Isi akụkụ nke ugbo elu. Ụgbọ elu ngwaọrụ

Mepụtara nke ụgbọelu kwere ọ bụghị naanị ime ihe ochie nrọ nke ụmụ mmadụ - imeri mbara igwe, ma ọ bụkwa iji nwee ihe ndị kasị mode nke iga. N'adịghị ka balloons na airships, ụgbọelu obere dabere na vagaries nke ihu igwe, ike-eme ogologo njem na elu na-agba. Components nke ugbo elu iso nke ndị na-esonụ bughi iche iche: a nku, fuselage, ọdụ, ọdịda gia, a ike osisi akara usoro, dị iche iche na ngwá.

ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe

Aircraft - ụgbọelu (LA) dị arọ karịa ikuku, onwem na a ike osisi. Na nke a dị oké egwu, nke ugbo elu-ike ndị dị mkpa nzube maka ụgbọ elu - na-arụ ọrụ (ịkwọ ụgbọala) ike na-emepe emepe n'ala ma ọ bụ na ụgbọ elu na ndị engine (propela ma ọ bụ ugboelu engine). Ọ bụrụ na ndị ịghasa emi odude n'ihu engine, ya a na-akpọ esiri, ọ bụrụ na azụ - ịkwa. N'ihi ya, engine na-arụpụta na-translational ngagharị nke ugbo elu ikwu na gburugburu na-ajụ (ikuku). Ntem, ikuku na-akpali ikwu na nku, na na-emepụta a na-ebuli ike dị ka a n'ihi nke translational ije. Ya mere, na igwe nwere ike na-na ikuku naanị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-elu na-agba.

Gịnị bụ aha nke ugbo elu

The ahụ mejupụtara ndị na-esonụ akụkụ:

• Fuselage - bụ isi ahu nke ugbo elu, ejikọta n'ime a dum nku (nku), enyene, ike usoro, Chassis na ndị ọzọ na mmiri. The fuselage n'otu ebe na-arụ ọrụ, ndị njem (obodo ụgbọelu), na ngwá na payload. O nwekwara ike enịm (bụghị mgbe niile) mmanụ ụgbọala, Chassis, engines, etc .. d.
• The Motors eji maka na-akwọ ụgbọala na ije nke ugbo elu.
• Nku - arụ ọrụ elu, e mere ka ike ifeli elu.
• Vetikal ọdụ mere maka njikwa, guzozie na directional nkwụsi ike nke ugbo elu banyere a vetikal axis.
• Kwụ ọdụ mere maka njikwa, guzozie na directional nkwụsi ike nke ugbo elu banyere a kwụ axis.

The nku na fuselage

Isi akụkụ nke ugbo elu Ọdịdị - nku. Ọ na-emepụta na ọnọdụ maka mmezu nke bụ isi a chọrọ maka ụgbọ elu ohere - ọnụnọ nke inwego. Nku bụ mmasị na ahu (fuselage), nke nwere ike inwe udi, ma dị ka o kwere na di ntakiri aerodynamic ikpuru. Iji mezuo nke a, ọ na-enye a adaba dobe-streamlined udi.

The n'ihu akụkụ nke ugbo elu na-eji maka pụrụ isi chọta nke kokpiiti na Rada usoro. Ebe azụ bụ a na-akpọ ọdụ. Ọ na-eje ozi na-enye akara n'oge ụgbọ elu.

Ihe a haziri nke feathers

Tụlee nkezi ụgbọelu, ndị na ọdụ òkè nke nke na-mere dị ka kpochapụwo atụmatụ, na-ahụkarị nke kasị agha na ndi nkiti na ụdị. Na nke a, ndị kwụ ọdụ ga nkejikotara a ofu akụkụ - stabilizer (site na Latin Stabilis, anụ) na a ibughari - mbuli.

The stabilizer na-eje ozi nye kwụsie ike ugbo elu banyere transverse axis. Ọ bụrụ na ụgbọelu imi ga-ada, mgbe ahụ, ya, AFT fuselage, tinyere feathers ebili. Na nke a, na ikuku na elu n'elu stabilizer abawanye. Eme mgbali stabilizer alaghachi (karị, na fuselage) akpasarade itie. Mgbe eweli imi nke fuselage nke ikuku eruba ga ịmụba nrụgide na ala n'elu stabilizer, na ya ga-alaghachi ya n'ọnọdụ mbụ. Nke a na-enye akpaka (na-enweghị pilot aka) LA kwụsie ike na longitudinal ụgbọelu na-akwanyere ndị transverse axis.

