Microbiological ụzọ maka ọmụmụ nke mmiri, ala na ikuku

Micro-ntule - obere, ukwuu n'ime otu-celled e kere eke, nke bụ ebe nile na uwa. Ha na-hụrụ na niile media (ikuku, ala, mmiri) na ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ, na osisi.

Qualitative di iche iche na nọmba nke ntule adabere n'ụzọ bụ isi ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ ogige. Ma, ọ dịkwa mkpa ka iru mmiri, okpomọkụ, aeration na omume nke ìhè anyanwụ na ihe ndị ọzọ.

природных сред позволяют выявить наличие патогенных микроорганизмов, определить их количество и, в соответствии с полученными результатами, выработать меры по устранению или предупреждению инфекционных заболеваний. Ụzọ maka ịdị ọcha na microbiological ọmụmụ eke media ike ịchọpụta ọnụnọ nke pathogens na-ekpebi ha ego na dị na nwetara results, ịzụlite jikoro wepu ma ọ bụ gbochie na-efe efe. Ke adianade do, quantitative akaụntụ dị mkpa n'ihi na ilekota ịme ngosi uwe na mmepe nke sitere n'okike nke oha. . Ka anyị tụlee ihe ọzọ ihe bụ ụzọ nke microbiological nyochaa.

ala

Ọ na-ahuta site ọkà mmụta dị ka otu n'ime omume ụzọ gasị nke nnyefe nke na-efe efe pathologies. Na secretions mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ọrịa na ala abami pathogens. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha, akpan akpan, spore, nwere ike ịnọgide na-ala maka a ogologo oge (mgbe ụfọdụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ). позволяют определить "микробное число" (кол-во микроорганизмов в грамме грунта), а также коли-индекс (количество кишечных палочек). The ala ọdịda pathogens ndị dị otú ahụ dị ize ndụ na-efe efe dị ka tetanus, anthrax, botulism, na otú pụta. Ụzọ nke ịdị ọcha-microbiological ọmụmụ nke ala-ekwe ka ị na-akọwa "microbial ọnụ" (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke microorganisms na ala nke a gram), na coli index (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke E. coli) .

Ala analysis: otu nnyocha

следует в первую очередь отнести прямое микроскопирование и посев на плотную питательную среду. Ụzọ microbiological nnyocha nke ala ga-isi ekewet kpọmkwem Microscopy na omenala na ihe siri ike potassium ọkara. Bi na nke microorganisms na ha dị iche iche na-ebi ala, dị iche na taxonomic ọnọdụ na ebe obibi ọrụ. Na sayensị, ha dị n'otu n'okpuru ọnyà okwu "ala biota." Primer - ebe obibi nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke microorganisms. Na gram nke ala bụ ugbu site 1 10 ijeri nke ha mkpụrụ ndụ. Na nke a na gburugburu ebe obibi, ifịk ifịk na-ewe decomposition nke organic okwu, na òkè nke dị iche iche saprophytic microorganisms.

Microscope ọmụmụ nke microbiological usoro: nzọụkwụ

Analysis nke ọkara-amalite na nlele. N'ihi nke a, na mbụ peeled na grated mmanya mma (shọvel ike ga-eji). Mgbe ahụ, sample nkwadebe. Nzọụkwụ na-esonụ - gụọ mkpụrụ ndụ ntụpọ smears. Tụlee otu otu.

nlele

Na analysis of ugbo Ona agbasaghị sample-e si a omimi nke dum oyi akwa. First wepụrụ 2-3 cm n'elu ala, dị ka o nwere ike ịbụ ugbu a na ihe extraneous microflora. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na mpaghara ala-amụ buru monoliths. Na ogologo nke ọ bụla n'ime ha ga-esoriri na ọkpụrụkpụ nke oyi akwa site na nke ị chọrọ ịlele.

On a ibé 100-200 sq. 7-10 m họrọ n'omume. The arọ nke ọ bụla - nke iji nke 0,5 n'arọ. The samples ga-agwakọta juputara na akpa. Mgbe ahụ na-nkezi sample erikpu mkpokọta 1 n'arọ. Ọ ga-enịm ke jiri akpụkpọ anụ (akpali mmasị) ngwugwu nchọ na a ákwà akpa. Tupu iduzi analysis nke sample echekwara na friji.

