Types of chemical Jeremaya mere

Na oge a na sayensị, ịmata ihe dị iche chemical na nuclear Jeremaya mere na-ewere ọnọdụ dị ka a n'ihi nke na mmekọrịta nke amalite ihe, nke na-akpọ reagents. Nke a na-arụpụta ọzọ chemical bekee akpọ ngwaahịa. All interactions-eme n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ (okpomọkụ, nrụgide, ìhè, radieshon, ọnụnọ nke akpali, wdg). Cores nke chemical Jeremaya mere, nke reactants atọm adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. The nuclear mgbanwe etolite ọhụrụ nuclei na ahụ. E nwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ, nke kọwaa ụdị nke chemical Jeremaya mere.

i nwere ike na-ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mbụ na kpụrụ ihe ndabere maka nhazi ọkwa nke bekee. Na nke a, ihe nile ụdị chemical Jeremaya mere na-ekewa n'ime ise iche iche:

1. Mgbasawanye (ụfọdụ ọhụrụ ibe nke a otu umi), e.g., decomposition site kpo oku potassium chlorate potassium chloride na oxygen: KCLO3 → 2KCL + 3O2.
2. Ogige (abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ogige na-etolite a ọhụrụ otu), mmekọrịta na mmiri ahụ, calcium oxide na-ghọrọ ka calcium hydroxide: H2O + CaO → Ca (OH) 2;
3. Nnọchi (nọmba nke ngwaahịa hà ka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-amalite ihe, nke na-nnọchianya òkè nke otu akụrụngwa ọzọ), ígwè sulfate, ọla kọpa, dochie ọla kọpa, Nleta a ferrous sulfate: Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu.
4. Ugboro abụọ mgbanwe (mgbanwe nke molekul abụọ bekee nke na-ahapụ òkè-ya), ọla ke potassium iodide na silver nitrate na- gbanwere na anions akpụ precipitated silver iodide na nitrate kady: Eze + AgNO3 → AgI ↓ + KNO3.
5. Polymorphous mgbanwe (mgbanwe emee umi si otu ụdị ọzọ crystalline) iodide, mercury red agba mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ibe n'ime odo mercury iodide: HgI2 (red) ↔ HgI2 (odo).

Ọ bụrụ na chemical mgbanwe atụle na ndabere nke mgbanwe ndị na-reactants ogo ọxịdashọn nke ndị ọcha, mgbe ahụ, ụdị nke chemical Jeremaya mere nwere ike kere n'ime dị iche iche:

1. Na mgbanwe na ogo nke ọxịdashọn - na redox mmeghachi omume. Dị ka ihe atụ, tụlee ihe na mmekọrịta nke ígwè na hydrochloric acid: Fe + HCL → FeCl2 + H2, dapụtara na a ogo ọxịdashọn ígwè (a mbenata gị n'ụlọnga, elektrọn inye onyinye) wee si 0 ka 2, na hydrogen (oxidant anabata electrons) site 1 0 .
2. Enweghị na-agbanwe agbanwe ogo ọxịdashọn, e.g., mmeghachi omume nke acid-isi na mmekọrịta nke hydrogen bromide na sodium hydroxide: HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H2O, dị ka a n'ihi ihe ndị Jeremaya mere na-emepụta nnu na mmiri, na ọxịdashọn ala chemical ọcha gụnyere ke akụrụngwa na-agbanwe agbanwe.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle ihe chemical ịha na ọnụego nke eruba na-atụ na reverse direction, ihe nile ụdị chemical Jeremaya mere nwere ike kewara abụọ iche iche dị ka:

1. Reversible - ndị na n'out oge na abụọ ntụziaka. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Jeremaya mere bụ reversible. Dị ka ihe atụ, na mgbasa nke carbon dioxide na mmiri na-etolite ihe ejighị n'aka carbonic acid, nke erekasịchaala ka na-amalite ihe: H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3.
2. Emenụ - igba naanị na-atụ direction mgbe a zuru ezu oriri nke na-amalite ihe na-agwụ agwụ, mgbe nke ngwaahịa na-ugbu a na naanị a na-amalite ihe onwunwe, iwere na ngafe. A, onye nke ngwaahịa bụ ma ndị precipitated unyi anaghị agbasa na umi precipitated ma ọ bụ gas. Ka ihe atụ, site na omume na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na barium chloride: H2SO4 + BaCl2 + → BaSO4 ↓ + 2HCl na-precipitated unyi anaghị agbasa na barium sulfate.

Types of chemical Jeremaya mere na organic onwu nwere ike kewara n'ime anọ dị iche iche:

1. Nnọchi (nnọchi nke otu emee atọm ma ọ bụ ìgwè dị iche iche nke ụmụ irighiri akụkụ nke ọzọ), n'ihi na ihe atụ site mmeghachi omume na sodium hydroxide chloroethane kpụrụ ethanol na sodium chloride: C2H5Cl + NaOH → C2H5OH + NaCl, i.e. a chlorine atọm nnọchianya site a hydrogen atọm.
2. Accession (abụọ ụmụ irighiri na-eme na ụdị onye), n'ihi na ihe atụ, bromine bụ mmasị na ezumike nke abụọ nkekọ na ethylene molekul: Br2 + CH2 = CH2 → BrCH2-CH2Br.
3. Cleavage (molekul gbawara abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ụmụ irighiri), n'ihi na ihe atụ, n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ, erekasịchaala ka ethylene ethanol na mmiri: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
4. Mmegharị (isomerization mgbe otu molekul na-ghọrọ ka ọzọ, ma qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara na-agbanwebeghị atọm nime ya), e.g., 3-hloruten-1 (C4H7CL) converted n'ime 1-chlorobutyl 2 (C4H7CL). Ebe a chlorine atọm sitewo-atọ carbon atọm na hydrocarbon yinye nke mbụ, na abụọ nkekọ isonyere mbụ na nke abụọ carbon atọm, na mgbe ahụ na-abụọ na nke atọ ejikọta atọm.

E nwere ndị ọzọ ụdị nke chemical Jeremaya mere:

1. Site thermal mmetụta: Jeremaya mere na-ewere ọnọdụ na absorption (endothermic) ma ọ bụ ntọhapụ nke okpomọkụ (exothermic).
2. Site ụdị mmekọrịta reactants ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa kpụrụ. Mmekọrịta mmiri - hydrolysis na hydrogen - hydrogenation, na oxygen - ọxịdashọn ma ọ bụ na-enwu. Cleavage mmiri - akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, hydrogen - dehydrogenation na na.
3. N'okpuru okwu nke na mmekọrịta: n'iru nke akpali (catalytic), n'okpuru nduzi nke a ala ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ, na-agbanwe nsogbu, na ìhè na na.
4. Na usoro nke mmeghachi omume: ionic, buu yinye ma ọ bụ agbụ ígwè Jeremaya mere.