Kedu otu esi esi alkane? Kedu ihe ọzọ ị nwere ike ịnweta site na nwa alkane?

Nnyocha nke usoro nke ogige ogige, ihe ndị dị na ha na-egosi na mmeghachi omume, na-ekwe ka mmepụta ngwaahịa na ngwaahịa dị iche iche sitere n'otu ngwa. Nhazi nke hydrocarbons na-emepụta ọtụtụ nsogbu. Iji jụọ ajụjụ ahụ: "Olee otu esi enweta nwa alkane site na nwa alkane?" Sayensị na omume nke mmanụ cracking na-enye azịza zuru ezu. Ka anyị leba anya na nsogbu nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọkwa dị iche iche nke hydrocarbons, yana ihe ndị ha na-emepụta. A ga-akwụ ụgwọ uche dị ukwuu maka usoro mmepụta ihe nke nhazi nke carbon-containing raw materials.

Njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ nke organic organic

Ná mmalite mmalite nke ọmụmụ ihe na inweta ihe ndị na-emepụta mmanụ na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, o yiri ndị chemists na ìgwè ndị a dịpụrụ iche. Na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbakọba ozi na-ekpughe ìhè na mkpụrụ ndụ nke mmekọrịta nke isi klas nke bekee. Ebumnuche ndị ahụ bụ iji chọta ụzọ isi gbanwee usoro ahụ, na-eme ka ọtụtụ nkwurịta okwu dịkwuo ukwuu. Nsogbu kachasị mkpa nke nchọpụta na ịnweta ihe ọmụma:

• Otu esi enweta alkane site na alkane;
• Otu esi achikota oku, mmanu na gas;
• Ot'u esi eme ihe ndi ozo nke hydrocarbon kachasi;
• Dị ka site na nwa alkane iji nweta alkyne (acetylene).

Ndị na-eme nnyocha na ndị ọkachamara kwenyesiri ike na enwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe site na otu hydrocarbon ọzọ.

Ihe dị mkpa nke njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ụdị ogige ndị bụ isi

Udidi nke ogige hydrocarbon di iche iche ka egosiputara na nhazi nke ihe omumu dika ndi sayensi na ngalaba nke mmeputa. Na mmepe nke nsogbu a - otu esi enweta nwa alkane site na alkane - Russian na Soviet organic chemists mere onyinye bara ụba. Ọtụtụ n'ime mmeghachi omume-mgbanwe ndị e ji mee ihe maka nzube a bụ usoro ikuku, nke a na-eme site na iji teknụzụ dị mgbagwoju anya. A na-ejikọta njikọta na mgbanwe nke ogige ndị na-edozi ihe iji dozie nsogbu dịgasị iche iche, nke gụnyere:

• Inweta site na otu ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche;
• Ịmepụta ngwaahịa ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na ogige ndị dị mfe na ntụgharị;
• Nkpughe ngwongwo di iche iche nke choro elu;
• Onodu aku na uba nke aku na uba nke hydrocarbon;
• ò were mmanụ coal tar, mmanụ shale, peat.

Ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ sitere n'okike

A na-ahụ mmiri dị iche iche nke mmiri dị iche iche na ọdịdị dị ukwuu. Ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mmalite maka nhazi na inweta ogige dị iche iche dị iche iche. Isi ihe kachasị mkpa nke alkanes na alkenes:

1. Mmiri mmiri. Ihe dị n'ime carboncarbon kasịnụ kachasị dị na ebe dị iche iche ruru 80-98%. Ebe ndị ọzọ: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, butane.
2. Mmanụ. Ngwakọta nke mmiri nke isomeric hydrocarbons si dị iche iche iche iche dị iche na mejupụtara. N'ọdịdị ụdị "ojii ojii" kachasị, ndị ọzọ na-agụnye cycloparaffins na ogọn. Dome metụtara mmanụ petroleum nwerekwa paraffins.
3. Coke. Emepụta coal dị mkpa maka nzụlite na-ejikọta ya na mmepụta nke okpokoro coal nwere ihe karịrị 400 components, ndị bụ isi bụ ndị bụnas.
4. Akwukwo nri na nri ngwaọrụ - a buru ibu ma na iche iche na otu, nke na-agụnye osisi, osisi na mkpụrụ osisi nke ulo oru ubi, anụmanụ abụba.