The n'azụ nke ugbo elu na-agụnye a vetikal ọdụ. N'otu aka ahụ, kwụ, ọ bụ a na ofu akụkụ - na keel, na mobile - ruda. Keel enye kwụsie ike ụgbọelu ngagharị banyere ya vetikal axis na kwụ ụgbọelu. Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe yiri ihe nke stabilizer nku azu - jụrụ keel imi mehieworonụ-nri n'aka ekpe, na nsogbu na nke aka nri ụgbọelu na-abawanye na-alaghachi keel (na fuselage) aga na ọnọdụ.

N'ihi ya, na-akwanyere iji akara abụọ nke ụgbọ elu kwụsie ike dịgidere enyene. Ma, e nwere ihe ọzọ axis - longitudinal. Iji nye akpaka ije kwụsie ike na-akwanyere na axis (na transverse ụgbọelu) ngwe nku console ndokwa bụghị ịgbasapụ ma na n'akuku ikwu onye ọ bụla ọzọ nke mere na nsọtụ nke consoles mehieworonụ gaba. Dị otú ahụ ndokwa yiri akwụkwọ ozi «V».

management usoro

Control ebupụta - mkpa akụkụ nke ugbo elu maka ịchịkwa ugbo elu. Ndị a gụnyere ailerons, amara na ịdị elu. Control na-nyere na-akwanyere ahụ atọ anyu na otu atọ ụgbọ elu.

Mbuli - a ibughari n'azụ nke stabilizer. Ọ bụrụ na ndị stabilizer mejupụtara abụọ brackets, karị, e nwere abụọ mbuli nke arapu elu ma ọ bụ ala, ma synchronously. Na ya, ndị pilot nwere ike ịgbanwe ugbo elu ụgbọ elu elu.

Ruda - a ibughari n'azụ nke keel. Mgbe ọ na-mehieworonụ na one direction ma ọ bụ ọzọ ya emee aerodynamic ike nke na-agbagharị ụgbọelu banyere a vetikal axis agafe center nke uka na-abụghị uzo si ntụziaka nke ndiiche nke akwọ ụgbọala. Adiana emee ka ogologo dị ka onye na-akwọ ọ naghị alaghachi sterịn wheel na-anọpụ iche (na-abụghị mehieworonụ ọnọdụ), na LA ga-emezukwa ije na a ọhụrụ ntụziaka.

Ailerons (site na French Aile, nku.) - isi akụkụ nke ugbo elu, nke na-ibughari akụkụ nku ogwe. Ha na-eji akara nke ugbo elu banyere longitudinal axis (na transverse ụgbọelu). Ebe ọ bụ na abụọ nku ogwe, na ailerons na abua. Ha na-arụ ọrụ synchronously, kama, dị iche na nchekwa ihe, ọ bụghị mehieworonụ n'otu akụkụ, na dị iche iche. Ọ bụrụ na onye aileron na-mehieworonụ upwardly, ndị ọzọ ala. On nku console ebe aileron mehieworonụ elu eweli ike na-ebelata, na ebe n'ala - na-abawanye. Na fuselage nke ugbo elu-agbagharị na ntụziaka nke welitere aileron.

engines

All ugbo elu na-onwem na a propulsion usoro na-enye ohere na-emepe emepe na-agba, ya mere na-enye a na-ebuli ike. Engines nwere ike enịm ke azụ nke ụgbọelu (ahụkarị ugboelu ugbo elu), n'ihu (obere-engine ugbo ala) na nku (na ndi nkiti ugbo elu, iga, otu bombu).

Ha na-ekewa n'ime:

• Mere - turbojet, pulsating, sọrọ-circuit, site-eruba.
• Ịghasa - pistin (propela chụpụrụ), turboprop.
• Agha - mmiri mmiri, siri ike.

ndị ọzọ na usoro

N'ezie, n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ugbo elu bụ dịkwa mkpa. Chassis ekwe ugbo elu gbapụ na ala na-onwem airfields. E nwere amphibians, ebe pụrụ iche floats na-eji kama nke Chassis - ha ka i anya na ala n'ebe ọ bụla ebe e nwere a mmiri (osimiri, osimiri, ọdọ). Mara nlereanya nke ìhè ugbo elu onwem na igwe skii, maka ojiji na ebe anụ snow cover.

