Natural isi mmalite nke hydrocarbons: general e ji mara na ojiji

Ọ na-ahụ kwuru na ndammana na-ewere ọnọdụ hydrocarbons nile. Kasị organic bekee ewepụtara eke na isi mmalite. N'oge njikọ nke organic ogige dị ka ngwaọrụ a na-eji eke na ịdọkapụta, haruru, coal, lignite, mmanụ shale, peat, ngwaahịa nke anụmanụ na akwukwo nri si malite.

Natural isi mmalite nke hydrocarbons: ikuku.

Natural, haruru - a eke ngwakọta nke hydrocarbons nke dị iche iche Ọdịdị na ụfọdụ, haruru nke adịghị (hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide) nke jupụtara na nkume na nkume na Earth jikọrọ ọnụ. A ogige na-kpụrụ hydrolysis nke organic bekee na omimi karị na ọkpụrụkpụ nke Earth. Ha-eme na free ala n'ụdị nnukwu ụyọkọ - gas, gas ghọọ mmanụ na mmanụ na gas ubi.

Isi bughi akụrụngwa nke combustible eke gas bụ CH4 (methane - 98%), C2H6 (ethane - 4,5%), propane (1.7% S3N8-), butane (C4H10 - 0,8%), pentane (0 S5N12- , 6%). Njikọ mmanụ ala gas gụnyere ke mmanụ mejupụtara na etisasịwo steti na a tọhapụrụ site na ya ruru ka mgbali Mbelata na-eweli mmanụ ka elu. Na gas na mmanụ ubi otu ton nke mmanụ mejupụtara si 30 300 sq. m gas. Natural isi mmalite nke hydrocarbons - bara uru mmanụ a na ngwaọrụ maka organic njikọ ụlọ ọrụ. Gas na-ọnọ na gas mgbere osisi, ebe recyclable (mmanụ, ala-okpomọkụ adsorption, odide, na rectification). Ọ na-ekewa iche iche mmiri, ọ bụla nke na-eji maka ụfọdụ nzube. Ka ihe atụ, methane emepụta hydrogen, njikọ gas, nke bụ isi akụrụngwa n'ihi amị ọzọ hydrocarbons, acetylene, methanol, methanal, chloroform.

Natural isi mmalite nke hydrocarbons: mmanụ.

Oil - a mgbagwoju ngwakọta, nke ndị mejupụtara nnoo nke naphthenic, paraffinic na aromatic hydrocarbons. The mmanụ mejupụtara mejupụtara korota-resinous bekee, naphthenic acid, mono- na disulfides, mercaptans, thiophene, thiophane, hydrogen sulfide, piperidine, pyridine na ya homologs, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ bekee. Dabere na ngwaahịa mmanụ anụcha na enyemaka nke Petrochemical njikọ ụzọ na-enwetara n'elu 3000 dị iche iche na ngwaahịa, gụnyere ethylene, benzene, propylene, ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride, styrene, ethanol, isopropanol, butylene, iche iche plastik, eri, e ji esiji ákwà, detergents, ọgwụ ọjọọ, na-agbawa agbawa, wdg

Natural isi mmalite nke hydrocarbons peat.

Peat - sedimenti nke akwukwo nri si malite. Nke a ihe onwunwe e ji mee ihe dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala (tumadi maka ike osisi), chemical ngwaọrụ (n'ihi na njikọ nke ọtụtụ organic bekee), ihe eji egbochi mmebi-awụba n'oké osimiri na ugbo karịsịa okuko, fatịlaịza akụrụngwa maka ugbo na cropping.

Natural isi mmalite nke hydrocarbons: xylem, ma ọ bụ osisi.

Xylem - anụ ahụ nke elu osisi, nke mmiri na etisasịwo nri si na mgbọrọgwụ na epupụta nke usoro, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ na akụkụ nke osisi. Ọ mejupụtara a ikwesi shei nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-enwe a vaskụla introducer usoro. Dabere na ụdị osisi ọ na e dere dị iche iche na ichekwa pectin bekee na ịnweta ogige (tumadi calcium salts), lipids na mkpa mmanụ. Wood eji dị ka a mmanụ ụgbọala, o nwere ike synthesized si methyl mmanya, atsetantnuyu acid, cellulose, na ndị ọzọ na bekee. Ụfọdụ ụdị nke osisi na-enye dyes (sandalwood, logwood), tannins (oak), resins na balsams (cedar, pine, fir), alkaloids (osisi nke ezinụlọ Solanaceae, poppy, Ranunculaceae, Umbelliferae). Ụfọdụ alkaloids na-eji dị ka ọgwụ ọjọọ (chitin, caffeine) na ogwu (anabasine), ụmụ ahụhụ (nicotine).