpọ nanotechnology. Atụmanya nke a ịdọ aka ná ntị a abụghị nnọọ ukwuu. Ha bụ oké ọchịchọ. Urughuru, kwuru na dị ka "nano" bụ a uru hà otu ijeri nke a nta nke ọ bụla bara uru. Ndị a nha nwere ike na-tụnyere ndị size of atọm na ụmụ irighiri. Dị ka ihe atụ, a nanometer a na-akpọ onye na-ijeri nke a mita.

Isi ntụziaka nke ọhụrụ ubi nke sayensị

Nanotechnology kpọrọ ndị na-aghọgbu ihe na larịị nke ụmụ irighiri na atọm. Ya mere, ebe a nke sayensị na-akpọ molekụla technology. Gịnị bụ kwalitere ya mmepe? Nanotechnology na ụwa nke oge a nwere pụtara ekele okwu Richarda Feynmana. Na ya na ọkà mmụta sayensị egosila na e nweghị ihe mgbochi e kere eke nke ihe kpọmkwem site atọm.

Pụtara n'ihi irè mkpachapụ ụmụ irighiri na-akpọ assembler. Nke a molekụla nanomachine, nke ike-eji na-ewu ọ bụla Ọdịdị. Ka ihe atụ, assembler nwere ike na-akpọ eke ribosome synthesizing a protein na ndu eme ntule.

Nanotechnology na ụwa nke oge a na-adịghị nanị otu ebe nka. Ha na-anọchi anya a dum akporo research ozugbo metụtara ọtụtụ isi sayensị. N'etiti ha bụ ndị physics, onwu na na usoro ndu. Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị a na sayensị ga-enwe ike kacha ike kwalite mmepe megide backdrop nke na-abịa nanotech mgbanwe.

nọ nke ngwa

Depụta niile na ngalaba nke mmadụ ọrụ, ebe nanotechnology na-eji taa, ọ gaghị ekwe omume n'ihi na nke nnọọ nnukwu ndepụta. Ya mere, na-enyemaka nke a na ubi nke sayensị na-emepụta:

- ngwaọrụ maka superdense ndekọ ozi ọ bụla;
- dị iche iche na ngwá;
- sensọ, anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ, okporo ọkụ transistors;
- ọmụma, Mgbakọ na ọmụma technology;
- nanoimprint na nanolithography;
- ngwaọrụ maka na ịchekwa ume, na mmanụ ụgbọala na mkpụrụ ndụ;
- agbachitere, ohere na ụgbọelu ngwa;
- bioinstrumentary.

On a na nkà mmụta sayensị ubi nke nanotechnology na Russia, USA, Japan na ọtụtụ mba Europe na ihe ego na-ekenyela n'afọ ọ bụla. Nke a bụ n'ihi na nke ukwu na atụmanya maka mmepe nke a nọ nke nnyocha.

Nanotechnology na-emepe emepe na Russia dị ka Federal lekwasịrị omume, nke na-enye bụghị nanị na nnukwu ego na-akwụ ụgwọ, ma na-ebu a nnukwu ego nke imewe na nnyocha ọrụ. Iji nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ na-aga dịrị n'otu mgbalị nke dị iche iche na nkà mmụta sayensị na nkà na ụzụ na usoro n'ogo nke mba na ndị si ọtụtụ mba ụlọ ọrụ.

ọhụrụ ihe onwunwe

Nanotechnology nyeere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-emepụta a carbon efere ike karịa diamond onye ọkpụrụkpụ bụ nanị otu atọm. Ọ mejupụtara Graphene. Ọ bụ thinnest na ike ihe n'eluigwe na ala, nke Site n'ibu eletrik nnọọ mma karịa sịlịkọn kọmputa na ibe.

The chọpụtara nke Graphene bụ ezigbo revolutionary omume, nke ga-ekwe ka ukwuu mgbanwe ná ndụ anyị. Nke a ihe onwunwe bụ otú pụrụ iche nkịtị Njirimara na fundamentally agbanwe ọdịdị mmadụ nke ihe na bekee.