Modern ugbo elu na-kwabara na kọmputa akụrụngwa, nkwurịta okwu na ngwaọrụ na nnyefe nke ozi. Agha ụgbọelu na-eji ọkaibe ngwá agha usoro, lekwasịrị nnweta na mgbaàmà suppression.

nhazi ọkwa

Site oru ụgbọ elu na-kewara abụọ dị iche iche: obodo na agha. Isi akụkụ nke njem ugbo elu na-ji na-enwe onwem ulo maka njem bi a ukwuu nke ndị fuselage. A pụrụ iche mma bụ portholes ke n'akụkụ nke ahu.

Civil Aircraft na-ekewa n'ime:

• Njem - obodo ụgbọ elu, isi agbata obi (nso nke na-erughị 2000 km), nke pụtara (nso nke na-erughị 4000 km) ogologo (anya nke na-erughị 9000 km) na Intercontinental (nso karịa 11 000 km).
• Ibu - Ìhè (arọ nke ibu ruo 10 ise), ọkara (ibu ibu ruo 40 tọn) na arọ (arọ nke ibu 40 tọn).
• Special nzube - ịdị ọcha, na-akọ ugbo, ọgụgụ isi (ice nyoputa onyeiro, ryborazvedka), ọkụ na-alụ ọgụ, n'ihi na efe n'elu foto.
• Ọzụzụ.

N'adịghị ka ndi nkiti ụdị, akụkụ nke a agha ugbo elu nwere ala ulo na portholes. Isi akụkụ nke fuselage jide ngwá agha usoro, ngwá maka ngagharị, nkwukọrịta, Motors na ndị ọzọ na nkeji.

Zukọta n'oge a agha ugbo elu (tinyere agha aga-eme na ha na-arụ) nwere ike kere n'ime ndị na-esonụ ụdị: alụso, agha ụgbọ elu, atụ bọmbụ (agha), nyoputa onyeiro, agha iga, pụrụ iche na inyeaka ụlọ ọrụ.

ugbo elu ngwaọrụ

The ngwa nke ugbo elu na-adabere na aerodynamic circuit, nke ha na-guzobere. Aerodynamic esereese ji ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị bụ isi ndị na na ndokwa nke na-agba na-ebupụta. Ọ bụrụ na imi nke ugbo elu na ọtụtụ ndị yiri ụdị, na ọnọdụ na jiometrị nke nku na ndị na ọdụ ngalaba nwere ike ịdị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ebe.

E nwere ndị na-esonụ na sekit na sekit LA ngwaọrụ:

• "Oge gboo".
• "Iberibe nku".
• "Duck".
• "Tailless".
• "Tandem".
• Kọnvatịbụl atụmatụ.
• Jikọtara atụmatụ.

Aircraft mere ndị oge gboo atụmatụ

Tụlee isi akụkụ nke ugbo elu na ha ọrụ. Classical (nkịtị) ukwuu nke mmiri na mgbakọ bụ ahụkarị kasị ngwaọrụ ụwa, ma agha ma ọ bụ ndị nkịtị. The isi mmewere - a nku - ọrụ na a dị ọcha jụụ eruba nke aga were were nku na-emepụta a na-ebuli ike.

The ụta nke craft na-shortened, nke ebelata ebe achọrọ (na ya mere uka) nke vetikal stabilizer. Nke a bụ n'ihi na imi nke fuselage eme itisasị obodo yaw oge banyere vetikal axis nke ugbo elu. Mbenata na-atụ fuselage mma n'anya ka n'ihu Ụwa.

The ọghọm nke nkịtị atụmatụ ndị dị ka ndị:

• Job kwụ ọdụ (HT) na a slant nku perturbed stream budata ebelata ya arụmọrụ, necessitating ojiji nke feathers ibu uzo (n'ihi ya uka).
• vetikal ọdụ (IN) na-enye elu kwụsie ike ga-ike a na-adịghị mma inwego ike, ntụgharị ala. Nke a na-ebelata ihe n'ozuzu arụmọrụ nke ugbo elu: ịdị ukwuu nke inwego, nke na-emepụta a nku, ọ dị mkpa iji mmetụta, nke na-kere na-aga. ụba nku ebe a ga-eji neutralize a onu (n'ihi ya uka).