Survey Nkwadebe

The kpaliri ala wụsara akọrọ iko. Ya tupu ehichapụkwa na mmanya na ọkụ n'elu burner. Na a spatula ala juputara weere na gbasaa evenly. Ọ bụ amanyere bụ iwu na-ewepụ na mgbọrọgwụ na ndị ọzọ si mba ọzọ ọcha. Iji mee nke a, iji tuwizas. Tupu ọrụ tuwizas na spatula n'elu burner amụnyewo na-ekwe ka ajụkwa.

Nke dị iche iche ala akpa nkata na-ekesa na iko, họrọ obere òkè. Ha dọlitekwara na a poselin efere na a oru n'ike. является специальная обработка образца. Amanyere bụ iwu nzọụkwụ microscopic usoro microbiological ọmụmụ bụ ndị pụrụ iche nhazi nke sample. 2 ga-kwadebere tupu oge eruo, akpali mmasị karama. Ha size ekwesịghị gafere 250 ml. Otu nke flasks wụsara n'ime 100 ml nke mgbata mmiri. N'ihi na ọ na-ewe 0.4-0.8 ml mmiri mmiri sample nke ala na nke a gwara ka a tapawa. The ngwakọta ga-ụlọ akwụkwọ ji agwụ na a mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ roba pestle maka 5 nkeji.

Mmiri si akpa karama e zigara n'ime ala uka efu karama. Ọzọkwa, rubbing ya azụ. Mgbe nke a uka na-agafere a karama nso burner ire ọkụ. Akpa na ala nkwusioru maa jijiji na a shaker maka 5 min. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e kwere ka ha biri maka banyere 30 sekọnd. Nke a dị mkpa iji kwe ka nnukwu ahụ dozie. Mgbe ọkara a nkeji uka na-eji maka na-akwadebe nkwadebe.

Cell adabere na ofu smears

, разработанному Виноградским. Direct microscopic ọmụmụ nke ala na-rụrụ site na usoro nke microbiological ọmụmụ, mepụtara Vinogradskii. Na ụfọdụ olu nke nkwusioru Aguru ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke microorganisms. Amụ ofu smears nwere ike na-echekwa ọgwụ ke ogologo okwu na ịrụ mgbawa n'oge ọ bụla.

Nkwadebe nke ọgwụ dị ka ndị a. A ụfọdụ ego nke slurry (a 0.02-0.05 ml) na-etinyere na a micropipette n'elu slide. Iji a ngwọta e kwukwara a dobe agar-agar (polysaccharide agaropectin ngwakọta na agarose amịpụtara si aja aja na-acha uhie uhie algae Black Sea), kpaliri ngwa ngwa ma na-agbasa karịrị otu ebe 4-6 sq. cm. Pap ikuku-Fikiere na ofu 20-30 minit. mmanya (96%). Ọzọ, ọgwụ gwara distilled mmiri na enịm ke p-p carbolic erythrosine 20-30 min.

Mgbe staining, ọ na-asa na Fikiere ke ikuku. Cell adabere rụrụ site nmikpu oghere.

Agha na ihe siri ike media

позволяют выявить большое количество микроорганизмов. Microscope ụzọ microbiological ule nwere ike ịchọpụta a ukwuu nke microorganisms. Ma, n'agbanyeghị na nke a, usoro Inoculation bụ ihe kasị nkịtị na omume. Ya kachasi mkpa mejupụtara na seeding ego nke ọgwụ (ala nkwusioru) na a Petri efere na a siri ike na-ajụ.

позволяет учитывать не только количество, но и групповой, а в ряде случаев и видовой состав микроскопической флоры. Nke a na usoro nke microbiological research elebara bụghị nanị na nke ukwu kamakwa otu, na mgbe ụfọdụ, na umu mejupụtara nke microscopic osisi. -Agụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke chịrị na-emepụta, na-emekarị na ala nke Petri efere na ebute site ná ìhè. Na gbakọọ ebe enịm a welara ma ọ bụ ink ntụpọ.

mmiri Analysis

The microflora nke mmiri ahụ, dị ka a na-achị, na-egosiputa microbial mejupụtara nke ala gburugburu ya. имеют особое практическое значение при изучении состояния конкретной экосистемы. N'ebe a, ụzọ nke ịdị ọcha-microbiological analysis of mmiri na ala bụ nke akpan akpan bara uru na-amụ nke ala nke a akpan akpan ilekota. The ọhụrụ mmiri nwere, dị ka a na-achị, cocci, mkpanaka ekara bacteria.