History of chọpụtara

Graphene bụ a abụọ akụkụ crystal. Ya Ọdịdị bụ a hexagonal lattice esịnede carbon atọm. N'ọnụ ọmụmụ nke Graphene malitere ogologo oge tupu na-ya n'ezie aghụghọ, ebe ọ bụ na ihe a bụ ihe ndabere maka iwu a atọ akụkụ graphite crystal.

Ọbụna 1947 G. P. Volles o nwere ụfọdụ Njirimara nke Graphene, na-egosi na ya Ọdịdị yiri ọla, na ụfọdụ àgwà ndị yiri ndị nke ultra-relativistic ahụ, neutrinos na massless photons. Otú ọ dị, ihe ọmụma ndị ọhụrụ e nwere ndị ụfọdụ ịrịba iche ndị na-eme ka ọ pụrụ iche na ya agwa. Ma na nkwenye nke nchọpụta ndị e nwetara naanị na 2004, mgbe Konstantin Novoselov na Andrey Geim mbụ nwetara site carbon na free ala. Nke a ọhụrụ umi a na-akpọ Graphene, na bụ isi chọpụtara ọkà mmụta sayensị. Chọta a ihe nwere ike ịbụ na pensụl. Ya graphite mkpanaka mee nke multiple n'ígwé Graphene. Olee otú a pensụl doo a akara na akwụkwọ? Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na, n'agbanyeghị na ike nke isi mmiri nke n'ígwé, e nwere nnọọ ike njikọ n'etiti ha. Ha bụ nnọọ mfe ịda na kọntaktị na akwụkwọ, na-ahapụ a nzọ ụkwụ ide.

Iji ọhụrụ ihe onwunwe

Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na sensọ na-dabere na Graphene, na-enwe ike iji nyochaa na ike na ọnọdụ nke ugbo elu, nakwa dị ka ịkọ ala ọma jijiji. Ma ọ bụ nanị mgbe ihe dị otú ahụ na Njirimara ga-ahapụ pụtara mgbidi laboratories-aghọ doro anya bara uru ngwa ga-azụlite na ntụziaka nke umi. N'oge ugbu ụbọchị, chemists, physics na ọkụ injinia na-ama mmasị na pụrụ iche ike nke Graphene. Mgbe nanị ole na ole grams nke umi nwere ike kpuchie n'ókèala, hà a football ubi.

Graphene na ya ngwa nwere ike na-atụle na-amị fechaa Satellites na ugbo elu. Na mpaghara ebe a, na ọhụrụ ihe nwere ike dochie carbon emep uta eri na mejupụtara ihe. Nanomaterials ike ga-eji kama sịlịkọn transistors na ya, mmejuputa iwu na plastic enye ya eletriki conductivity.

Graphene na ya iji na-atụle ihe mmetụta rụpụta. Ndị a na ngwaọrụ na-guzobere na ndabere nke ọhụrụ ihe onwunwe ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta kasị dị ize ndụ molekul. Ma were nke Nano-ntụ na mmepụta nke electric batrị mgbe ụfọdụ ntọt irè.

Graphene na ya ngwa na-atụle n'isiokwu na-optoelectronics. Nke ọhụrụ ihe onwunwe ga-nnọọ fechaa na inogide plastic site na nke containers ga-ekwe ka nke a izu ole na ole na-nri ọhụrụ.

The ojiji nke Graphene na-atụ anya na-Nlụpụta a uzo conductive mkpuchi chọrọ maka Monitors, anyanwụ ogwe na a siri ike na ndị ọzọ na-eguzogide ọgwụ ka n'ibu mmetụta nke ifufe turbines.

Dabere nanomaterial ga nwere a mma egwuregwu na ngwa, ọgwụ implants na supercapacitors.

Ọzọkwa, Graphene na ya ngwa mkpa ka:

- elu ugboro elu-ike kọmputa ngwaọrụ;
- wuru akpụkpọ ahụ kewara abụọ mmiri mmiri na tank;
- rụọ ọrụ ndị conductivity Njirimara nke dị iche iche ihe;
- eke a ngosi na organic ìhè emitting diode;
- accelerated mmepe nke ọhụrụ usoro nke DNA sequencing;
- mma nke mmiri mmiri crystal ngosipụta;
- ballistic transistors.

