Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, Decembrist: biography

Ndụ dị mkpirikpi nke SI Muravyov-Apostol bụ ihe jikọrọ ya na ihe omume na-emenụ nke Russia na mmalite narị afọ nke XIX. Leo Tolstoy, bụ onye na-esighị na echiche ndị Decembrists, kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị kasị mma ọ bụghị naanị nke ahụ, mana oge ọ bụla. Onye sitere na otu ezinụlọ oge ochie, onye ya na onye Hetman a ma ama na Ukraine, bụ Daniel, Apostle, Sergei Ivanovich, bụ onye na-eduzi ndepụta nke ndị Decembrists, ghọrọ onye Republican kwenyesiri ike na onye na-emegide onye na-agba ohu.

Nwa nke Muravyov-Apostle

Septemba 28, 1796 n'ime ezinụlọ nke onye isi obodo bụ Ivan Matveyevich Muravev-A mụrụ nwa-anọ Apostol, aha ya bụ Sergei. Ikebịghike ke enye ama akamana, Iban Matveyevich ama esinam ambassador Emperor Paul ke Hamburg, emi enye okodụn̄de ye ubon esie. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Russia na 1801, n'oge na-adịghị anya, Ivan Matveyevich kwagara Madrid na azụmahịa azụmahịa. N'okpuru nrụgide nke Napoleon, bụ onye bịara ike na France, a kwụsịrị ọrụ Russia na Spain. N'ịbụ onye hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya na Paris, Ivan Matveyevich laghachiri Russia ma nata akwụkwọ. Ọzụzụ malitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ Hicks, bụ ebe ọ na-adọrọ uche ya ozugbo iji briskness na ihe ịga nke ọma na ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ.

Laghachi n'ụlọ

N'agbanyeghi na umuaka tolitere n'uwa ma kwuo French, n'okpuru ndu nke nne ha ha nwere nkwado siri ike na ima maka Russia. Otú ọ dị, mgbe 1809, ezinụlọ ahụ laghachiri na St. Petersburg na ụmụ ahụ ji obi ụtọ nakwere nlọghachi a, Anna Semyonovna, nne ha gwara ozugbo na Russia bụ mba ndị ohu, na-ezo aka na serfdom. Ike Sergei nwere ike ime ka ya na 1810 wee banye ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ụgbọ okporo ígwè.

Itinye aka na agha nke 1812

Mgbe agha Napoleon wakporo Russia, a zitere onye akwụkwọ ahụ ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi, nke nyere Kutuzov iwu. N'ọnwa June 1812, Sergei dị afọ 15 mere baptizim n'ọkụ n'ihi Vitebsk, mgbe ahụ, nwa okorobịa ahụ na-eto eto sonyere n'agha ahụ nke Borodino. Onye isi agha, MI Kutuzov, gbalịrị idebe ya n'ụlọ isi, ma na oge dị oké egwu otu onye na-eto eto, dịka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ọkụ ọkụ nke French, wuru ma chebe mgbidi-redoubts.

Agha Tarutinsky

Ihe agha agha bụ Tarutino, bụ nke onye nchịkwa ahụ, nke na-erubeghị afọ iri na isii, na-asọpụkwa onwe ya, ọ bụghị nanị n'eziokwu na a rụpụtara ihe ịga nke ọma maka oge mbụ, kamakwa ịzụlite mmụọ nke ndị agha Russia. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na agha Tarutino nke ọma na October 1812 wusiri Napoleon ime mkpebi ịhapụ ọrụ Moscow. Mgbe ahụ, e nwere otu di ọku agha Maloyaroslavets, nke mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na Napoleon jụrụ n'ihu na-enwe ọganihu na Kaluga, isi agha nke ndị agha Russia malitere achụso alaghachi azụ French agha. Mgbe Maloyaroslavets, ndị ọrụ ibe n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ zigara agha ahụ laghachi na St. Petersburg ka ha nọgide na-amụ ihe, mana Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich kpebiri ịnọgide na-arụ agha. Ekere òkè Muravyov-Apostle n'ime agha ndị ọzọ maka ntọhapụ nke Nna-ukwu site na mbuso agha France bụ akara site n'inye ụdaedo na mmachi nke onye nchịkwa. Mgbe a chụsịrị Napoleon si Russia, e nyere ya iwu nke St. Akara nke III.

Ịgagharị na mba ndị ọzọ

N'ịchọ ịbanye na mgbasa ozi mba ọzọ, otu onye uwe ojii dị afọ iri na isii nwetara nhọpụta na Jaager Battalion. Maka ihe kpatara Lutzen (Germany) Murav'ev-Apostle Sergei Ivanovich, bụ onye siri ike siri ike, nyere ọdịda nke St Vladimir 4 st. Na ụta. Kemgbe afọ 1814, n'okpuru iwu nke General Raevsky, o kere òkè n'ọtụtụ agha, maka agha ahụ dị nso Paris, nwa okorobịa na-eto eto na-anata Order nke Anna nke ogo abụọ. Na Paris, ọ na-ezute nwanne ya nwoke bụ okenye bụ Matvey, ha jikọtara na March 2014 ka ha laghachi Russia, ebe ha na-echere nna ha na nwanne asatọ Ippolit.

