Gịnị bụ chemical usoro? Chemical usoro: kachasi mkpa na ọrụ agwa

Mutual akakabarede nke ogige hụrụ na ọdịdị, na ime ka a N'ihi nke mmadụ ọrụ nwere ike hụrụ dị ka chemical n'ibu. The reactants nwere ike ịbụ na ha dị ka abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke bekee na otu ma ọ bụ dị iche iche na-ekwu nke aggregation. Dabere na nke a dị iche na-mere n'etiti homogeneous ma ọ bụ heterogeneous na usoro. nke ọnọdụ na pụrụ iche atụmatụ nke ọrụ nke chemical Filiks na ọdịdị ga-atụle nke a akwụkwọ.

Nso ke ọwọrọ chemical mmeghachi omume

Ọ bụrụ na n'ihi nke na mmekọrịta nke na-amalite ihe na-doro ịgbanwe akụkụ nke ụmụ irighiri na atọm ebubo nuclei bụ otu, na-ekwu banyere chemical Jeremaya mere ma ọ bụ na Filiks. Products guzobere n'ihi nke ha N'ezie, nwoke eji na ụlọ ọrụ, oru ubi na ezinụlọ. A nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ interactions n'etiti bekee emee, dị ka ọ na-ebi ma na nonliving ke uwa. Chemical Filiks bụ ndị bụ isi ihe dị iche site na anụ ahụ phenomena na Njirimara nke radioactivity. Ọhụrụ ndị a bekee kpụrụ molekul, ebe anụ ahụ Filiks adịghị ahapụ ndị mejupụtara nke ogige, na nuclear Jeremaya mere ime atọm ọhụrụ chemical ọcha.

Ọnọdụ nke usoro onwu

Ha nwere ike ịbụ dị iche iche na adabere n'ụzọ bụ isi ọdịdị nke reagents mkpa ike itinye ihe si n'èzí, nakwa dị ka ala nke aggregation (solids, ngwọta, gas) nke usoro emee. The chemical usoro nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti a abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ogige nwere ike rụrụ n'okpuru ihe nke akpali (e.g., nitric acid), okpomọkụ (mmepụta nke amonia), ìhè ume (photosynthesis). Na enyem-aka nke enzymes ke ndụ ọdịdị nke chemical mmeghachi omume n'ibu gbaa ụka nile (mmanya, lactic acid, butyric acid) eji nri na microbiological ọrụ. Maka ngwaahịa na organic njikọ ụlọ ọrụ, otu n'ime ndị isi ọnọdụ bụ ọnụnọ nke a free-buu usoro nke chemical usoro. Otu ihe atụ ga-nkwadebe nke chlorinated methane (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride emepụta n'ihi yinye Jeremaya mere.

homogeneous catalysis

Ha na-pụrụ iche iche nke na kọntaktị n'etiti abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa bekee. Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime chemical Filiks aa na homogeneous adọ (e.g., gas - gas) metụtara mmeghachi omume accelerators, bụ kụziere ndị Jeremaya mere ke ofụri olu mixtures. Ọ bụrụ na ndị mkpali bụ n'otu nchịkọta ala, na na reactants, ọ Nleta okụre na ibughari n'etiti amalite ogige.

Homogeneous catalysis - a isi chemical usoro a mụụrụ ihe atụ, na mmanụ ala ejegharịrị, na mmepụta nke mmanụ ụgbọala, naphtha, gas mmanụ, na ndị ọzọ na fuels. Ọ na-eji teknụzụ dị ka ịgbazigharị, isomerization, catalytic cracking.

heterogeneous catalysis

N'ihe banyere heterogeneous catalysis, na kọntaktị nke reactants emee Ọtụtụ na a siri ike elu nke mkpali. Ọ kpụrụ na-akpọ nọ n'ọrụ na saịtị. Ọ na mpaghara nke na mmekọrịta nke reactants bụ nnọọ ngwa ngwa, i.e. mmeghachi omume ọnụego bụ elu. Ha na-umu-kpọmkwem, na akpọ ọrụ dị mkpa na-na ihe omume na chemical Filiks na-eme na ndụ. Mgbe ahụ na-ekwu banyere metabolism - metabolic Jeremaya mere. Ihe Nlereanya nke heterogeneous catalysis bụ ulo oru nkwadebe nke acid sulfate. The contactor gaseous ngwakọta nke sọlfọ dioxide na oxygen bụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, gabiga a latticed shelves jupụtara particulate powder nke vanadium oxide, vanadyl sulfate ma ọ bụ VOSO _4. Ihe ngwaahịa - sọlfọ trioxide na-ahụ etinye obi gị dum site na itinye na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. Kpụrụ mmiri mmiri, na-akpọ oleum. Ọ nwere ike jiriwo mmiri iji nweta ihe ndị ha chọrọ ịta nke acid sulphate.