The ojiji na akpakanamde ụlọ ọrụ

Dị ka ndị nnyocha, kpọmkwem ume-abịakwute Graphene 65 kWh / n'arọ. Nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ 47 ugboro elu karịa onye na-na na-na-ahụkarị n'oge lithium-ion batrị. Nke a bu eziokwu, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji ike a ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke batrị chaja.

Graphene polima batrị - ngwaọrụ site nke kacha electric ike rụọ ọrụ nke ọma nọgidere. Ugbu a, ndị ọrụ na ya na-rụrụ site na-eme nnyocha na ọtụtụ mba. Ịrịba Ama ọganihu enweta Spanish ọkà mmụta sayensị na okwu a. Graphene-polima batrị, ha kere nwere oriri ike, ọtụtụ narị ugboro ukwuu karịa a yiri ọgụgụ ẹdude batrị. Ha na-eji ya iji kwadebe electric ugbo ala. The igwe, nke arụnyere Graphene batrị, nwere ike ịga njem na-enweghị nkwụsị ọtụtụ puku kilomita. Iji fanye electric ike isi iyi mgbe gwụrụ ga-mkpa ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 8 nkeji.

touchscreens

Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-anọgide na-inyocha Graphene, eke ọhụrụ na-enweghị atụ ihe. N'ihi ya, carbon nanomaterial hụrụ ya ngwa na mmepụta nke na-arụpụta aka hụ na i meziri na mbara ihuenyo. Okwu a nwere ike igosi na mgbanwe ngwaọrụ nke ụdị.

Ọkà mmụta sayensị na a Graphene mpempe akwụkwọ bụ akụkụ anọ na udi na tụgharịa ya n'ime a uzo electrode. Ọ na-abuana ke ọrụ nke ihuenyo mmetụ, ukwuu mbenata anwụ ngwa ngwa, nghọta, mgbanwe, gburugburu ebe obibi enyi na ala na-eri.

inweta Graphene

Ebe ọ bụ na 2004, mgbe ọ na e meghere Kacha ọhụrụ nanomaterials, ọkà mmụta sayensị mụtachara a ọtụtụ ụzọ n'ihi na ya nkwadebe. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị kasị mkpa n'ime ụzọ ndị a na-atụle:

- n'ibu exfoliation;
- epitaxial ibu ke agụụ;
- jụrụ perofaznogo chemical (CVD-usoro).

Nke mbụ n'ime ha atọ ụzọ bụ ihe kasị mfe. Graphene mmepụta na n'ibu exfoliation bụ a pụrụ iche ngwa nke graphite na nyagide elu nke nrapado teepu. Mgbe nke a na ntọala, dị ka a mpempe akwụkwọ, na-amalite bịada na unbend, kewara ndị chọrọ ihe. Mgbe n'itinye usoro a Graphene enweta ndị kasị mma. Otú ọ dị, ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme na-adịghị adabara uka mmepụta nke nanomaterials.

Mgbe na-eji usoro nke epitaxial ibu nke mkpa sịlịkọn wafers na-eji, na n'elu oyi akwa nke bụ sịlịkọn carbide. Ọzọkwa, a na ihe onwunwe na-ewe iwe na a nnọọ elu okpomọkụ (1000 K). Dị ka a n'ihi nke chemical Jeremaya mere na-kewapụrụ n'ebe ndị sịlịkọn atọm nke carbon atọm, nke mbụ nke nke gbazee. N'ihi ya, ihe ndekọ na-anọgide ọcha Graphene. Na mwepu nke usoro a bụ mkpa nke eji nnọọ elu okpomọkụ, nke nwere ike ime n'oge combustion nke carbon atọm.

The kasị pụrụ ịdabere na mfe usoro eji maka uka mmepụta nke Graphene, a CVD-usoro. Ọ bụ a na usoro nke na chemical mmeghachi omume n'etiti metal-ntekwasa mkpali na hydrocarbon, haruru.

Nke na-amịpụta Graphene?

Ka ụbọchị, ndị kasị ibu na ụlọ ọrụ, na-arụpụta a ọhụrụ nanomaterial dị na China. Aha nke emeputa - Ningbo Morsh Technology. Graphene mmepụta ha malitere na 2012.

