Ọkara mmeghachi omume usoro: algọridim

Ọtụtụ chemical Filiks nwalere na mgbanwe degrees nke ọxịdashọn nke atọm nke na-etolite reactive compound. Ede arụmarụ Jeremaya mere redox ụdị a na-esonyere ihe isi ike na-esetịpụrụ ndị ọnụọgụ n'ihu onye ọ bụla usoro bekee. N'ihi nke a, ụzọ e mepụtara metụtara electronic ma ọ bụ electronic-ionic ụgwọ nkesa itule. Isiokwu na-akọwa abụọ ụzọ elu arụmarụ.

ọkara mmeghachi omume usoro, ọdịdị zuru oke nke

Ọ na-akpọ elektrọn-ion itule nkesa ọnụọgụ multipliers. Dabere na usoro nke inyerịta ezighị ebubo ahụ n'etiti anions ma ọ bụ cations na mgbasa usoro dị iche iche na onye Onyenwe anyị + bara uru.

Na Jeremaya mere, nke oxidative na reductive electrolytes ụdị-aka na-adịghị mma ion ọma ma ọ bụ ego. Arụmarụ molekụla ion umu, dabeere ọkara mmeghachi omume usoro a aka, o doro anya na-egosi na iguzosi ọ bụla usoro.

Na-etolite nke itule nke electrolytes eji a pụrụ iche notation ike njikọ dị ka ionic ahụ na omume rụrụ njikọ, na gas ego n'ụdị undissociated ụmụ irighiri. The mejupụtara ga-egosi na sekit na sekit ahụ nke ịgbanwe ha n'ókè nke ọxịdashọn. Iji chọpụta mgbasa usoro na itule ịpụta acidic (H ^+), alkali (OH ^-) na-anọpụ iche (H ₂ O) ọnọdụ.

N'ihi na ihe eji?

The WRA usoro na-eduzi na ọkara mmeghachi omume arụmarụ ede ionic iche iche maka ọxịdashọn na Mbelata Filiks. The ikpeazụ itule ga-ha nchikota.

mmejuputa iwu-nkebi

Writing nwere ya peculiarities ọkara mmeghachi omume usoro. The algọridim mejupụtara ndị na-esonụ:

- The Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ dee formulas niile reactants. Dị ka ihe atụ:

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + HCl

- Mgbe ahụ ọ dị gị mkpa iji wụnye feature si a chemical ele ihe anya, onye ọ bụla akụrụngwa nke usoro. Na nke a mmeghachi omume, KMnO ₄ omume dị ka oxidizer, H ₂ S bụ a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga na HCl akowa ihe acidic gburugburu ebe obibi.

- Ihe nke atọ ga-ede na a ọhụrụ akara usoro ionic ogige imeghachi omume na a ike electrolyte nwere na atọm nke bụ nke a mgbanwe nke degrees nke ọxịdashọn. Na nke a bụ mmeghachi omume MnO ₄ ^- omume dị ka ihe oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga, H ₂ S bụ mbenata reagent na H ⁺ oxonium cation ma ọ bụ H ₃ O ⁺ akowa ihe acidic gburugburu ebe obibi. The gaseous, siri ike ma ọ bụ na-adịghị ike electrolytic compound owụt emebibeghị molekụla formulas.

Ịmara na-amalite mmiri, na-agbalị iji chọpụta ụdị oxidizing ma mbenata gị n'ụlọnga ga-belatara na oxidized ụdị, karị. Mgbe ụfọdụ ikpeazụ bekee ama na e kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ, nke mmemmem ọrụ. Ndị na-esonụ arụmarụ egosi mgbanwe H ₂ S (hydrogen sulfide) to S (sọlfọ), na anion MnO ₄ ^- na igwe ²⁺ cation.

N'ihi na itule nke atọm ahụ na ekpe na nri òkè na acidic na gburugburu ebe obibi na-kwukwara hydrogen cation H ⁺ ma ọ bụ a molekụla mmiri. The alkaline ngwọta e kwukwara hydroxide ion OH ^- ma ọ bụ H ₂ O.

MnO ₄ ^- → igwe ²⁺

Na a ngwọta nke ihe oxygen atọm ọnụ na manganatnyh ion H ⁺ ụdị mmiri ụmụ irighiri. Iji equalize ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọcha a na-e dere dị ka akụkụ: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- → 4H ₂ O + igwe ^2+.