Atụmatụ thermochemical Jeremaya mere

Mwepu ma ọ bụ absorption nke ike n'ụdị okpomọkụ bụ nke bara uru dị mkpa. Ịpụta ihe ọ na-echeta ihe mmanụ ụgbọala combustion mmeghachi omume: eke gas, coal, peat. Ha na-anọchi anya ahụ na chemical Filiks, ihe dị mkpa e ji mara bụ okpomọkụ nke combustion. Kwes Jeremaya mere bụ ebe nile na organic ụwa, na na na-adịghị ndụ na okike. Ihe atụ, n'oge mgbaze cleavage nke na-edozi, lipids na carbohydrates n'okpuru nduzi nke biologically-arụ ọrụ bekee - enzymes.

The tọhapụrụ ike na-echekwara na ụdị nke ike-ọgaranya nkekọ nke ATP ụmụ irighiri. dissimilation Jeremaya mere esonyere ntọhapụ nke ike, nke so nke a na-agamevu ka okpomọkụ. Dị ka a n'ihi nke mgbaze, onye ọ bụla gram nke protein na-enye 17 King James Version 2 starch - 17, 2 King James Version abụba - 38.9 King James Version. Chemical Filiks na-erukwa na ntọhapụ nke ike na-akpọ exothermic, na na ya absorption - endothermic. Na ụlọ ọrụ, organic njikọ na teknụzụ ndị ọzọ na gbakọọ thermal mmetụta thermochemical Jeremaya mere. Nke a dị mkpa, n'ihi na ihe atụ, n'ụzọ ziri ezi na gbakọọ ego nke ike-eji maka kpo oku njikọ reactors na ogidi, na nke Jeremaya mere-ebe so site na absorption nke okpomọkụ.

Kinetics na ya ọrụ na ozizi chemical Filiks

Na ngụkọta oge ọsọ nke omume ahụ (irighiri, ion) - na nsogbu bụ isi n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ. Ya ngwọta na-enye aku uru na profitability nke nkà na ụzụ cycles na chemical ụlọ ọrụ. Iji-amụba ọsọ nke ndị dị otú ahụ a mmeghachi omume dị otú ahụ dị ka amonia njikọ bụrụkwa ihe bụ nsogbu mgbanwe na gas ngwakọta nke nitrogen na hydrogen 30 MPa, na-egbochi a nkọ na-abawanye na okpomọkụ (kacha okpomọkụ bụ 450- 550 ° C).

Chemical Filiks ji mee ihe na imewe nke sulphated asịd, ya bụ pyrite ọkụ, ọxịdashọn nke sọlfọ dioxide, sọlfọ trioxide, oleum absorption a rụrụ n'okpuru dị iche iche na ọnọdụ. Iji mee nke a, na-eji ọkụ ahụ pyrite na contactors. Ha n'ime akaụntụ kasịnụ nke reactants, okpomọkụ ma na nsogbu. Ihe ndị a nile na-mekọrịtara ka eme na kasị ukwuu na-agba, nke enwekwu acid sulphate ikwenyere 96-98%.

Circulation nke bekee, ma nke anụ ahụ na chemical Filiks na ọdịdị

Mara na-ekwukarị "Movement - bụ ndụ" nwere ike etinyere chemical ọcha nke na-abanye iche iche na ụdị mmekọrịta (mmeghachi omume compound, nnọchi, decomposition, mgbanwe). Ụmụ irighiri na atọm nke chemical ọcha rutere na a na-aga n'ihu na-efegharị. Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, nke niile dị n'elu ụdị nke chemical Jeremaya mere nwere ike n'anụ ahụ na-ebibi: okpomọkụ ntọhapụ ma ọ bụ absorption nke photons nke ìhè ụzarị, na-agbanwe agbanwe na steeti aggregation. Ndị a Filiks ekem ke ọ bụla shei nke Earth: lithosphere, hydrosphere, na ikuku, na Biosphere. The kasị dị ịrịba ama ndị a bụ cycles nke bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka oxygen, carbon dioxide na nitrogen. Na ndị na-esonụ anyị na-atụle isiokwu dị ka nitrogen mgbasa pụtara na ikuku, ala, na ndu eme ntule.