Isi n'ji nke nanomaterial bụ a ụlọ ọrụ Chongqing Morsh Technology. Graphene-eji ya maka mmepụta nke conductive uzo fim, nke na-etinyere n'ime touchscreen ngosi.

Dịtụ nso nso, a maara nke ọma ụlọ ọrụ Nokia agbala a patent na image ihe mmetụta. Dị ka akụkụ nke a nnọọ mkpa bụ ihe ole na ole n'ígwé Graphene ngwa anya ngwá mmewere. Ndị dị otú ahụ a na ihe onwunwe na-eji na sensọ nke ese foto ukwuu enwekwu ha uche (ruo 1000 ugboro). N'otu oge ahụ hụrụ Mbelata na ọkụ eletrik na oriri. Good igwefoto maka ama ga-ebu Graphene.

Nkwadebe nke a anụ ụlọ na gburugburu ebe obibi,

Ọ ga-ekwe omume na-emepụta Graphene n'ụlọ? Ọ amama, ee! Ị dị nnọọ mkpa na-a kichin blender ike nke na-erughị 400 W, na-eso usoro mepụtara site na Irish physics.

Olee otú mepụta Graphene n'ụlọ? N'ihi nzube a ka blender cup a wụsara 500 ml nke mmiri site na-agbakwụnye 10-25 ml nke ọ bụla mmiri mmiri omo na 20-50 grams nke gburu wepụrụ ebubo. Ọzọkwa ngwaọrụ a ga-agba ọsọ site na 10 nkeji oge na-ọkara otu awa, ruo mgbe onye ahụ nke a slurry nke Graphene flakes. Ihe ihe onwunwe ga-a elu conductivity na ga-ekwe ka ya iji na electrodes nke anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Graphene nwekwara ike melite Njirimara nke plastic emepụta na anụ ụlọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.

oxide nanomaterial

Ọkà mmụta sayensị na ifịk ifịk nnyocha na Graphene Ọdịdị dị otú ahụ na n'ime ma ọ bụ na n'ọnụ nke carbon ntupu bụ mmasị ma ọ bụ na oxygen-nwere ọtọ otu (s) nke molekul. Nke a siri ike Nano-oxide nke nke bụ ihe mbụ abụọ akụkụ foto, nke ruru ogbo nke azụmahịa mmepụta. Site nano- na microparticles a Ọdịdị ọkà mmụta sayensị sentimita samples emepụta.

N'ihi ya, Graphene oxide na Nchikota na carbon diofilizirovannym ndondo nwetara site Chinese ọkà mmụta sayensị. Nke a bụ nnọọ fechaa ihe sentimita cube nke a na ẹkenịmde ke petals nke a obere ifuru. Ma nke a ọhụrụ umi, nke na Graphene oxide bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ike n'ụwa.

Biomedical ngwa

Graphene oxide nwere a pụrụ iche onwunwe nke selectivity. Nke a ga-ekwe ka umi chọta a Biomedical ngwa. Ya mere, ekele na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ga-ekwe omume iji Graphene oxide maka nchoputa nke cancer. Ịchọpụta cancer na n'oge ogbo nke ya mmepe ekwe pụrụ iche ngwa anya na ọkụ Njirimara nke nanomaterial.

Ọzọkwa Graphene oxide na-enye ohere ezubere iche nnyefe nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na nchọpụta nsogbu. Na ndabere nke ihe a na-sorption biosensors, arutu aka na DNA molekul.

ulo oru ngwa

Dị iche iche sorbents dabeere na Graphene oxide nwere ike etinyere ka nje dezaktsivatsii eke na mmadụ mere ihe. A ịkpụ nke nọ n'ọrụ nanomaterial ike hazie ala na elu mmiri, ala na-ekpocha ha si radionuclide.

Nzacha si Graphene oxide nwere ike inye superchistotoy ogige, nke na-amịpụta electronic components pụrụ iche ngwa. The pụrụ iche Njirimara nke ihe a ga-banye n'ime ezi chemical okirikiri technology. Karịsịa, a nwere ike ịbụ mmịpụta nke redioaktivu dịsasịrị na obere ọla. N'ihi ya, na ojiji nke Graphene oxide na-enye ohere iji wepụ gold si ala-ọkwa ores.