ụgbọelu na ngwaọrụ na a "ọbọgwụ"

Na nke a na Ọdịdị, isi nke ugbo elu na-enịm dị iche iche ka na "oge gboo" ụdị. Mbụ niile, mgbanwe nwere akara-kwụ ọdụ. Ọ na-emi odude ke iso nku. N'okpuru atụmatụ a, wuru ya mbụ ụgbọelu Bratya Rayt.

uru:

• Vetikal ọdụ na-agba ọsọ jụụ eruba, nke enwekwu ya arụmọrụ.
• Iji hụ na nkwụsi ike nke ụgbọ elu feathers emepụta nti inwego, ie ya na-agbakwunyere na inwego nke nku. Nke a na-enye ohere iji belata ya ebe na, mmọdo, ibu ibu.
• Natural "antispin" nchebe:-ekwe omume nke na-ebufe nku na supercritical akụkụ nke agha maka "ọbọgwụ" ekwe. The stabilizer atọrọ nke mere na ọ na-akawanye a ukwuu n'akuku nke agha karịa nku.
• Akpụ akpụ azụ Baịbụl hiwere isi n'ebe ụgbọelu na-amụba ọsọ mgbe a "ọbọgwụ" pụtara na a nta karị karịa ndị oge gboo ndokwa. Nke a na-eduga ná nta mgbanwe na ogo nke longitudinal static nkwụsi ike nke ugbo elu, n'aka nke ya, na simplifies management nke e ji mara ya.

Ụkọ ihe ụfọdụ nke atụmatụ "ọbọgwụ":

• Site ịkpaghasị eruba na feathering ya emee bụghị naanị na ụzọ ọpụpụ ụgbọelu nta akụkụ nke agha, ma ya "sagging" n'ihi na Mbelata ya ngụkọta-ebuli ike. Nke a bụ nnọọ ize ndụ n'ala n'ihi nke mbọhọ takeoff na ọdịda.
• Ọnụnọ ke atụ fuselage ọdụ gaghịzi review usoro nke ala Ụwa.
• Iji belata ebe nke n'ihu ogologo nke na-aga n'ihu fuselage bụ ịrịba. A na-enwekwu ndị itisasị obodo yaw oge, na, mmọdo, dịkwuo ebe na ibu ibu nke ihe owuwu.

Ụgbọ elu mere na a "tailless"

Na ụdị nke ụdị bụghị dị mkpa, a maara akụkụ nke ugbo elu. Photo nke ugbo elu "beskhvostok" ( "Concord", "Mirage", "ugwu mgbawa") na-egosi na ha enweghị kwụ ọdụ. Isi uru nke atụmatụ a bụ:

• Mbenata frontal aerodynamic eguzogide, nke dị mkpa karịsịa maka ugbo elu na elu na-agba, dị ka cruising. Nke a na-ebelata mmanụ ụgbọala na-akwụ ụgwọ.
• Nnukwu nku torsional rigidity na mma aeroelastic e ji mara na-enweta elu e ji mara maneuverability.

ọghọm:

• N'ihi guzozie na ụfọdụ ụgbọ elu ụdịdị òkè ígwè ọrụ trailing onu (flaps) na ndị dị mkpa akara ebupụta kụchapụ elu, nke na-ebelata n'ozuzu inwego nke ụgbọelu.
• Nchikota LA nachi kwụ na longitudinal anyu (n'ihi enweghị igwe mbuli), ọ ga-adị njọ àgwà nke njikwa. The enweghị pụrụ iche feathering na-eme ka akara na-ebupụta na-na azụ onu nke nku, imezu (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa) ụgwọ na ailerons na nchekwa ihe. Ndị a na-achịkwa na-ebupụta na-akpọ elevons.
• The ojiji nke n'ibu-esi n'ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị na ugbo elu gaghịzi ya takeoff na ọdịda e ji mara.