Mgbe ahụ, adịzi na-rụrụ na ọkụ eletrik. Iji mee nke a, tụlee ngụkọta ego nke ụgwọ ekpe na ebe, ọ na-enyo asaa, na mgbe ahụ n'akụkụ aka nri, abụọ exits. Iji mee usoro na-agbakwunyere na-amalite ihe ise na-ezighị ezi ahụ: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + igwe ^2+. Ọ amama ọkara mmeghachi omume naghachi.

Ugbu a equalize ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm na-ọxịdashọn usoro. Iji a na-agbakwunyere na n'akụkụ aka nri hydrogen cations: H ₂ S → 2H ^{+ +} S.

Mgbe hara nhata ụgwọ a rụrụ: H ₂ S -2e ^- → 2H ^{+ +} S. Ọ hụrụ na-amalite ogige ewe abụọ na-ezighị ezi ahụ. Ọ amama ọkara mmeghachi omume nke ọxịdashọn usoro.

Dekọọ abụọ arụmarụ na a kọlụm na kwụ n'ahịrị na nkedo na nabatara ebubo. Dị ka ụkpụrụ na mkpebi siri ike nke dịkarịa ala multiple na-ahọrọ maka ọ bụla ọkara-mmeghachi omume gị multiplier. Ọ na-uba site oxidative na reductive akụkụ.

Ugbu a ọ bụ omume na-ebu ndị nkwubi nke abụọ Ibé akwụkwọ, apịaji ekpe na nri n'akụkụ ọnụ na mbenata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electronic umu.

8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + igwe ²⁺ | 2

H ₂ ^{S -2e - → 2H + + S} | 5

16H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ ^{O + 2Mn 2+ + 10H + +} 5S

Ihe akụkụ nwere ike belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke H ⁺ 10: 6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S.

Anyị ịlele correctness nke ion itule site-agụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oxygen atọm na akụ na mgbe ya, nke bụ hà 8. Ọ dịkwa mkpa iji nyochaa ikpeazụ ebubo, na ihe mbụ ahụ itule: (+6) + (-2) = +4. Ọ bụrụ na ihe niile ọkụ, ọ na-e dere n'ụzọ ziri ezi.

ọkara mmeghachi omume usoro agwụ na mgbanwe site molekụla ion ndekọ na akụkụ. N'ihi na onye ọ bụla urughuru na anion na cation òkè nke ekpe itule na-abụghị isi họrọ ion. Mgbe ahụ, ha na-agafere n'akụkụ aka nri, na otu ego. Ugbu a, ion nwere ike jikọọ dum molekul.

6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S

^{6Cl - + 2K + → 6Cl -} + 2K +

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + 6HCl → 8H ₂ O + 2MnCl ₂ + 5S + 2KCl.

Mee usoro nke ọkara Jeremaya mere, na algọridim nke bụ dee molekụla akụkụ, ọ nwere ike na ndị na-ede ụdị electronic ọtùtù.

Mkpebi siri ike nke oxidizing mmadụ

Ndị dị otú ahụ a ọrụ na-egwuri site ionic, atọm ma ọ bụ molekụla entities na-enweta na-ezighị ezi na ebubo electrons. Oxidising bekee ata mweghachi na Jeremaya mere. Ha nwere electronic drawback, nke nwere ike mfe jupụtara. Ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks na-agụnye redox ọkara mmeghachi omume.

Ọ bụghị ihe niile bekee nwere ike itinye electrons. Site ike oxidizing reagents na-agụnye:

• halogen nnọchiteanya;
• acid dị ka nitric, na igirigi ibu sulphuric na selenium;
• potassium permanganate, dichromate, manganatny, chromate;
• tetravalent manganese na-edu ndú oxides;
• ọlaọcha na ọlaedo ion;
• compound gaseous oxygen;
• divalent ọla kọpa oxides na monovalent silver;
• chlorine-nwere nnu mmiri;
• vodka eze;
• hydrogen peroxide.

Mkpebi siri ike nke na mbenata

Na ọrụ bụ nke ionic, atọm ma ọ bụ molekụla ahụ, nke na-enye a na-ezighị ezi ụgwọ. Na Jeremaya mere mbenata bekee ata oxidative mmetụta n'elu cleavage nke electrons.

Nwere mbenata Njirimara :

• Anọchitekwa anya nke ọtụtụ ọla;
• tetravalent sọlfọ ogige ma hydrogen sulfide;
• halogen asịd;
• ígwè, chromium, na manganese sulfate;
• stannous chloride;
• nitrogen-nwere mmadụ dị ka acid nitrous, stannous oxide, hydrazine na amonia;
• eke carbon na divalent oxide;
• hydrogen molekul;
• phosphorous acid.