Ịhazi òtù nzuzo nzuzo mbụ

Mwakpo nke otu ndi Russia banyere mbuso agha nke ndi mba ozo na 1812 gosiputara ike nke mmuo nke ndi mmadu, tinyere ndi ozo. Mgbe agha ndị agha dị ebube, mgbe Russia tọhapụrụ Europe site na yoke nke Napoleon, otu ihe ọmụma nke ndị ọchịchị Russia dị elu na-atụ anya ntọhapụ nke ndị si n'ala nna ha pụọ na yoke nke autocracy. Dị ka SI Murav'ev-Apostol si kwuo, ntọhapụ nke Russia site na yok n'onwe ya ga-eduga na ntọhapụ nke ụwa dum, ga-enye aka na mmepe na ọganihu nke mba ahụ.

Ọchịchọ inyere ndị mmadụ aka ka ha nwere onwe ha pụọ n'aka ndị nna ha ukwu, gbanahụ mkpa na-enweghị olileanya ma n'otu oge ahụ zere ikwughachi ihe ọjọọ nke "Pugachev" mere ka ndị nnọchianya kachasị mma nke ihe ùgwù ahụ dị mkpa maka ịdị n'otu. Afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu n'ozuzu ya bara ọgaranya n'ọtụtụ ebe nzuzo dị iche iche, gụnyere ụlọ ndị Masonic, bụ nke ndị isi nwere ike imeju agụụ ime mmụọ mgbe ha keere òkè na ihe omume ụwa. Otu n'ime obodo ndị a, nke e guzobere na 1815, bụ "Artel of Officers of the Semyonovsky Regiment", nke NM Muravyov haziri. S. I. Muravev-Apostol, bụ onye, mgbe alọta ndị mba ọzọ na mkpọsa e bufere-eje ozi na Semenov ndi agha, ghọrọ ọnụ ya na nwanne ya Matthew so na ekwenye. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọha mmadụ, nke nwere 15-20 mmadụ, bụ ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị doro anya. N'oge na-adịghị anya, na ntụziaka nke eze ukwu ahụ, ọkpụkpụ ahụ kwụsịrị, ma nzukọ nke ndị òtù ya nọgidere, a pụkwara ịtụle ya dị ka ihe ndabere maka ọganihu mmepe nke ọgba aghara ahụ.

"Union of Salvation"

The mbụ nzuzo nzukọ nke ndị ọrụ nche ( "Union Nzọpụta"), e guzobere 1816 ke ufọk ụmụnna Mouravieff-Apostol, nke na-gara site na Prince Troubetzkoy, Alexander na Nikita Muravyov Iakushkin. Nzukọ nke ndị na-eto eto, ndị e denyere aha na 1817 mgbe Pestel PI kwesịrị ịbụ "Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland", bụ, dị ka ọ bụ, obere (mmadụ 30), ma nwee ihe mgbaru ọsọ doro anya. Isi ọrụ nke ọha mmadụ bụ mgba maka ntọhapụ nke ndị nkịtị site na serfdom na mkpochapụ nke ọchịchị, nke a na-agbanye na njedebe nke ọha mmadụ. N'ịgbalị ịkwasa mgbasa ozi ha, ọha mmadụ nabatara ọ bụghị naanị site na ndị isi obodo, kamakwa site n'aka ndị na-ere ahịa, ndị ahịa, ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị nkịtị.

Ndị otu a na-akpọ Korennaya, nke gụnyere Muravyov-Apostol Sergei Ivanovich, mere ka ọha mmadụ. Yana uto nke uka discontent n'ime obodo na ike nke Europe-n'obosara revolutionary ọnọdụ ke "Union of Welfare," ọzọ bụrụkwa mmetụta nweela ndị na-akwado nke agha onslaught na autocracy na oruru nke a Republican usoro. Ezigbo ngosipụta nke usoro a gosipụtara na ọhụụ na-apụtaghị ìhè na 1820 nke ndị agha-ndị nche nke mpaghara Semyonovsky. Mgbe o kwusịrị iwe na Semenovsky regiment, a kpochapụrụ ya, Muravyov-Apostol Sergei Ivanovich zigara onyeisi ndị agha na Chernigov regimentry. Nzukọ nke mgbọrọgwụ Council nke "Union of Prosperity", nke malitere na Jenụwarị 1821, kwupụtara mgbasa nke ọha mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, n'eziokwu, ọ bụghị ọkpụkpụ mmiri ka e mere, kama nhazighachi nke "Union", nke mere ka nzukọ nke obodo abụọ na-ejikọta ọrụ ọnụ.