Interconversion nitrogen na ya ogige

Ọ maara nke ọma na nitrogen bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke protein, ma si otú atụ ke guzobere ọ bụla na niile ụdị ndụ n'ụwa. Nitrogen na-etinye obi gị dum site na osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụdị ion: ammonium, nitrate na nitrite ion. Osisi n'ihi photosynthesis ụdị bụghị naanị glucose ma amino asịd, glycerol, ọdụdụ asịd. All nke n'elu chemical ogige bụ ngwaahịa nke Jeremaya mere na-ewere ọnọdụ na Calvin okirikiri. The pụtara ìhè Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị K. Timiryazev, kwuru okwu nke w ọrụ nke green osisi, n'iburu n'uche, akpan akpan, na ha nwere ikike synthesize edozi.

Herbivores bụ peptides si osisi oriri, na carnivores - anụ nke ndị ahụ tara. N'oge n'okpuru nduzi nke ala bacteria saprotrophic rere ere foduru nke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ e nwere mgbagwoju ndu na chemical n'ibu. Dị ka a n'ihi nke ha nitrogen si organic ogige gaa inorganic ụdị (amonia kpụrụ, free nitrogen, nitrati na nitrites). Alaghachi ikuku na ala, ihe niile ndị a bekee etinye obi gị dum site osisi ọzọ. Nitrogen abatakwa akpụkpọ site stomata nke epupụta, na ngwọta nke nitric acid na nitrous acid na salts ya na-etinye obi gị dum site na mgbọrọgwụ ntutu nke osisi mgbọrọgwụ. nitrogen akakabarede okirikiri a na-emechi ikwugharị ọzọ. Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime chemical Filiks na-ewere ọnọdụ na nitrogen ogige na ọdịdị a mụwo n'ụzọ zuru ezu ná mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 site Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị DN Pryanishnikov.

powder nkà mmụta banyere ígwè

Modern chemical Filiks na teknụzụ na-eme a ịrịba onyinye ihe e kere eke nke ihe na pụrụ iche na nke anụ ahụ ma chemical Njirimara. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa, karịsịa maka ngwaọrụ na ngwá ọrụ nke mmanụ mmanụ, ụlọ ọrụ na-amị inorganic asịd, e ji esiji ákwà, ágbá, plastik. Na ha rụpụta okpomọkụ exchangers na-eji, kọntaktị ngwa, njikọ kọlụm, pipelines. akụrụngwa n'elu bụ na kọntaktị na ike ike media n'okpuru elu nsogbu. Ọzọkwa, ihe fọrọ nke nta niile chemical mmepụta Filiks na-eduzi n'okpuru okpomọkụ. Nde na-inweta ihe na-elu kwes na acid-eguzogide, mgbochi-corrosion Njirimara.

Ntụ ntụ nkà mmụta banyere ígwè na-agụnye usoro n'ihi na mmepụta nke ntụ igwe, na sintering iwebata nke oge a alloys eji na Jeremaya mere na na ya ike ike bekee.

Composites na ha Pụtara

N'etiti oge a teknụzụ, ihe ndị kasị mkpa chemical Filiks bụ mmeghachi omume na mmepụta nke ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ihe. Ndị a gụnyere ndị ụfụfụ, cermets norpapalsty. Ka matriks eji maka mmepụta nke ọla na alloys, egbuke, plastik. Ka excipients eji calcium silicate, ọcha ụrọ, Ferriday strontium na barium. All nke n'elu bekee enye ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara ihe mmetụta ndị na-eguzogide, okpomọkụ ma na-eyi ndị na-eguzogide.

Gịnị bụ a chemical technology

Ụlọ ọrụ, na sayensị na-emeso ndị na-amụ pụtara na ụzọ na-eji na Jeremaya mere nke ngwaọrụ nhazi: mmanụ, eke gas, coal, minerals, na-akpọ chemical technology. Na ndị ọzọ okwu, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke chemical Filiks aa dị ka a N'ihi nke mmadụ ọrụ. All nke ya n'ọnụ isi elu mgbakọ na mwepụ, cybernetics, anụ ahụ onwu, ulo oru akụnụba. N'agbanyeghị ihe ndị chemical usoro abuana ke technology (anata nitrate acid decomposition nke nkume nzu, njikọ nke phenol-formaldehyde plastik) - n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị dị ugbu ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-enweghị akpaghị aka akara usoro ikwado mmadụ ọrụ, ewepu na mmetọ na-hụ a na-aga n'ihu ma na-abụghị n'efu technology nke chemical mmepụta.

N'isiokwu a, anyị na-enyocha ihe atụ nke chemical Filiks, ma na ọdịdị (photosynthesis, dissimilation, na nitrogen okirikiri) na na ụlọ ọrụ.