Kinetic ike: nke usoro definition. Chọta kinetic ike nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, translational ngagharị, spring, ahụ, na ụmụ irighiri ihe nke gas?

Daily ahụmahụ na-egosi na ihe onwunwe nke ahụ nwere ike kpaliri, ma kwaga kwụsị. Anyị bụ mgbe ihe na-eme gburugburu ụwa na-ekwo ekwo, anyanwụ na-awa ... Ma ebe mmadụ, anụmanụ, na na ọdịdị n'ozuzu si ike ịrụ ọrụ a? Ma kpamkpam n'ibu ije enweghị a Chọpụta? Ọ ga-amalite ime ma ọ bụrụ na ahụ bụ onye na-enweghị na-agbanwe agbanwe ọzọ okporo ụzọ? All a ga-atụle isiokwu anyị.

The echiche nke ike

N'ihi na engine ọrụ, nke inye ije ụgbọala, traktọ, locomotives, ụgbọelu mkpa a mmanụ ụgbọala nke bụ isi iyi nke ike. Electric igwe nweta ije site na ọkụ eletrik. N'ihi na ike nke mmiri na-ada site na a elu, hydroturbine atụgharị jikọrọ eletriki igwe, na-amụba ihe eletrik. Man adị na-arụ ọrụ, na-mkpa ike. Ha na-ekwu na iji, iji ịrụ ụfọdụ ụdị ọrụ, ị chọrọ ike. Gịnị bụ ike?

• Observation 1. welie na obi ụtọ n'elu ala. Mgbe ọ bụ na obi iru ala, na n'ibu ọrụ na-adịghị rụrụ. Ka ya na-aga. N'okpuru nduzi nke ike ndọda na obi ụtọ dara n'ala si a ụfọdụ elu. N'oge na ọdịda nke bọl a rụrụ n'ibu ọrụ.
• Observation 2. somknite spring, anyị idozi ya na-etinye na eri na spring slogu. Mụnye ọkụ na eri, mmiri na-ewepụghị na-eweli ígwè ibu na ụfọdụ elu. Spring n'ibu ọrụ rụrụ.
• 3. Observation Trolley ga idozi mkpanaka na ngọngọ na njedebe. Mgbe ngọngọ perekinem eri, n'otu nsọtụ nke na-emerụ na Trolley axis na na na ndị ọzọ nghọta Bob. Ka na-aga nke sinker. N'okpuru nduzi nke ike ndọda , ọ ga-mikpuo, enye Trolley. Bob rụrụ n'ibu ọrụ.

Mgbe ha nyochasịrị niile dị n'elu chọpụtara, anyị nwere ike ikwubi na ọ bụrụ na ahụ ma ọ bụ ozu ọtụtụ mmekọrịta n'oge n'ibu ọrụ a rụrụ, ọ bụ kwuru na ha nwere a n'ibu ike ma ọ bụ ike.

The echiche nke ike

Energy (site na okwu Grik ike -. Activities) - a anụ ahụ nke ukwu na e ji mara na ozu 'ike ịrụ ọrụ ahụ. The unit nke ike, na-arụ ọrụ na SI usoro bụ otu Joule (J 1). The akwụkwọ ozi ume denoted site n'akwụkwọ ozi E. Si n'elu nwere, o doro anya na ahụ na-arụ ọrụ mgbe na-agafe otu obodo ọzọ. ebe ahụ ume dịgasị (mbelata), na n'ibu ọrụ hà bụ n'ihi nke a mgbanwe ya n'ibu ike rụrụ site ahụ.

Types of n'ibu ike. Echiche nke nwere ike

Ịmata Ọdịiche 2 ụdị n'ibu ume: nwere na kinetic. Ugbu a a nso lee anya na nwere ike.

The nwere ume (Pee) - bụ ike kpebisiri ike site ikwu ọnọdụ nke ozu na-emekọ ma ọ bụ akụkụ ahụ ya onwe ya. Ebe ọ bụla ozu na ụwa na-adọta onye ọ bụla ọzọ, ie, ha emekọ, Pee ahụ welitere n'elu ala, ga-adabere na elu nke inwego h. The elu ahụ, a na-ọzọ ya Pee. E guzobere ya experimentally na Pee adabere ọ bụghị nanị na elu na nke a na-akpọlite, kamakwa ahu aro. Ọ bụrụ na ahụ na-akpọlite ndị otu elu, ahụ na-enwe a ibu uka ga nwere a ukwuu ma Pee. The usoro nke ume dị ka ndị a: E _n = mgh, nke E _n - bụ a nwere ike, m - Body uka, g = 9,81 H / n'arọ, h - elu.

