Ndị isi obodo Russian: mgba na ịdị n'otu

Na narị afọ nke XII na XV na oge nke feudal fragmentation na Russia, e nwere usoro nchịkwa - isi obodo Russia. Na X narị afọ, e nwere ndị omume, nke ghọọ norm na-esonụ na narị afọ, - nkesa ala site oké Russian isi, ụmụ ya na ndị ikwu, na XII narị afọ nke dugara virtual disintegration nke Old Russian ala.

Njikwa

N'ịbụ ndị natara n'ọchịchị nke ala na ike ha, ndị dị otú ahụ na-ejide onwe ha ike malitere n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ihi nnwere onwe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na etiti, nke a mekwara ka mmepe nke ndị isi Russia pụta. Na mpaghara nile ndị isi nke ezinụlọ Rurikovich (ma e wezụga Novgorod, bụ nke nọchitere anya ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ), jisiri ike ghọọ ndị ọchịchị na-achị achị, bụ ndị na-adabere na ngwá ọrụ ha, nke gụnyere otu ọrụ, ma nata akụkụ nke ụtụ si n'ókèala ndị ahụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka ndị isi nke ndị isi na ndị isi nke ndị ụkọchukwu malitere Boyar Duma - onye ndụmọdụ na ndị ndụmọdụ. Onyeisi ahụ bụ onye nwe obodo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ nke ya, ọ na-ewepụkwa ala ndị fọdụrụ dịka onye na-achị ógbè, ha kewara n'etiti ngalaba ngalaba nke ụka ahụ, njedebe nke ụmụaka na ndị ohu ha.

Ndị a na-ebipụta n'asụsụ Russian n'oge oge

Na oge nke fragmentation na Russia socio-na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ọdịdị dabeere a usoro nke feudal n'ọkwá. Ruo narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, Kievan Rus na ndị isi Russia nọ n'okpuru ndị ọchịchị. Nnukwu Onyeisi Kiev na-eduzi ndị isi obodo a, mgbe ahụ ndị isi Galician-Volyn na Vladimir-Suzdal nwetara ọkwa a. Ndị isi nke nnukwu ndị isi dị ka Chernigov, Polotsk, Vladimiro-Volynsk, Rostov-Suzdal, Turovo-Pinsk, Smolensk, Muromo-Ryazan, Galich. N'ebe kachasị dị ala, ụmụ okorobịa na ụmụ nwanyị ha (na-eje ozi na-abụghị ndị a ma ama).

Ka ọ na - erule n'agbata narị afọ nke XI, usoro mbibi nke nnukwu ndị isi malitere, na site na mpaghara ugbo kachasị emepụta - ógbè district nke Kyiv na mpaghara Chernigov. Site na njedebe nke XII ruo mmalite nke narị afọ nke 13, omume a na-aghọ ihe a na-ahụ n'ụwa. Ihe nkenke ngwa ngwa di na Kiev, Chernigov, Muromo-Ryazan, isi obodo Turovo-Pinsk. N'ihe na-erughị ogo, nke a na-emetụta ụdị Smolensk, ma na Rostov-Suzdal na Galicia-Volyn achị, oge ndị a na-ejikọta ya na ndị mkpakọrịta na-adịru nwa oge n'okpuru ọchịchị nke "onyeisi". N'oge a, ala nke Novgorod nwere ike ịnọgide na-eguzosi ike n'ezi ihe.

Ndị iro

Na oge nke esemokwu feudal, ndị otu isi na Russia na ndị isi obodo na-arụ nnukwu ọrụ. Ha na-atụle nsogbu nke ime obodo na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ma, ha enweghị ike ịkwụsị usoro mgbasa ozi. Oge ndi mmadu nke Tatar-Mongol na-ejikwa oge a, ala Russia na ala ndi isi ha enweghi ike ime ka ha gbakotao agha iji merie osobo ndi ozo, ya mere ha furu uzo nke obosara ukwu nke ebe ndida ha na ebe ndi odida anyanwu, nke ndi agha Batu mebiri, n'agbata nke 13 na 14th N'ịbụ ndị Lithuania (Polotsk, Kiev, Pereyaslav, Chernigov, Turovo-Pinsk, Smolensk, Vladimiro-Volynsk) na Poland (Galicia) meriri. E nwere nanị onwe Northeast Russia (Novgorod , Murom, Ryazan na Vladimir ala).