Anaerobes na mmiri hụrụ obere obere. Dị ka a na-achị, ha ba uba na ala nke ozu nke mmiri, ke mbat, na-ewere akụkụ na usoro nke na-ọcha. Microflora oké osimiri na oké osimiri advantageously anọchi anya halophytic (halophilic) bacteria.

Na mmiri, artesian olulu bụ ihe fọrọ dịghị microorganisms. Nke a bụ n'ihi na nzacha ikike nke ala oyi akwa.

считаются определение микробного числа и коли-титра либо коли-индекса. Ot ụzọ nke microbiological mmiri research weere definition nke microbial na coli-titer ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na-index. The mbụ egosi akọwa nọmba nke bacteria na 1 ml mmiri mmiri. Coli index-anọchite anya ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke coliforms ugbu a na a liter nke mmiri, ma ọ bụrụ titer - kacha nta nọmba ma ọ bụ kacha dilution mmiri mmiri nke na ha nwere ike ka na-ahụrụ.

Mkpebi siri ike nke microbial nọmba

Nke a na usoro ịdị ọcha microbiological nyochaa mmiri bụ dị ka ndị. Na 1 ml nke mmiri na-ekpebisi ike ọgụgụ nke mesophilic na facultative anaerobes (n'etiti) aerobes ike nke na anụ-peptone agar (isi na-ajụ) at 37 deg. n'ụbọchị na-etolite chịrị anya na a magnification nke 2-5 p. ma ọ bụ gba ọtọ anya.

является посев. The isi nzọụkwụ nke usoro nke microbiological analysis of mmiri na-akụ. N'ihi na onye ọ bụla sample na-akụ ọbụlagodi 2 iche iche mpịakọta. Mgbe mgbata mmiri analysis na onye ọ bụla cup ka nke 1-0.1 ml nke dị ọcha mmiri mmiri na mmeru 0.01-0.001 ml. N'ihi Inoculation nke 0,1 ml ma ọ bụ nta olu nke ọmụmụ na-diluted na distilled (akpali mmasị) mmiri. Anọgide kwadebe ntụpọ dilutions. 1 ml nke ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ na e mere abụọ Petri efere.

Ozuzu jupụtara potassium agar. Ọ ga-akpa agbazekwa, na jụụ 45 deg. Mgbe na-akpali, na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ajụ na-ekpe na a kwụ n'elu maka solidification. Na 37 degrees. ubi na-toro ofụri usen. позволяет учитывать результаты на тех чашках, где количество колоний находится в пределах от 30 до 300. The atụle usoro microbiological mmiri nnyocha na-elebara ihe ndị ndị efere ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-achị na nso nke 30 300.

ikuku

Ọ na-atụle a n'ụzọ ala microorganisms. являются седиментация (оседание) и аспирация. Isi ụzọ nke microbiological ọmụmụ bụ ikuku sedimentation (edozi) na ọchịchọ.

Microflora ikuku gburugburu ebe obibi na-edoghi any kewara agbanwe na mgbe nile. The mbụ gụnyere yist, chromogenic cocci, spore-amị nje na-akpata coli na ndị ọzọ microorganisms na na-eguzogide ọgwụ ihicha, n'ebe ìhè. Representatives agbanwe microflora, na-abami n'ime ikuku si ha na mbụ ebe obibi, ogologo-ejigide ha vitality.

Na ikuku nke obodo ukwu microorganisms ukwuu karịa na ikuku gburugburu ebe obibi nke ime obodo. N'ebe oké osimiri, oké ọhịa dị nnọọ ole na ole bacteria. Air ọcha ikwado ọdịda: snow na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime ụlọ ụmụ nje ukwuu karịa na-emeghe oghere. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na-ụba na oyi na-anọghị nke mgbe ventilashion.

sedimentation

считается простейшим. Nke a na usoro nke microbiological research na microbiology-atụle ga-mfe. Ọ dabeere na edozi nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri na ahụ na agar elu na-emeghe Petri efere n'okpuru ike ndọda. sedimentation usoro ghara n'ụzọ ziri ezi chọpụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke bacteria na ikuku. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na ihe na-emeghe cup enwetaghị ezi nta nke ájá na ụmụ irighiri mmiri nke nje nnọọ ike. N'elu nọgidere tumadi nnukwu ahụ.