The nwere ike nke mmiri

The nwere ike nke elastically nkwarụ ahụ a na-akpọ anụ ahụ uru E _{f nke} mgbe ukpụhọde ọsọ nke translational ije n'okpuru ihe nke na-agbanwe ndị agha mbelata kpọmkwem dị ka ukwuu dị ka kinetic ike na-abawanye. Springs (dị ka ndị ọzọ elastically nkwarụ ahu) nwere Pee, nke bụ hà ọkara ngwaahịa nke isi k maka deformation square: x = kx ^2: 2.

Kinetic ike: nke usoro na definition nke

Mgbe ụfọdụ uru nke n'ibu ọrụ nwere ike hụrụ na-enweghị na ojiji nke echiche nke ike na ngagharị, n'ilekwasị anya na eziokwu na-arụ ọrụ na-anọchi anya mgbanwe ahụ ike. All na anyị kwesịrị - bụ uka nke a na ahu na ya mmalite na ọgwụgwụ ọsọ nke ga-eduga anyị na kinetic ike. The kinetic ume (Ke) - ike weere na ahụ ruru ha aka ije.

Kinetic ume bụ ifufe, ọ na-eji inye ngagharị ifufe turbines. N'ịbụ uka nke ikuku nrụgide na-achọ ụgbọelu nke ifufe tobaim nku, na-amanye ha ka ha chigharịa. Adiana site nnyefe usoro nnyefe usoro n'ịrụ a kpọmkwem ọrụ. Chụpụrụ site mmiri, amama ke tobaim ike, na-efunari akụkụ nke ya OA, na-arụ ọrụ. Iberibe elu nke elu-igwe ụgbọelu, na mgbakwunye na Pee, a OA. Ọ bụrụ na ahụ bụ na a na-ezu ike na steeti, bu, na ya ike ọsọ ikwu na Earth bụ efu, na ya OA ikwu na ụwa bụ efu. E guzobere ya experimentally na nke ukwuu arọ na ndị na-agba nke na ọ na-akpali, ihe ọ na TBE. The usoro nke kinetic ike nke translational ngagharị na mgbakọ na mwepụ okwu bụ dị ka ndị:

Ebe K - kinetic ike, m - arọ, v - ọsọ.

The mgbanwe kinetic ume

Ebe ọ bụ na ọnụego nke ije nke ahụ bụ agbanwe dabere na nhọrọ nke akwụkwọ usoro, a uru OA ahụ nwekwara adabere ya nhọrọ. Mgbanwe kinetic ume (Ike) aru emee ya ruru ka ihe na ozu nke mpụga ike F. A anụ buru ibu nke bụ _hà? E Ike ahụ ruru ka a ike nke edinam F, na-akpọ ọrụ: A? E = _k. Ọ bụrụ na a ahu nke e-akpụ akpụ na a ọsọ v _1, ike F, nke-ekwekọ n'àgwà nke direction, ije ike ọsọ nke ahụ ga-amụba na nkeji nke oge t ka a ụfọdụ uru v _2. Na nke a, Ike bụ:

Ebe m - uka nke ahu; d - ụzọ na-agagharị site aru dum; V _F1 = (V ₂ - V _1); V _F2 = (V ₂ + V _1); a = F: m. Ọ bụ n'ihi na nke a usoro na gbakọọ, ole kinetic ume gbanwere. Formula nwekwara ike nwere ndị na-esonụ nkọwa: _n'ihi? E = Flcos ά, nke cosά bụ n'akuku n'etiti Vektọ nke ike F na ike ọsọ V.

The nkezi kinetic ume

Kinetic ume bụ ike kpebisiri ike site ọsọ nke dị iche iche ihe nke nke a usoro. Otú ọ dị, mara na ọ dị mkpa ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti abụọ ume na ya mara na iche iche iche nke ije: translational na rotational. The nkezi kinetic ume (SKE) na nke a bụ nkezi ihe dị iche n'etiti ngụkọta ike nke usoro ihe ahụ nile na ike ya nke uche, ya bụ, n'ezie, ya size - ọ bụ nkezi uru nke nwere ike. nkezi kinetic ume usoro bụ:

ebe k - bụ Boltzmann mgbe nile; T - okpomọkụ. Ọ bụ nke a akụkụ bụ ihe ndabere nke molekụla-kinetic Ozizi.

