Nzuzo "Southern Society" Decembrists: a iwu akwụkwọ, nzube na sonyere

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke XIX na narị afọ Russia bụ incredibly ọgaranya dị iche iche ihe. Otú ọ dị, Decembrists 'nsogbu na Sineti Square enyene n'etiti ha a pụrụ nnọọ iche. Mgbe niile, ma ọ bụrụ na nzube nke niile gara aga nke ọma, kụrụ afọ n'ala mgbalị ẹkemụm ike na mba bụ dochie otu autocrat ndị ọzọ, mgbe ahụ, a oge ọ bụ a mgbanwe nke na-elekọta mmadụ usoro na Transition ka a usoro nke steeti Republican na-achị. The initiators nke December nsogbu ndị so 'South "na" North "nzuzo ọha mmadụ, jisiri site nm Ndanda, Trubetskoy na PI Pestel.

prehistory

Akụkọ banyere Decembrists 'nsogbu bụ na-emekarị omenala na-amalite na ntọala nke Aleksandrom Muravevym na St. Petersburg "Union Nzọpụta" - a nzuzo otu, nke kwuru ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ntọhapụ nke ndị nkịtị na-arụ oké mgbanwe dị okirikiri nke ala management. Nke a nzukọ kere naanị otu afọ, ma na disbanded ruru iche iche na sonyere 'echiche na-ekwe omume nke regicide. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị so na ya gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ ha, ugbu a na "Welfare Union". Ozugbo nkekọta mụtara na ndị ọchịchị bu n'obi na-ịme na n'ohu ndị nnupụisi nke ha nledo, kama ọ kpụrụ "Northern" (n'oge 1822) na "South" (1821), na nzuzo ọha mmadụ. The mbụ n'ime ha ejikwara ke edere edere isi obodo, na nke abụọ - na Kiev.

Southern otu

N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ n'ógbè ọnọdụ nke nzukọ nke nkekọta ịwa ke Ukraine, nọ na ya ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ buu set karịa "northerners". Nke a bụ isi n'ihi na eziokwu na "Southern Society" ẹkewetde kpamkpam nke ojii, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ahụmahụ na-ọgụ, na ndị nọ na ya chọrọ ka ya na-agbanwe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ọdịdị nke mba site a agha kuu na regicide. The mgbanwe na ọrụ ya malitere na 1823. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ weere ọnọdụ na Kiev ogbako na nakweere iwu akwụkwọ "Southern Society" dere ya Pavla Pestelya, na-akpọ "Russian Eziokwu". Nke a na-arụ ọrụ, ya na draft n'usoro ochichi Murav'ev dabeere na ndị òtù nke "Northern Society", na-egwuri nnukwu ọrụ ke kpụworo aga n'ihu echiche n'etiti Russian oké ozu nke XIX na narị afọ, nke, na mberede, nke mere ka a ekpochapụ serfdom.

iwu akwụkwọ

"Russian Eziokwu" Pestel e gosiri ha na ikpe-òtù, "Southern Society" na 1823. Otú ọ dị, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ya azụ na 1819. Total e dere 5 isi na ala, na klas na mba okwu. Pestel chọrọ ka kpọgharịa Nizhniy Novgorod ka Vladimir ma kwaga na isi obodo nke Russia ọhụrụ n'otu obodo na a Republican ụdị ọchịchị. Ke adianade do, "Russian Eziokwu" welitere ajụjụ nke ozugbo abolition nke serfdom. The "Southern Society" Decembrists-gụnyere:

• hara nhata tupu iwu, ọ bụla nwa amaala;
• nri votu "Popular Assembly" mmadụ nile afọ na iri abụọ;
• nnwere onwe ikwu okwu, okpukpe, na klas, mgbakọ, ije na pịa;
• inviolability nke n'ụlọ na onye;
• hara nhata tupu ikpe ziri ezi.

ihe mgbaru ọsọ

Dị ka e kwuru, "Southern Society" bụ ihe buu karịa "North." Ya isi nzube bụ:

• mkpochapu autocracy, gụnyere ahụ mbibi nke ndị nile so na nke na-achị House of Romanov;
• -ekpochapụ serfdom, ma-enweghị-enye n'ala nkịtị;
• iwebata a n'usoro ochichi;
• mbibi nke na-akpa ókè;
• oruru nke nnọchiteanya gọọmenti.