Mgbanwe puru iche n'etiti ogige ogige

N'ime ihe ntanetị nke "ojii", ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-anọkarị. Nhazi nke akụrụngwa na-enye ihe kachasị na-emepụta hydrocarbons ndị nwere mkpụrụedemede C 5 nke dị na mgbanaka ahụ, ha nwere ihe kachasị mkpa. Kedu ka si alkane si nweta cycloalkane, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị naphthenes emezughị? Iji nweta mmachi hydrocarbons cyclic si ogige acyclic jupụtara, a na-eji usoro dehydrocyclization eme ihe. A na-emechi chains nke 4 ma ọ bụ karịa C na-emechi, a na-ebili nrịgo. A pụrụ igosipụta mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime atụmatụ dị mfe:

• Mmanụ → hydrocarbons → alkanes → acid carboxylic.
• Mmiri na-emepụta gas → nnukwu mmanụ hydrocarbon → carboxylic acid.
• Ọkụ siri ike → hydrocarbons → alkanes → hydrocarbons unsaturated → polymers.
• Mmanụ → hydrocarbons → benas → benzene → isopropyl-benzene → acetone, phenol.
• Mmiri na-emepụta mmanụ → mmanụ ndị na-adịghị edozi mmiri bụ ethanol.
• Coal → methanol.
• Mmanụ → hydrocarbons → alkenes → butadiene na isoprene.

Ka anyi leba anya n'uzo ndi ozo banyere ihe ndi nwere ike iji nweta ihe ndi ozo site na mkpuru ihe umu anu.

Otu esi esi alkane

Na ụlọ ọrụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ụdị mmanụ ọ bụla dị na mmanụ na gas. Ngwongwo mmanu bu uzo nke ugbua iji nweta alkanes site na alkanes:

A) Liquid paraffin hydrocarbons enye kpọmkwem distillation nke crude mmanụ (ala mkpụrụ nke lekwasịrị ngwaahịa).

B) kwes na catalytic cracking mmanụ a na-eji na-amụba na pasent nke ìhè nsọtụ, rụọ àgwà nke hydrocarbons (mmanụ ụgbọala, manu oku). N'ihe dị egwu nke mmanụ, hexadecane nọ, bụ nke n'oge ncha na-enye dodecane na butylene. Dodecane nke dị n'okpuru mkpịsị uzo na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị na-aga n'ihu, site na ya ka a na-enweta ihe na-eme ka hydrocarbon nonane na propene (alkene). Ịga n'ihu na cracking nwere ike ime ka e guzobe heptane na ethylene.

Isomerization na alkylation

Ihe omumu nke ikuku ihe omumu na-eme ka ogwe aka nke ihe ndi ozo nweta H3C- (CH2) 3-CH3 → CH (CH3) 2-CH2-CH3. Ngwa nke usoro a bụ isopentane. A na-emekarị ihe na-emekarị, nke dị na gas na-emepụta, ka ọ bụrụ onye na-emeghị ihe ọ bụla n'ime mmeghachi omume nke isomerization. A pụrụ ịmịpụta ngwaahịa a na isobutylene na ọnụnọ nke catalyst na isooctane-nnukwu mmanụ ụgbọala. Ọ bụrụ na a na-eji ethylene mee ihe dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ alkylating, a na-enweta ihe na-emepụta neohexane mmanụ ọkụ na mmeghachi omume na isobutane.

Otu esi enweta alkene na alkadiene si alkane

N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, a na-enweta mmanụ ala abụọ acyclic na-ejikọtaghị mmanụ. N'elu okpomọkụ dị elu, alkaes decompose (pyrolysis). Egwu dị iche iche dị iche iche site na ngụkọta nke mmezu na mmeghachi omume ikpeazụ. A na-emepụta ethylene site na dehydrogenation nke ethane na ihe nickel catalyst: C2H6 → C2H4 + H2 ↑. Butane n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị dị otú a na-enye 2-ma, n'otu oge ahụ e guzobere éthane na ethylene. Dehydrogenation na-enye anyị ohere ịchọta ngwọta maka nsogbu nke esi enweta alkane. Na mwepụ nke mpempe abụọ dị na hydrocarbon nke 4 carbon carbon, mgbanwe ndị a na - eme: butane → butene → butadiene. The ikpeazụ ngwaahịa dị mkpa maka mmepụta nke sịntetik roba. N'otu aka ahụ na butadiene, a na-enweta polymer ọzọ nke na-achọpụta àgwà bara uru nke analog analog: isopentane → isoprene → isoprene rubber.

Otu esi enweta acetylene site na alkane

Hydrocarbon nwere otu nkeji - acetylene - dị ezigbo mkpa na mpaghara mmepụta, ụlọ na ebe ndị ọzọ nke akụ na ụba. Ụzọ kachasị ochie nke inweta nke a kachasị dị mfe bụ ihe mmiri na-etinye na kọlụm calcium carbide. Usoro nke a na-eji dochie gas. Ugbu a n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmiri, ha maara otú e si enweta ọnụọgụ nke alkane na ọnụ ala. N'ihe ngosi nkà na ụzụ pụrụ iche na elu okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ n'okpuru nduzi nke ihe na-emepụta eletrik nke methane - ihe na-agbanye ọkụ nke gas: 2CH4 → HC≡CH + 3H2 na-ewere ọnọdụ. A na-enweta Acetylene n'ọtụtụ ebe, a na-enweta acetaldehyde site na ya, bụ nke a na-ejikarị mee ihe n'ime mmepụta nke acetic acid, resins artificial, plastics, synthetic fibers, rubbers and rubbers.