The nkezi kinetic ike nke gas ụmụ irighiri

Ọtụtụ nwere kpugheere na nkezi kinetic ike nke gas ụmụ irighiri na-atụ ije na a nyere okpomọkụ bụ otu ihe ahụ na-adịghị adabere ụdị nke gas. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-hụrụ na kpo oku gas na ^banyere 1 C SKE na-incremented otu na otu uru. More kpomkwem, uru bụ :? E _k = 2,07 x 10 ^-23 J / Celsius ^C. Iji gbakọọ ihe bụ nkezi kinetic ike nke gas ụmụ irighiri na-aga n'ihu ije, ọ dị mkpa, na mgbakwunye na nke a ikwu uru, mara dịkarịa ala otu ọzọ kpam kpam uru nke translational ngagharị nke ike. Na physics, na ụkpụrụ maka a dịgasị iche iche nke okpomọkụ kpebisiri ike zuru ezu n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Ka ihe atụ, t = 500 ^{° C} na kinetic ike nke translational ije Ek molekul = 1600 x 10 ^-23 J. 2 Ịmara uru (? E _k na E _k), anyị nwere ike gbakọọ ume ka a translational ngagharị nke ụmụ irighiri na a nyere okpomọkụ, na-edozi inverse nsogbu - ikpebi okpomọkụ na set nke ike ụkpụrụ.

N'ikpeazụ, anyị nwere ike ikwubi na nkezi kinetic ike nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, na usoro nke bụ gosiri n'elu-adabere naanị na zuru okpomọkụ (na nke ọ bụla ala nke aggregation nke bekee).

The iwu nke umu ihe nche nke ngụkọta n'ibu ume

Im ngagharị nke ozu n'okpuru edinam mpo na-agbanwe ike gosiri na e nwere anụ nke ukwu nke a na-akpọ nwere ike E _n; ọ na-adabere ahụ etiti, na ya mgbanwe a na-apụta Ike, nke e na-abụghị ihe ịrịba ama: Δ E _{n =} -? E _na. N'ihi ya, ego nke OA na Pee ahụ mgbanwe, nke na-ekwenyere ndị ndọda agha na-agbanwe ndị agha bụ 0: Δ E _n +? E _k = 0. The agha na-adabere naanị na-achịkọta ndị ahụ, na-akpọ mgbanwe. The mara mma ike na ekwedo bụ mgbanwe agha. Na nchikota kinetic ma nwere ike nke ahụ bụ mkpokọta n'ibu ume: E _n + _k = E E.

Nke a bu eziokwu, nke a pụtara ndị kasị zie ezie nwere,
a na-akpọ iwu nke umu ihe nche nke n'ibu ike. Ọ bụrụ na ahụ emekọ agha, nke na-adabere na ikwu ike ọsọ, n'ibu ike nke usoro nke inwe mmekọrịta ozu na-adịghị azọpụta. Otu ihe atụ nke ndị agha nke ụdị, nke na-akpọ ndị na-abụghị mgbanwe, bụ ike nke esemokwu. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eme na ozu nke frictional ike, ọ dị mkpa iji merie ha ịgbasi ike nke na-bụ akụkụ nke ọ na-eji na-arụ ọrụ megide agha nke esemokwu. Otú ọ dị, ndị mebiri nke iwu nke umu ihe nche nke ike bụ nanị ihe e chepụtara echepụta, n'ihi na ọ bụ a pụrụ iche banyere izugbe iwu nke umu ihe nche na mgbanwe nke ike. Isi ike mgbe kpamkpam na reappears: ọ naanị tọghatara si otu ụdị ọzọ. Nke a iwu nke ọdịdị dị ezigbo mkpa, ọ na-eme n'ebe nile. Ọ na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ ka izugbe iwu nke umu ihe nche na mgbanwe nke ike.

Nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ndị esịtidem ike nke ahụ, ndị kinetic ma nwere ume

The esịtidem ume (U) nke ahu - ọ bụ ya zuru ike nke aru mwepu aru EC dị ka a dum na ya Pee na mpụga ubi ike. Site na nke a anyị pụrụ ikwubi na esịtidem ike mejupụtara TBE random ngagharị nke ụmụ irighiri, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Pee na vnutremolekulyarnoy ike. Esịtidem ume - a otu-kpọrọ ọrụ nke usoro ala, na-ekwu na-esonụ: ma ọ bụrụ na usoro bụ na steeti a, ya esịtidem ike na-ewe ya pụta ụwa uru, n'agbanyeghị ihe merenụ na mbụ.

metụtara

Mgbe ndị na-agba nke ahụ nso ìhè ike ọsọ, kinetic ume hụrụ ndị na-esonụ usoro:

The kinetic ike nke ahụ, usoro nke e dere n'elu, nwekwara ike gbakọọ na ndị na-esonụ ụkpụrụ:

Ihe Nlereanya nke nsogbu chọta a kinetic ume

1. Tụlee kinetic ume bọl erikpu 9 g, na-efe efe na a ọsọ nke 300 m / s, na a onye-erikpu 60 n'arọ, na-agba ọsọ na a ọsọ nke 18 km / h.