P. Pestel: nkenke biographical osisi

N'ihi ya, onye bụ na n'isi "Southern Society" na kere otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa akwụkwọ metụtara ndị ndokwa nke Russia, na ndabere nke ụkpụrụ nke Enlightenment? Nwoke ahụ bụ Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich, onye a mụrụ na 1793 na Moscow, na a German ezinụlọ, ebe ndị sị Lutheranism. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 12, nwa okoro e zigara Dresden, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na otu nke na-emechi akwụkwọ. Ịgụkwu akwụkwọ Pavel Pestel bụ na agha nke Pages, na n'elu ya ẹkụre nwa okorobịa kwuru na Lithuanian ndi agha. Military ọrụ nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu conspirator e karịa ihe ịga nke ọma. Karịsịa, Pestel gosiri na ọrụ ebube nke omeka agu n'oge Agha nke Borodino na ndị ọzọ agha nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na 1812, e ọdịda a dịgasị iche iche nke Russian na-ejikọ enọ.

Omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Pavla Pestelya

Mgbe mmeri Napoleon na gburugburu ebe obibi nke Russian ọrụ nche-enwe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na òtù, Aims imeziwanye ọnọdụ nke nkịtị na igbochi ma ọ bụ ọbụna bibie onyeeze. Otu n'ime ha bụ ndị agha na Pavel Pestel, onye ghọrọ onye òtù nke "Union Nzọpụta", mgbe e mesịrị "Union of Welfare," na n'ikpeazụ mere na 1821 "Southern nzuzo ọha mmadụ." Isi miscalculation na mere Pestel Pavel Ivanovich, ọ bụ ya ga-ekwu na, na ihe omume nke mmeri nke insurrection na mba ruo mgbe ebighị ebi-achị elebara Government. Nke a echiche mere ka nchegbu ke otu òtù nke "Northern Society", dị ka n'etiti ndị nnupụisi e nwere ọtụtụ ndị hụrụ ya na-eme na ọchịchọ ịghọ onye ọchịchị aka ike, na Napoleonic ambitions. Ọ bụ ya mere "northerners" ke mba jiri ọsọ na-aga dịrị ndị "Southerners", nke n'ikpeazụ ebelata ha n'ozuzu nwere. Ikpe ikpe site akwụkwọ, n'oge 1824, Pestel,-ele onwe ya ghọtahiere site ọrụ ibe, ahụmahụ oké ịda mbà n'obi na ọbụna ruo oge ụfọdụ efu mmasị n'ihe omume nke "Southern Society".

"Southern Society": sonyere

E wezụga P. Pestel, òtù nke a na nzuzo otu, haziri n'etiti ndị ọrụ nche nke ndị agha nkeji guzo na ókèala nke oge a na Ukraine, ọtụtụ iri na abuo maara nke ọma agha n'oge ahụ. Karịsịa, n'etiti ndị ndú nke "Southerners" pụrụ iche na ikike ụtọ S. Muraviev-Apostol, M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Davydov na dike nke Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya nke 1812, bụ afọ S. Volkonsky. N'ihi na management nke nzukọ e hoputara a director, nke, iche site Pestel na Nikita Muraviev, nwekwara banyere quartermaster-general AP Yushnevsky.

Omume ndị ọchịchị na-ekpughe na-eme ihe na nzuzo ọha mmadụ

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Decembrist ije, dị ka ọ dị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ conspiratorial ọha mmadụ, e nwere ndị sabo na provocateurs. Karịsịa, ndị kasị egbu egbu ndudue o mere Pestel, bụ ndị mere ka a nzuzo "Southern Society" ya ebutere - Captain Arkady Mayboroda. Ikpeazụ enweghị akwụkwọ, dị ka ọ pụtara ìhè site na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ okwu ndị njehie na-ugbu a na oké iwe dere na ha Pestel, m bụ aghụghọ. Na ọdịda 1825 Mayboroda mere a nnukwu n'efu nke agha ego. Na-atụ egwu na-esi, ọ gwara ndị ọchịchị banyere-aga ịdakwasị nnupụisi. Ọbụna tupu oké iwe nke ndi-nkekọta e mere a na-abụghị ọrụ ojii na Sherwood, nke ọbụna na-akpọ ka Alexander Mbụ na-agba akaebe na zigara a ebe nke ọrụ nke atọ ndi agha Bug, ka o nwee ike ịnọgide na-na-akọ na ebumnobi na ebumnuche nke nnupụisi.