Ezigbo òtù ndị isi nke Russia malitere na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ BC. Narị afọ XVI. Ndị isi Moscow, bụ ndị "chịkọtara ọnụ," gbakọtara, ọchịchị Russia kwalitere ịdị n'otu ya.

Okpukpe ndị Russia

Ọrụ mba nke ndị isi Russia bụ ntọhapụ nke Russia site n'ikike Golden Horde na mweghachi nke akụ na ụba, na nke a, ọ dị mkpa ka mmadụ nile dịrị n'otu, mana onye ga-eguzo n'etiti. N'oge ahụ, ndị isi abụọ siri ike - Moscow na Tver. E guzobere ụkpụrụ Tver na 1247 n'okpuru ọchịchị nwanne Yaroslav Yaroslavovich, bụ Alexander Nevsky. Mgbe nwanne ya nwoke nwụsịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye na-achị ụkpụrụ Tver (1263-1272 gg.), Nke bụ nke kasị sie ike na Russia. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị isi nke usoro ịdị n'otu.

N'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke iri na anọ, Moscow malitere ịrị elu ngwa ngwa, tupu nbata nke Tatar-Mongol bụ obere ihe ederede nke Vladimir-Suzdal, ma site ná mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ, ọ ghọọlarị nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na ihe niile n'ihi na o nwere nnukwu ọnọdụ obodo. Site na ndịda na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke horde kpuchiri Ryazan na Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod ụkpụrụ, site n'ebe ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ - Veliky Novgorod na Tver ụkpụrụ. Gburugburu oke ohia Moscow bu ihe siri ike ikpughari na ndi Tatar-Mongol. Ya mere, mmụba nke ndị mmadụ n'ime Moscow Grand Duchy nke Russia adịwo elu. Ọ malitere ịzụlite nkà na ugbo. Moscow aghọwokwa ebe dị ike nke ala na mmiri, nke a enyela aka ma ahia ma usoro agha.

Moscow

Site n'osimiri ndị dị na Moscow na Oka, isi nke Moscow rutere na Volga na site na ndị na-agbaso ya na njikọ Novgorod. Usoro iwu nke ndi ochichi nke Moscow nyekwara ezi ihe, ebe obu na ha gbaliri imeri ndi isi ndi Russia na ndi nzuko. Onye malitere usoro ọchịchị ndị isi nke Moscow bụ Daniil Aleksandrovich - nwa nke ọdụdụ nke Alexander Nevsky (1276-1303). N'okpuru ọchịchị ya, isi obodo Moscow na-abawanye ókèala ya. Na 1301, Kolomna, onye eze Ryazan meriri, bịakwutere ya. Na 1302, onye isi Pereyaslav, onye na-enweghị nwa, nyere ndị Moscow ihe onwunwe ya. Na 1303 Mozhaisk sonyere Moscow. Ruo afọ atọ, ókèala ọchịchị ọchịchị Moscow adịwo okpukpu abụọ, ọ ghọwokwa otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Russia.

Mozhaisk - na mmalite nke Osimiri Moscow, na Kolomna - n'ọnụ, osimiri ahụ na-elekọta ndị isi Moscow. Pereyaslavl-Zalessky - otu n'ime ógbè ndị na-eme nri - mgbe nsonye na ọchịchị Moscow kwusiri ike ya. Ya mere, onye ndú Moscow ahụ malitere ịlụ Tver maka ọchịchị ukwu ahụ. Dị ka alaka ụlọ ọrụ Tver, Prince Michael Yaroslavovich nwere ikike nke Grand Duke na Horde.