"Iberibe nku"

Na na atụmatụ a, e nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta na-abụghị nke ugbo elu dị ka fuselage. All ichekwa chọrọ maka pụrụ isi chọta nke ndi oru ugbo, payload, engine, mmanụ, na akụrụngwa na-na n'etiti nku. Atụmatụ a nwere ndị na-esonụ uru:

• The kasị ala aerodynamic ikpuru.
• The kasị nta uka nke ihe owuwu. Na nke a, dum uka dara na nku.
• Ebe ọ bụ na longitudinal ugbo elu obere size (n'ihi enweghị fuselage), a itisasị obodo oge na-akwanyere ya vetikal axis bụ negligible. Nke a na-enye ohere na-emepụta ma budata belata ebe nke IN, ma ọ bụ pụọ na ya (ufe na-mara vetikal ọdụ anọghị).

The ọghọm dị mgbagwoju anya nke nkwado ugbo elu ụgbọ elu.

"Tandem"

Scheme "tandem", mgbe ahụ nku abụọ mere ndokwa otu mgbe ndị ọzọ, na-adịkarịghị eji. Nke a ihe ngwọta na-eji na-eme ka ọtụtụ ndị ebe nke nku na otu ụkpụrụ nke ya njupụta na ogologo nke fuselage. Nke a na-ebelata ihe kpọmkwem ibu na nku. The ọghọm nke atụmatụ a bụ nnukwu aerodynamic ikpuru, mụbara oge nke inertia, karịsịa na ikwu na transverse axis nke ugbo elu. Ke adianade do, site na ịba ụba ọsọ nke ụgbọ elu na-agbanwe e ji mara nke longitudinal itule ugbo elu. The n'iru elu dị otú ahụ jets nwere ike ịnata na na nku, na enyene.

jikọrọ atụmatụ

Na nke a, akụrụngwa akụkụ nke ugbo elu nwere ike-achọkwa na dị iche iche bughi atụmatụ. Ka ihe atụ, kwụ ọdụ na-nyere na ihe pụta ìhè na AFT fuselage. Ha bụ ndị a na-akpọ achịkwa kpọmkwem nke na-eweli ike nwere ike ji mee.

Na nke a, ọ dịghị òkè kwụ stabilizers ọnụ na flaps enye extra inwego. pitch oge nke n'esite na nke a ga-eduzi dịkwuo n'akuku nke agha (imi dina). N'ihi na oge a Parry tailplane nwere ike mgbe ka ibelata n'akuku nke agha (imi tụlee). Iji mee nke a, ike na ndị na ọdụ ngalaba ga-eduzi na-elu. Nke ahụ bụ, a inwego increment na-atụ na-aga na nku na ọdụ na-aga (na ya mere na dum ụgbọelu) na-enweghị atụgharị ya na longitudinal ụgbọelu. Na nke a, ụgbọelu nanị adahade enweghị ihe ọ bụla na ozizi evolushọn na-akwanyere ya center nke uka. Ọzọ, mgbe ndị dị otú ahụ aerodynamic nhazi nke ugbo elu ya nwere ike imezu evolushọn nke center nke uka na longitudinal ụgbọelu na-enweghị na-agbanwe agbanwe trajectory nke ya ụgbọ elu.

Ike ịrụ ndị dị otú ahụ eduzi budata melite arụmọrụ e ji mara achịkwa ugbo elu. Karịsịa na Nchikota na a kpọmkwem n'akụkụ ike akara usoro, n'ihi na nke ugbo elu ga-bụghị naanị a ọdụ, na-a longitudinal ụta feathering.

kọnvatịbụl atụmatụ

Ngwa ụgbọelu rụrụ site kọnvatịbụl atụmatụ, oké na destabilizer na-atụ fuselage. Destabilizers ọrụ bụ iji belata ka a ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, na ọbụna zuru mkpochapu backward ije nke ugbo elu aerodynamic na-elekwasị anya supersonic ụgbọ elu regimes. A na-enwekwu ndị maneuverability nke ugbo elu (nke dị mkpa maka a fighter) na-enwekwu ndị nso ma na-ebelata mmanụ ụgbọala oriri (na nke a bụ ihe dị mkpa maka a supersonic njem ugbo elu).

Destabilizer nwekwara ike ga-eji na takeoff / ọdịda ihe chefuo na amaba mode, nke e mere site ndiiche nke ọdịda ígwè ọrụ (flaps, na flaps) ma ọ bụ na fuselage imi. Na subsonic ụgbọ elu regimes destabilizer idu ke n'etiti fuselage ma ọ bụ arụnyere na ifufe vane ọrụ (kpamkpam dabeere downstream).