Akwadebe maka nsogbu

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1825, na nzukọ ya na General S. Volkonsky, Pestel A kọwara ndị zaa "Southern Society" na-abịa ọnwa, ihe kacha mkpa nke nke bụ na njikere nke nsogbu, ndokwa maka January 1, 1826. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na a na ụbọchị duru ha Vyatka ndi agha e kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke ndị nche na isi ụlọ ọrụ nke 2nd Army na Tulchin. Nkekọta e mere na-aga na-amanye March ka St. Petersburg, ọkọnọ nke dị oké mkpa ihe oriri. Ọ na-e weere ya na ha ga-ejide ndị ọchịagha na ndị isi nke mkpara ndị agha ma kwaga St. Petersburg, ebe ha na-akwado site na-agha nkeji edu isi nke Member States "Northern Society".

The esi nke nnupụisi nke ndị Decembrists maka ndị òtù "Southern Society"

Ole na ole ndị mmadụ mara na Pestel Pavel Ivanovich e jidere ọbụna tupu ihe na Sineti Square, na ndị ọzọ karịsịa, December 13, 1825, dị ka a n'ihi nke oké iwe Mayboroda. Ọ na-e mesịrị-ejide na enyefe ogige 37 òtù nke "Society nke South", nakwa dị ka 61 òtù nke "Northern Society" na 26 ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu metụtara "Society nke South Slav". Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na ikpe dị iche iche iche iche nke ọnwụ ma mgbe ahụ gbaghaara, ma e wezụga n'ihi ise: Pestel, Ryleeva, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovka na Muraviev-Apostol.

The nsogbu nke Chernigov ndi agha

Mgbe ịghọ maara nke ihe ndị na Sineti Square, na ọtụtụ ndị ndú nke "Southern Society" e jidere, fọdụrụ free ọrụ ibe ha kpebiri emegwara. Karịsịa, December 29 isi nke Chernigov ndi agha Kuzmin, Sukhinov, Soloviev na Schepillo wakpoo ha regimental isi na tọhapụrụ Muraviev-Apostol, bụ onye na-akpọchi elu n'ime obodo Trilesy. N'echi ya, ndị nnupụisi jide obodo nke cornflowers na Motovilovka, nke mara ọkwa "Orthodox Catechism", nke, site na-adọrọ mmasị na okpukpe mmetụta yiri nke ndị agha gbalịrị ịkọwa na ha na boro nke divinity nke onye eze nke ike - akụkọ ifo, na Russian ndị mmadụ kwesịrị irubere isi na uche Jehova, na ọ bụghị autocrat.

A ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị, obodo ẹkenịmde Ustymivka nsogbu dị n'etiti ndị nnupụisi na agha ọchịchị. Ọzọkwa, S. Muraviev-Apostle machibidoro agha ọkụ, na-enwe olileanya na, otú ahụ ka isi onye ahụ onwe ha na n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Dị ka a n'ihi nke mgbuchapụ ọ unan, nwanne ya nwoke gburu onwe ya, na 6 isi na 895 agha e jidere. N'ihi ya, "Southern Society" emewo kwụsịrị ịdị adị, na ndị òtù ya ma bibie anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ demoted na chụgara Siberia ma ọ bụ agha, na-aga n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ na Caucasus.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na njehie nke ndị Decembrists enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, ọ gosiri Russian eze na mkpa maka mgbanwe, nke Otú ọ dị, mgbe mmeghachi omume nke Nicholas II na e duziri. N'otu oge ahụ, usoro ihe omume "Southern Society" na "Oruru" Muravyov kwalitere mmepe nke Russian atụmatụ ịgbanwe revolutionary òtù, nke, ụkpụrụ, na ada ka 1917 mgbanwe.