"Southern Society"

Nzukọ nzuzo ahụ na Ukraine, nke ndị òtù Kọmitii Tulchin na-elekọta nke Union of Welfare, kpọrọ ya "Southern Society". Ọ bụ PI Pestel na-edu ya, onyeisi nke ndị isi chọọchị Vasilievskaya ka ukwuu bụ Sergei Murav'ev-Apostol (Decembrist). Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọha mmadụ, nke na-esote "Society of United Slav" n'afọ 1825, bụ "eziokwu Russian" nke onye edemede nke Pavel Ivanovich Pestel.

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọha mmadụ nọgidere na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ nke "Union of Prosperity", ma e mere atụmatụ ahụ ka o doo anya, site n'igbu igbu tsar, iji decapitate ndị ọchịchị. настаивал на скорейших действиях с использованием войск, находящихся под командованием офицеров – членов «Южного общества». N'ihi ya Pestel kweere na nsogbu ga-ebe na isi obodo na-juputara kwadebere ma Sergey Muravyov-Apostol, na Decembrists na-ebute ngwangwa edinam na agha nọ n'okpuru iwu nke ọrụ nche - òtù nke "Southern Society".

Nbili nke Chernigov Regiment

Mgbe agha ndị agha na-ekwu okwu na Senate Square (St. Petersburg), na ngwụsị December 1815 na Chernigov regiment nọ na mpaghara Kiev, ọgba aghara nke ndị agha malitere. Ihe kpatara nsogbu a bụ njide nke Lieutenant Colonel SI Muravyov-Apostol, bụ onye na-eduzi ọchịchị mgbe ọ natara akụkọ banyere ọgba aghara na St. Petersburg. N'echi ya, ndị nnupụisi ahụ nwere Vasilkov, na Motovilovka. Na Motovilovka tupu e guzobe ka a kwusara mkpọsa nke ndị omempụ ("Catechism Orthodox"), nke Muravyov onyeozi na Bestuzhev-Ryumin dere. Cimentigov regiment malitere ịkwaga na St. Petersburg na-enwe olileanya na ndị agha ndị ọzọ ga-akwado ya. Otú ọ dị, olileanya ndị a enweghị ihe ndabere, na n'okpuru Chọọchị White Chọọchị na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri gbara ya gburugburu. Na January 3, 1826, ndị agha gọọmenti meriri ha. Obere nwanne nke Sergei Ivanovich, Hippolytus, na-achọghị ịbụ onye mkpọrọ, gbagburu onwe ya, ya onwe ya kwa, merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu. N'oge nchoputa a, o ji obi ike na ezi obi mee ihe, na-agba mbọ ichebe ndị enyi ya ma were onwe ya ụta.

Ụgha Decembrist na Russia

Uzo nke Decembrists na Russia bu ihe puru iche na ha adabereghi na ndi mmadu, ha adighi acho aka na ya. Ọnọdụ nke interregnum mgbe Alexander M na-egbu mberede ka ndị Decembrists wepụkwa ndị na-eche nche na Senate Square iji mee ka Senate kwupụta mkpochapụ nke ọchịchị aka, mkpochapụ nke serfdom na ntọlite nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Nkwenye na nkenke nke omume nke ndị nkwekọrịta ahụ mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-emeri ọgba aghara Decembrist (afọ 1825). Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Kasị Elu, bụ nke a kwadoro maka ikpe nke ndị so na ndị agha ahụ, gburu mmadụ 121. Dika ikpe mara, ndi nile no na ndetu Decembrists kewawara na nke 11. Na nke mbụ, nke na-ebu ụzọ kwụọ ụgwọ ọnwụ, mgbe ahụ, a na-anọchi anya ịrụ ọrụ siri ike ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, mmadụ 31 nwere ikpe. Mmadụ ise, bụ ndị ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na-anọghị n'oche, ghọtara, kwenyere na ha na-atụgide, gụnyere Muravyov-Apostol Sergei Ivanovich. Na July 1826, e mezuru mkpebi ahụ.

Ụlọ Muravyov-Apostle

Ala nke Muravyov-Apostles dị na Moscow nọ na Old Basseynaya Street. Mgbe ọgba aghara Decembrist (afọ 1825), e rere ụlọ ahụ. Lunacharsky chetara banyere imegide ncheta nke ndị na-akpaghasị ndị Russia mbụ, bụ ndị na-eme atụmatụ imeghe ihe ngosi nka nke ndị Decembrists na ụlọ ụlọ. Ntube nke echiche a mere na 1986, ma afọ ise mgbe e mesịrị, e mechibidoro ya n'ihi mberede nke ụlọ ahụ. N'ịbụ onye a kpọrọ na 1991, ụmụ Muravyov-Apostles kpebiri iweghachi ụlọ ahụ site na mgbalị ezinụlọ. Mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri nke ịrụsi ọrụ ike, e weghachiri ụlọ ụlọ ahụ ma nyefee ya na ụlọ ihe ngosi nke ndị Decembrists. Ugbu a, enwere ngosi na njem ọhụụ mgbe niile.