Esi enweta ihe ndị na-esi na hydrocarbons kachasị

Site na paraffins, ụdọ nke mgbanwe na-eduga na benzene na ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya. Usoro nke aromatization bụ ndị Russian na Soviet chemists na narị afọ nke 20. Ihe kachasị mkpa nke ọrụ ha n'isiokwu bụ "E si enweta benzene site na benzene na ndị homologues ya" ka ọ dị na dehydrocyclization nke hexane, heptane na ndị ọzọ hydrocarbon jupụtara: C6H14 → C6H6 + 4H2; C7H16 → C6H5-CH3 + 4H2. Ụzọ ọzọ bụ njikọ nke cycloparaffins site na acyclic hydrocarbons tinyere dehydrogenation: hexane → cyclohexane → benzene.

Esi esi na alkanes nweta ethyl na ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị ọzọ

Na oge ochie banyere ajụjụ a: "Olee otu esi enweta mmanya site na nwa alkane?" O cheghị echiche, ndị nna nna anyị ji nanị ihe oriri na-egbu egbu nke ngwaahịa ndị nwere shuga na-eme n'okpuru mmekorita nke enzymes. Elu oru uru nke ethanol rụpụtara a search maka ọhụrụ ụdị nke na-abụghị nri ihe na-emepụta ethanol. Na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ gara aga, ihe ahụ ghọrọ ihe dị oké mkpa maka ihe eji emepụta rubber site na usoro Lebedev. Otu usoro e buru amụma A. M. Butlerovym, onye rọrọ na ndị dị ọnụ ala ụzọ amị ethylene kpuchie ụzọ "maka inweta mmanya." Ebumnuche nke hydrocarbons unsaturated bụ mmanụ ndị na-emepụta mmanụ na catalyst dehydrogenation nke alkanes. A na-enweta Ethane site ethane, bụ nke a na-eme ka ọ dị na sulfuric acid: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H5OH. Mmiri edozi nke alkenes ndị ọzọ, nke a na-enwetakwa n'oge nhazi mmanụ, na-enye ha ụdị mmanya mmanya ethyl. Enweghi ike ikwu na usoro a na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ịchịkwa acid ma chebe ngwa ahụ site na mmetụta ọjọọ ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbanwere usoro ntinye onwe ha n'ụzọ doro anya nke alkenes, bụ nke eji eme ihe siri ike. Methanol na-emepụta site na ịzụta ọgwụ nke methane. Ethylene na ihe omuma ya dika ihe ndi ozo maka mmeputa nke mmanya.

Kedu site na alkanes iji nweta aldehydes na acid carboxylic

Mgbe ị na-edozi nsogbu nke ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ na-aba n'anya na-aba n'anya, ndị chemists maara otú e si enweta aldehyde si alkane na ọnụ ala. Otu n'ime ụzọ isi nweta acetaldehyde bụ hydration nke acetylene. Usoro dum na-esote atụmatụ: gas na-edozi → CH4 → C2H2 → CH3-Son. Eji hydrocarbons na-eme ihe maka ịmepụta mmanya na-aba n'anya na-arị elu. Ihe abuo bu ihe ndi ozo maka mmeputa carbonyl na carboxyl. Acetaldehyde nwere ike nweta site na ethane dehydrogenation, tinyere usoro nke mmanya mmanya ethyl na mmeghachi omume, ya oxidation ma ọ bụ dehydrogenation. Otu n'ime nhọrọ bụ oxidation nke ethylene: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H4O. Kedu esi enweta carboxylic acid site na nwa alkane? Ajụjụ nke dị ogologo oge dị na ụdị nsogbu. Acetic acid na-emepụta ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, na-ekpochasị osisi. Inweta odidi nke alkanes na-enye ohere ka e jiri oxydation nke butane nweta ma nweta ọnụ ala acetic acid: C4H10 + 2 ½ O2 → 2CH3COOH + H2O. A tọhapụrụ mkpụrụedemede carboxylic nke ọzọ site na njedebe na hydrocarbon unsaturated.

O siri ike iche na akụ na ụba nke ụwa ugbu a n'ejighị gas, mmanụ na oku. N'ime ihe oriri ndị a, ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche dịpụrụ adịpụ nke a na-eji emepụta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ngwaahịa.