Ya mere, ihe anyị na e nyere: m ₁ = 0.009 n'arọ; V ₁ = 300 m / s; ₂ m = 60 n'arọ, V ₂ = 5 m / s.

ngwọta:

• Kinetic ume (Eq) _to E = MV ^2: 2.
• Anyị nwere niile data maka na ngụkọta oge, ya mere _chọta E na onye na maka bọl.
• E = _K1 (x 0,009 kg (300 m / s) ²⁾ 2 = 405 J;
• _K2 = E (x 60 n'arọ (5 m / s) ²⁾ 2 = 750 J.
• E _K1

Zaa: The kinetic ike nke na obi ụtọ bụ ihe na-erughị mmadụ.

2. Isi 10 n'arọ na a kpọlitere ka a elu nke 10 m, mgbe nke ya a tọhapụrụ ya. Gịnị EC ọ ga-abụ na a elu nke 5 m? Air eguzogide na-ekwe ka a na-eleghara anya.

Ya mere, ihe anyị na e nyere: m = 10 n'arọ; h = 10 m; ₁ h = 5 m; g = 9,81 N / n'arọ. E _K1 -

ngwọta:

• Aru nke nyere uka, kpọlite otu onye na-elu, nwere ike bụ: E _p = mgh. Ọ bụrụ na ahụ dara, ọ bụ na a na-elu h ₁ ga-enwe a ajirija. ike E = mgh _{azọrọ 1} na ikwu. ike E _K1. Iji kwesịrị ekwesị hụrụ kinetic ike nke usoro, nke e gosiri n'elu, adịghị arụ ọrụ, ya mere dozie nsogbu dị ka ndị na-esonụ algọridim.
• A nzọụkwụ, ị na-eji iwu nke nche-kwa nke ume, na anyị nwere ike ide: E _N1 + E _K1 = E _n.
• Mgbe E _K1 = E _n - E _N1 = mgh - mgh ₁ = mg (HH _1).
• N'ọnọdụ ụkpụrụ anyị usoro, anyị na-enweta: E = 10 x _K1 9,81 (10-5) = 490,5 J.

Azịza: E _K1 = 490,5 J.

3. A ejima uka flywheel enwe a uka m na okirikiri R, na ọbọp gburugburu ihe axis agafe ya center. Wrapping angular ike ọsọ nke flywheel - ω. Iji kwụsị flywheel ya rim na-enwe megide breeki akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-eme na ya na a ike F _esemokwu. Olee otú ọtụtụ ndị revolutions ga-eme ka flywheel ka a zuru ezu na-akwụsị? Buru n'uche na ibu nke flywheel na-hiwere isi rim.

Ya mere, ihe anyị na e nyere: m; R; ω; F _esemokwu. N -?

ngwọta:

• N'idozi nsogbu ga-iche na ọkụ flywheel amama homogeneous mkpa hoop na a dịpụrụ adịpụ ruo R na a uka m, nke amama na angular ike ọsọ ω.
• The kinetic ike nke ahụ bụ hà: E _a = (J ω ²⁾ 2, ebe J = m R ^2.
• Flywheel akwụsị n'okpuru ọnọdụ na ihe nile nke ya nọrọ na TBE ọrụ iji merie esemokwu ike F _{esemokwu eme} n'etiti breeki akpụkpọ ụkwụ na rim: _na E = F esemokwu * s, ebe s - bụ ndị akwụsịtụ anya, nke bụ hà 2 πRN.
• Ya mere, F * 2 _esemokwu πRN = (M R ² ω ²⁾ 2 ebe N = (m ω ² R): (4 π F mp).

Azịza: N = (mω ² R): (4πF _mp).

Ná mmechi

Energy - bụ ihe dị oké mkpa akụrụngwa na akụkụ nile nke ndụ, n'ihi na na-enweghị ya, ọ dịghị ahụ ga-enwe ike ịrụ ọrụ, gụnyere ndị mmadụ. Anyị na-eche na isiokwu ị ka o doo anya na ọ bụ a ike, na a nkọwa zuru ezu nke akụkụ nile nke onye nke ya mmiri - na kinetic ike - ga-enyere ị na-aghọta ọtụtụ Filiks na-erukwa na mbara ụwa anyị. Na otú ahụ kinetic ike, ị pụrụ ịmụta site n'ihe atụ nke formulas na edozi nsogbu nke n'elu.