Hydrochloric acid

Hydrogen chloride gas bụ banyere 1.3 ugboro arọ karịa ikuku. Ọ dịghị agba, ma na a nkọ suffocating na e ji mara ísì ụtọ. Na okpomọkụ nke mwepu 84C, hydrogen chloride gas na-aga site na mmiri mmiri ala, na solidifies na mwepu 112C. Hydrogen chloride na-etisasịwo na mmiri. Otu liter nke H2O nwere ike banye ruo 500 ml nke gas. The ngwọta a na-akpọ ya hydrochloric acid ma ọ bụ hydrochloric acid. Lekwasị hydrochloric acid na 20C, ji kacha ekwe omume uka nta nke bụ isi umi na-38%. The ngwọta - bụ a siri ike monobasic acid (ikuku "ese siga", na mmiri nnweta mgbe akpụ acid alụlụ), ọ na-nwere ndị ọzọ na aha: hydrochloric, na na Ukrainian nomenclature - acid chloride. The chemical usoro nwere ike na-anọchi anya na a: HCl. Ezengwenri uka bụ 36,5 g / ahumachi. Njupụta nke ndọpụ hydrochloric acid na 20 ° C hà 1,19 g / cm³. Nke a bụ a na-emerụ umi na ọ bụ nke klas nke abụọ nke ihe ize ndụ.

Na "akọrọ" ụdị hydrogen chloride ike emekọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ọla, ma na ọnụnọ nke mmiri mmeghachi omume wee nnọọ ike. Nke a siri ike hydrochloric acid bụ ike na-eme na ihe niile ndị ọla nke na-na-ekpe nke ndị hydrogen na electrochemical usoro. Ke adianade do, ọ mkpatụ na isi ma amphoteric oxides, ndọkwasi nile na salts na:

• Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 ↑;
• 2HCl + CuO → CuCl2 + H2O;
• 3HCl + Fe (OH) 3 → FeCl3 + 3H2O;
• 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑;
• HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ + HNO3.

Ke adianade general Njirimara e ji mara maka nke ọ bụla nke a ike acid, hydrochloric acid ka mbenata Njirimara na lekwasị ụdị mkpatụ na a dịgasị iche iche nke oxidizing mmadụ, na-atọhapụ free chlorine. Salts nke acid chlorides oku. Fọrọ nke nta ha niile bụ ngwa ngwa soluble n'ime mmiri kpam dissociate n'ime ion. Ufat soluble bụ: ebute chloride PbCl2, silver chloride AgCl, mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2 (calomel) na cuprous chloride CuCl. Hydrogen chloride bụ ike ịbanye n'ime mgbakwunye mmeghachi omume unsaturated hydrocarbons na abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ nkekọ, agaghi asu chlorinated organic ogige kpụrụ.

Na laabu ọnọdụ hydrogen chloride a nwetara mgbe ọ gụrụ nkụ sodium chloride na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid conc. Mmeghachi omume n'okpuru dị iche iche na ọnọdụ nwere ike ime ka na-etolite sodium salts (ma ọ bụ acid na-ajụ):

• H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl
• H2SO4 + 2NaCl → Na2SO4 + 2HCl.

The mmeghachi omume mbụ na-aga site na ala okpomọkụ, nke abụọ - na elu okpomọkụ. Ya mere, na a laabu hydrogen chloride mma enweta mbụ usoro, n'ihi na nke ego nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na-atụ aro na-ọnụego nke nnata nke NaHSO4 acid nnu. Mgbe ahụ, site dissolving hydrogen chloride na mmiri na-enwetara hydrochloric acid. Na ụlọ ọrụ, ọ na-enwetara site-ere ọkụ nke ikuku nke hydrogen ma ọ bụ chlorine emetụta akọrọ sodium chloride (naanị n'ihi na nke abụọ mmeghachi omume akụkụ) nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid conc. Ọzọkwa hydrogen chloride a nwetara dị ka a byproduct na chlorination nke jupụta organic ogige. Na ụlọ ọrụ, hydrogen chloride enwetara site na otu nke n'elu ụzọ e etisasịwo ke pụrụ iche n'ụlọ elu niile dị nke a na mmiri mmiri na-ebugharị si n'elu na ala, na gas ọnọ na ala elu, i.e. na countercurrent edumbet.

Hydrochloric acid a na-ebuga na pụrụ iche gummed tankị ma ọ bụ containers, nakwa dị ka na gbọmgbọm 50 liter plastic ma ọ bụ iko karama na ike 20 lita. Mgbe mmeghachi omume nke acid na ọla e nwere ihe ize ndụ nke na-agbawa agbawa hydrogen-air mixtures. Ya mere, ọ ga-kpam kpam tutu amama dị ka a n'ihi nke ịkpọtụrụ kpụrụ hydrogen mmeghachi omume na ikuku, ma (via anticorrosive coatings) acid na kọntaktị na ọla. Tupu outputting apparatuses na paịpụ, n'ebe e debere ya ma ọ bụ ebu, n'ihi na mmezi, ọ dị mkpa na-akpa àgwà a nitrogen kpochapu na nyochaa ọnọdụ nke gas na-adọ.

Hydrogen chloride na ọtụtụ-eji na ulo oru mmepụta na na laabu. Ọ na-eji maka etching metal nkwadebe nke salts na dị ka a reagent na gbasara nyocha ọmụmụ. Hydrochloric acid na-emepụta site a technical GOST 857-95 (ederede bụ yiri ka The International Standard ISO 905-78), reagent - dika GOST 3118-77. Ịta nke teknuzu ngwaahịa na-adabere na àgwà na dịgasị iche iche na ike 31,5%, 33% ma ọ bụ 35%, na ngwaahịa ọdịdị acha n'ihi nke ọdịnaya nke ígwè adịghị ọcha chlorine ndị ọzọ chemical bekee. Mere acid ga-colorless na uzo mmiri mmiri na a uka nta nke si 35 38%.