Ekem, ke Moscow achị Yury nke Moscow, nke lụrụ bụ nwanne onye ahụ Khan Uzbek Konchak (mgbe Baptism Agafia). Khan nyere ya ikike ocheeze Ukwu Duke. Michael na 1315 meriri ndị agha Yuri ma jide nwunye ya, bụ onye mesịrị nwụọ na Tver. N'ịbụ ndị a kpọtụrụ na Horde, e gburu Michael. N'afọ 1325, ọkpara nke Mikhail Tversky, Dimitry Grozny Ochi, onye Khan Uzbek gburu mgbe Khan Uzbek gbasasịrị iwu nke ndị isi ndị Russia na-agbapụ aka na ya, n'ihi na Grand Duke natara Prince Tver Alexander Mikhailovich (1326-1327).

Bilie na Tver

N'afọ 1327, ọgba aghara bilitere na Tver megide onye ikwu Uzbek Shchelkan. Ndị nnupụisi ahụ gburu ọtụtụ Tatars. Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325-1340 gg.), N'iji oge ahụ mee ihe, bịara Tver na Tatar-Mongols ma kwusi iwe iwe. Kemgbe ahụ, ndị ndú Moscow nwere ụzọ dị nso na Grand Duchy. Kalita jisiri ike nweta njikọ dị n'etiti Moscow na ụka. Ya mere, nnukwu obodo Peter kpaliri ibi na Moscow. Ka ọ na-erule oge Mosis ghọrọ ọ bụghị nanị ihe mmụta uche, kama ọ bụkwa obodo okpukpe Russia. N'okpuru ịchị ụmụ Kalita, Semen Gord (1340-1353) na Ivan Krasny (1353-1359), Kostroma, Dmitrov, Starodub na ụfọdụ Kaluga jikọtara ya na ọchịchị Moscow.

Donskoy

Prince Dmitry (1359-1389 gg.) N'ihe dị ka afọ 9 malitere ịchị ọchịchị iwu Moscow. Agha ọzọ maka ocheeze Ukwu Vladimir Ukwu Ukwu malitere. Ndị mmegide nke Moscow malitere ịkwado Horde n'ụzọ doro anya. Ihe nnọchianya nke ihe ịga nke ọma na mmeri nke iwu Moscow bụ iwu nkume Kremlin na-acha ọcha, bụ nanị ebe e wusiri ike na mgbidi nkume na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Russia. N'ihi nke a, Moscow kwadoro azọrọ na ndị nduzi nile nke Russia nke Tver, Nizhny Novgorod na ịghaghachi nwakpo nke onyeisi Lithuania Olgerd. N'ịkwado Moscow, njedebe nke ndị agha dị na Russia agbanweela.

Na na Horde site n'agbata narị afọ nke iri na anọ oge nke ike ọgwụgwụ nke ike malitere na mgba nke oche eze khan amalite. N'afọ 1377 na osimiri Pyan, e nwere ọgba aghara, ebe Horde gburu ndị agha Moscow. Ma otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị na 1378 na osimiri Vozhe, Dmitry meriri ndị agha Murzy Beghich.

Agha nke Kulikovo Ubi

N'afọ 1380, Khan Mamai kpebiri iweghachite Golden Horde maka ala ndị Russia. Ya na onyeisi Lithuania, Jagiello, na ha kwagara Russia. Onyeisi Prince Dmitry n'oge ahụ gosipụtara dị ka ọchịagha nwere nkà. Ọ kwagara Tatars ma gafee Don, bụ ebe ọ banyere agha na onye iro na mpaghara ya. Ọrụ nke abụọ nye ya bụ igbochi Mamai ka ọ ghara ịlụ agha na Jagiello tupu agha ahụ.