Uru nke usoro nke elektrọn-ion

Iji dee a redox mmeghachi omume, ọkara mmeghachi omume usoro a na-eji ọtụtụ ugboro karịa ndị electronic ụdị itule.

Nke a bụ n'ihi na uru elektrọn-ion usoro :

1. N'oge nke na-ede na akụkụ-atụle kpọmkwem ion na ogige na-adị ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ngwọta.
2. Ị nwere ike ghara inweta ihe ọmụma banyere-anata onyinye, ha na-ekpebisi ike na ikpeazụ na nkebi.
3. Ọ bụghị mgbe niile na ọ dị mkpa data na ogo nke ọxịdashọn.
4. N'ihi na usoro ọ bụ omume maara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electrons abuana ke ọkara mmeghachi omume dị ka na-agbanwe agbanwe onye Onyenwe anyị + uru nke ngwọta.
5. Site na belata arụmarụ ionic umu-amụ mma nke Filiks na Ọdịdị nke na n'ihi ogige.

Ọkara-mmeghachi omume na acid ngwọta

Arụ mgbawa na ngafe hydrogen ion erube isi ihe algọridim. Method ọkara mmeghachi omume na acid-ajụ na a na ndekọ na-amalite akụkụ nke ọ bụla usoro. Mgbe ahụ, ha na-egosipụta na ụdị nke arụmarụ nke ion umu na ngakọrịta nke itule nke atọm na electronic ego. Iche iche dere Filiks nke oxidative na reductive agwa.

Iji mmezi nke atọm oxygen ka n'akụkụ Jeremaya mere na ngafe-ewetara ya hydrogen cations. The ichekwa H ⁺ kwesịrị zuru ezu iji nweta molekụla mmiri. Wezụga oxygen erughi ekewet H ₂ O.

Mgbe ahụ rụrụ nke itule nke hydrogen atọm na electrons.

Mee a nkwubi nke arụmarụ tupu mgbe akụ na ndokwa nke ọnụọgụ.

Igosi otu Mbelata ion na ụmụ irighiri. Site ama dere reagents na a ngụkọta mgbakwunye nke na-efu akụkụ mee anionic na cationic umu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha tupu mgbe akụ ga-dakọtara.

Akụkụ OVR (ọkara mmeghachi omume usoro) a na-ewere ga-emezu mgbe ede a okokụre ngosipụta nke molekụla umu. Onye nke ọ bụla akụrụngwa ga-a na-akpata.

Ihe Nlereanya nke acidic ọnọdụ

The mmeghachi omume nke sodium nitrite na chloric acid-akpata mmepụta nke sodium nitrate na hydrochloric acid. Maka ndokwa nke ọnụọgụ eji usoro nke ọkara Jeremaya mere, ihe atụ nke ide arụmarụ metụtara na ihe na-egosi nke acidic gburugburu ebe obibi.

Nano ₂ + HClO ₃ → Nano ₃ + HCl

ClO ₃ ^{- + 6H + + 6e - →} 3H ₂ O + cl ^- | 1

NO ₂ ^- + H ₂ O ^- 2e - → NO ₃ ^{- +} 2H + | 3

ClO ₃ ^{- +} 6H + + 3H ₂ O + 3NO ₂ ^- → 3H ₂ O + cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^{- +} 6H +

ClO ₃ ^- + 3NO ₂ ^- → cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^-

^{3Na + + H + → 3Na +} + H +

3NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → 3NaNO ₃ + HCl.

Na usoro a, a nitrite nke sodium nitrate a nwetara, na si chloric acid kpụrụ a nnu. Ọxịdashọn ogo mgbanwe na nitrogen 3 5, na chlorine ụgwọ 5 aghọ -1. Ma na ngwaahịa na-adịghị na-etolite a ịkpali.

Ọkara-mmeghachi omume ihe alkaline gburugburu ebe obibi

Iduziri mgbawa mgbe ngafe hydroxide ion kwekọrọ na mgbawa n'ihi na acidic ngwọta. Method ọkara mmeghachi omume na alkaline ajụ-amalite na-egosipụta mmiri nke usoro n'ụdị ionic arụmarụ. Iche hụrụ n'oge itinye n'ọnọdụ nke atọm oxygen. N'ihi ya, ya wezuga onwe-ya mmeghachi omume na ngafe molekụla ka mmiri, na ndị na-abụghị n'akụkụ appends hydroxide anions.