Usoro a na-adịghị eji maka ikuku analysis. Nke a na gburugburu ebe obibi ji nnukwu fluctuations na ọsọ nke ikuku eruba. Sedimentation nwere ike Otú ọ dị, ga-eji na-anọghị nke ihe ọkaibe ngwaọrụ ma ọ bụ electric ike isi iyi.

Ịchọpụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke microbial rụrụ site Omelyansky usoro. Dị tiyere maka 5 nkeji na a n'elu ebe nke 100 square agar. cm emen a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke bacteria bụ ugbu a na 10 lita nke ikuku.

Ịtụ 535 "Na ịdị n'otu nke microbiological ụzọ nke nchoputa"

Bacteriological analysis enyene ihe dị mkpa n'ebe mgbagwoju adakarị na laabu eme iji na nchoputa, mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ nke dị iche iche ọrịa. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha ahụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi, ha na-ejedebeghị.

Of otu dị mkpa bụ bacteriological analysis of ndu ihe onwunwe na ụlọ ọgwụ. Maka nnyocha ekenịmde ke ike akụrụngwa, mụbara chọrọ. Nzube nke Order "Na ịdị n'otu nke microbiological ụzọ nke nchoputa" bụ iji melite bacteriological analysis, rụọ ọrụ ndị ogo na arụmọrụ nke microbiological nchọpụta nsogbu.

Microscope nyochaa smears nwanyi

Ọ bụ ihe bụ isi usoro nke analysis maka nchoputa nke na-efe efe, ebute site ná mmekọahụ na-efe efe, na opportunistic na-efe efe (opportunistic bacteria).

Microscope analysis inwale na qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara nke microflora, ịlele correctness nke nlele. Dị ka ihe atụ, ọnụnọ nke mmamiri epithelium na swabs e si cervical kanaal na-egosi a mebiri nke iwu nke nhọrọ nke a ndu sample.

Ọ bụ kwuru na microbiological nnyocha na nke a na-n'ozuzu sochiri nsogbu ụfọdụ. Ha na-metụtara eziokwu na na ala Genital tract a na-ejikarị na-ewetara a iche iche microflora na dịgasị iche iche afọ. Iji melite arụmọrụ nke nnyocha na mepụtara etozu iwu.

Diagnosis nke malitere ịrịa nje

Ọ na-rụrụ site na ụzọ ịchọputa RNA na DNA pathogens. Ha na-dabeere isi na mkpebi siri ike nke nucleotide usoro na-enweghị nchịkwa na ihe onwunwe. N'ihi nke a, ndị molekụla-eme Nchoputa Banyere. Ha na-artificially emepụta nucleic asịd arụkọ ka (arụkọ na) na malitere ịrịa asịd kpọrọ na a redioaktivu labelụ ma ọ bụ biotin.

The peculiarity nke usoro a ugboro ugboro na-edegharị kpọmkwem DNA ibe akwụkwọ nwere a ole na ole narị (ma ọ bụ iri puku kwuru iri) nucleotide ụzọ abụọ. replication (Iṅomi) bụ na ndọtị nwere ike ịmalite naanị na ụfọdụ nkeji. primers (primers) ji kee ha. Ha na-synthesized oligonucleotides.

PCR nchọpụta nsogbu (polymerase ihe mkpalite) dị mfe na-egbu. Nke a na usoro-enye gị ohere ngwa ngwa nweta n'ihi site na iji obere ego nke enweghị nchịkwa ihe onwunwe. Iji PCR nchọpụta nsogbu na-egosipụta nnukwu, adịghị ala ala na latent (zoro)-efe efe.

Mgbe uche nke usoro a na-ewere ọzọ mma. Otú ọ dị, ugbu a ule usoro na-adịghị pụrụ ịdabere na-ezu, ya mere PCR nchoputa ike kpamkpam dochie omenala ụzọ.