Na Septemba 8, 1380, n'ụbọchị Kulikovo agha, ụtụtụ bụ ụkọ mmiri, ọ bụ nanị site na otu ụbọchị iri na otu ka otu duel dị n'etiti onye mọnk dike Russia bụ Peresvet na dike Tatar Chelubey malitere. Ndị Tatars meriri okpukpuchi Russia, ma Mamai enweela mmeri, ma mgbe ahụ, Dmitry Bobrok-Volyntsev na Prince Vladimir Serpukhovsky kụrụ aka. Ka ọ na-erule elekere iri na ise, ọhụụ nke agha ahụ pụta ìhè. Ndị Tatars gbapụrụ, ma maka ndị isi agha nke Dmitry malitere ịkpọ Donskoi. Agha kulikovo mere ka ike Horde gharazie ike, bụ onye mesịrị ghọta na Moscow na-achị obodo ndị Russia.

Tokhtamysh

Mamai mgbe mmeri ahụ gbagara Cafu (Theodosia), ebe e gburu ya. Onye na-achị Horde mgbe ahụ bụ Khan Tokhtamysh. Ke 1382, enye ama osobo Moscow ke mberede. N'oge ahụ, Donskoi anọghị n'obodo, ebe ọ na-aga n'ebe ugwu iji kpọkọta ndị agha ọhụrụ. Ndị agha ji obi ike lụọ ọgụ, na-ahazi Moscow. N'ihi ya, Tokhtamys napụrụ ha, na-ekwe nkwa ka ha ghara ịkwakọrọ obodo ahụ, kama iji merie Donskoy. Ma, na-agbasa n'ime Moscow, o meriri obodo ahụ ma jiri ya tụfuo ya.

Tupu ya anwụọ, Donskoi nyefere ikike nke Grand Duke Vladimir ikike n'aka nwa ya Vasily I, n'amaghị Horde maka ikike ịkpọ aha. Ya mere, akwụkwọ akụkọ Russian - Moscow na Vladimir - jikọtara.

Timur

Na 1395, onye ọchịchị Timur Tamerlane, onye meriri Central Eshia, Persia, Siberia, Baghdad, India, Turkey, gara Horde,, mgbe ha bibisịrị ya, kwaga Moscow. Basil m n'oge a chịkọtara ndị agha na Kolomna. Na Moscow site na Vladimir wetara nkedo nke ala Russia - akara nke Vladimir nne nke Chineke. Mgbe Timur rutere Moscow na nkeji nke abụọ ma kwụsịrị na Mpaghara ndị dị na Yelets, mgbe obere oge gasịrị, ọ gbanwere obi ya ozugbo banyere ịla Russia. Dị ka akuko si kwuo, a na-ekwu na ihe ahụ dị na nrọ nke Timur bụ nne nke Chineke n'onwe ya.

Agha Feudal na Florentine Union

Mgbe Basil m nwụsịrị na njedebe nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ, ọgụ nke isi ndị Russia na esemokwu malitere, nke a bịara mara dịka "agha ndị agha." Na iwu Moscow, n'etiti ụmụ nwoke, na ụmụ ụmụ Dmitry Donskoy, e nwere ezigbo agha maka inwe nnukwu oche eze Ukwu Duke. N'ihi ya, ọ gara Vasily II Ọchịchịrị, Muscovy ụba n'elu oge a site 30 ugboro.

Basil nke Abụọ jụrụ ịnakwere njikọ (1439) na ịghọ ọkachamara papal. Njikọ a dọrọ Russia aka ná ntị na ọ ga-echezọ Byzantium site na ndị Ottoman. Obodo nke Rus Isidor (Grik), onye kwadoro njikọ ahụ, kwụsịrị ozugbo. Mgbe ahụ, bishop nke Ryazan nke Ion ghọrọ nnukwu obodo. Nke a bụ mmalite nke ROC si nnwere onwe pụọ na Patriarchate nke Constantinople.

Mgbe ndị Ottoman meriri Constantinople na 1453, e kpebisiri ike n'isi chọọchị Russia na Moscow. Chọọchị Ọtọdọks kwadoro mgbalị maka ịdị n'otu nke ala ndị Russia. Ugbua ndi isi nke Russia abughi ndi isi ochichi ndi ozo, ma o bu n'ime ulo eze. Mana usoro nke usoro Russian State aghọwo ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha, Moscow aghọwokwa isi obodo a ma ama.