The ọnụọgụ nke molekul nke H ₂ O na-egosi ihe dị iche na ego nke oxygen tupu mgbe akụ, na n'ihi ion OH ^- ya abụọ. N'oge ọxịdashọn gị n'ụlọnga eme ka mbenata gị n'ụlọnga na-ewe O atọm site hydroxyl anions.

Method ọkara mmeghachi omume risịrị n'ịrụ fọdụrụ nzọụkwụ nke ndị algọridim, nke adanyekọta na n'ibu nke nwere ngafe nke acid. The pụta bụ akụkụ nke molekụla umu.

Ihe Nlereanya nke alkaline ajụ

Mgbe agwakọta ayodiin na sodium hydroxide kpụrụ sodium iodide na iodate, nke mmiri na ụmụ irighiri ihe. N'ihi na itule usoro eji ọkara mmeghachi omume usoro. Ihe Nlereanya nke alkali ngwọta ha kpọmkwem metụtara equalization nke atọm oxygen.

NaOH + m ₂ → nai + NaIO ₃ + H ₂ O

M + e ^- → m ^- | 5

^{6OH - + m - 5e - →} m - + 3H ₂ O + Íø ₃ ^- | 1

M + 5I + 6OH ^- → 3H ₂ O + 5I ^- + Íø ₃ ^-

6Na ⁺ → Na ^{+ +} 5Na ⁺

6NaOH + 3I ₂ → 5NaI + NaIO ₃ + 3H ₂ O.

N'ihi nke mmeghachi omume bụ ofufe nke violet coloration nke molekụla ayodiin. E nwere a mgbanwe ọxịdashọn ala nke mmewere si 0 ka 1 na 5 na-etolite iodide na sodium iodate.

Mmeghachi omume a na-anọpụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi

A na ọ na-ezo aka Filiks aa na hydrolysis na-etolite na-adịghị ike acid salts (na onye Onyenwe anyị + uru n'etiti 6 na nke 7) ma ọ bụ ubé isi (ka onye Onyenwe anyị + 7 na 8) ngwọta.

ọkara mmeghachi omume usoro a na-anọpụ iche na-ajụ ka e dekọrọ na ọtụtụ nsụgharị.

Ke akpa usoro anaghị n'ime akaụntụ nnu hydrolysis. The usoro a na-e dị ka na-anọpụ iche na-ekpe nke akụ na-ekwu molekụla mmiri. Na nke a n'onwe, a ọkara Jeremaya buru maka acid, na ọzọ - maka alkaline.

The abụọ usoro adabara Filiks nke ọ bụ ike igosi kpọmkwem onye Onyenwe anyị + bara uru. Mgbe ahụ mmeghachi omume nke usoro nke ion-elektrọn ahuta na alkaline ma ọ bụ acidic ngwọta.

GOSIRI-anọpụ iche na-ajụ

Mgbe hydrogen sulfide compound na sodium dichromate na mmiri na-enwetara ịkpali sọlfọ, sodium na trivalent chromium hydroxide. Nke a bụ a typical nzaghachi maka a na-anọpụ iche ngwọta.

Na ₂ ČR ₂ O ₇ + H ₂ S + H2O → NaOH + S + ČR (OH) ₃

H ₂ ^{S - 2e - → S + H} + | 3

7H ₂ O + ČR ₂ O ₇ ^{2- + 6e - → 8OH - +} 2Cr (OH) ₃ | 1

7H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + ČR ₂ O ₇ ^{2- → 3H + + 3S + 2Cr} (OH) ₃ + 8OH ^-. Hydrogen cations na hydroxide anions mgbe jikọtara, na-etolite a 6 ụmụ irighiri mmiri. Ha nwere ike na-ewepụ ke nri na-ekpe, na-ahapụ ngafe ka akụ.

H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + ČR ₂ O ₇ ^2- → 3S + 2Cr (OH) ₃ + 2OH ^-

2Na ⁺ → 2Na ⁺

Na ₂ ČR ₂ O ₇ + 3H ₂ S + H ₂ O → 2NaOH + 3S + 2Cr ( OH) ₃

Ná ngwụsị nke mmeghachi omume a ịkpali nke chromium hydroxide na agba anụnụ anụnụ na-acha odo odo sọlfọ na alkaline ngwọta na sodium hydroxide. The oxidative ike nke mmewere S aghọ -2 ka 0, na ebubo chromium +6 ghọrọ ka 3.