Macroevolution na microevolution: Myirịta na Iche

Macroevolution na microevolution dị iche na nke mbụ okwu na-akọwa mgbanwe na umu larịị, na nke abụọ - supraspecific evolushọn. Ndị a nkọwa na-akpọ irreversible mgbanwe nke aru nke di ndu, adaptively ọkụ gburugburu ọnọdụ.

Gịnị ka okwu?

N'ịkọwa ihe dị iche na, na okwu nke "macroevolution" na "microevolution" ya enyene ihe dị mkpa n'ebe ịdị ukwuu nke ugbu a Filiks. Sonye na akaụntụ oge a chọrọ ịgbanwe ntule. Macroscopic egosi iso nke multiple microprocessors.

Macroevolution na microevolution - a set nke ihe na-eduga na ntoputa nke Ịhazi iche iche:

• detachments;
• na-amụ nwa;
• ụdị ma ọ bụ ngalaba;
• ezinụlọ.

Na ndị a niile dị iche iche e nwere myirịta: ha na-abịa si na otu ala. Nke nta nke nta adapting ka gburugburu ebe obibi, ha mutate ma na-dissimilar na mbụ ụdị. Na oge na-aga, ndị ọzọ kwesiri ngosi dị iche n'ime a umu.

The usoro evolushọn bụ irreversible mgbanwe na eke na ntule, na-eduga guzobe nke esonụ na-ekwu:

• ịgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa;
• guzobe mmegharị ọhụrụ ọnọdụ nke ndụ;
• guzobe ọhụrụ umu;
• biogeocoenoses akakabarede;
• na ofufe nke ugbua ẹdude umu;
• mgbanwe ndị na-Biosphere dị ka a dum.

Gịnị mere ka ọmụmụ gbasara asụsụ dị iche iche nke okwu?

Na-agbanwe agbanwe bi onye na umu na-eduga ná eziokwu na e nwere macroevolution na microevolution. Iche nke nkọwa:

• The mbụ definition na-eji na-akọwa ụwa ndu mgbanwe. Nke a na-agụnye e guzobere obodo subspecies, kama ọ na-apụghị na-amalite na-enweghị microevolution.
• Global Filiks nke macroevolution-adịgide adịgide maka ọtụtụ iri, ọtụtụ narị nde afọ. Oge nke ndu mgbanwe microevolution bụ ọtụtụ puku afọ.

Na na tiori microevolution atụle Filiks nke mmegharị nke ndị bi na-agbanwe agbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị usoro mmepe nke umu n'otu oge a kọwara dị ka macroevolution na microevolution. Myirịta na esemokwu ẹdude chepụtara mkpa generalize na-amụ kwa na mmepe nke umu.

Isi nke abụọ na ụdị

Otu nwere ike ịhụ otu usoro ndị dị otú ahụ chepụtara ka macroevolution na microevolution. Tụnyere nke abụọ iche iche nke mmepe na-enye ihe na-eche banyere ụkpụrụ nke hà echiche nke ndu evolushọn. Na mbụ ikpe, e guzobere ọhụrụ depụtara genera, umu. A abụọ yiri ikpe a rụrụ na ịchọputa na mmụba, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwayọọ, Mbugharị nke ndu eme ntule.

Theory nke macro- na microevolution dabeere na-eke a na-ele ihe anya na-amụ nke mmepe nke umu, nke na-enye ohere a zuru ezu analysis nke ogologo oge mmepe nke ndu eme ntule. Okwu ahụ bụ "na-akpa iche ihe" a na-eji iji nweta a zuru ezu karị, nkọwa nke umu. A na-agụnye ọnọdụ na-emetụta ndị evolushọn:

• na-agbanwe agbanwe osimiri eruba na-eme ka azụ na ndị ọzọ mmiri n'okpuru osimiri e kere eke na imeghari ka ọhụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi;
• na omenala ọnọdụ nnụnụ mmetụta ije nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, mgbe e guzobere ọhụrụ ugwu;
• Okpomoku di n'uwa dum na-enwekwu okpomọkụ nke ebili mmiri na-emetụta ndụ dị ka mmiri n'okpuru osimiri e kere eke na ụmụ anụmanụ na kọntinent.

Ime mgbanwe iji ọhụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe dị ndụ mkpa mutate na microevolution larịị.

Global mgbanwe

Atụnyere echiche nke "macroevolution" na "microevolution", anyị nwere ike ikwubi na n'ihi nke zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbanwe na-adabere na a set nke ihe mberede na-erukwa na molekụla larịị. Onye ọ bụla ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na etinyewe usoro na oge ụfọdụ ike na-eto eto n'ime supermakroevolyutsiyu. Otú ọ dị, nke a bụ nnọọ ogologo oge.

Na na tiori macroevolution na-atụle iwu nke mmepe nke organic ụwa. ị pụrụ ime ka a doo anya na generalized picture nke evolutionary mgbanwe nke ụdị site mgbakọ na mwepụ data. O doro anya na delineated isi ọnọdụ na ntụziaka, nke siri ike na-eme mgbe na-amụ naanị microevolution.

Ihe Nlereanya nke zuru ụwa ọnụ, ihe

Macroevolution Ozizi weere Filiks na-adịgide adịgide maka ọtụtụ nde afọ. A na-agụnye mmepụta vertebrate e kere eke na ala, mgbanwe site mmadụ ije ije na niile fours bipedal postcho ije. Ihe omume ndị a na-ebu ịrịba mgbanwe ma umu na site n'usoro larịị na externally. N'ihi guzobere ọhụrụ umu bụ mgbe niile abụọ iche iche nke mmepe ime: microevolution na macroevolution. ihe myirịta na-edina na eziokwu na ihe bụ isi mere e guzobere ọhụrụ umu na subspecies aghọ eke nhọrọ. Mgbe enyocha ihe niile nke usoro n'ụzọ dị otú a isere general ubiere banyere ihe nakawa etu esi nke evolutionary mgbanwe.

esịtidem mgbanwe

Macroevolution na microevolution bụ arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ. The mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ usoro nwere ike ju ndị na-esonụ ihe:

• Genetic iche;
• mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbanwe ;
• Mkpuchi n'okpuru nduzi nke na-eduzi edinam eke nhọrọ.

Ozizi microevolution agụnye okwu nke mgbanwe n'ime a umu, mgbe ụfọdụ mmadụ na-ama ahụ Ọdịdị n'ihi ihe ụfọdụ na-etolite a ọhụrụ subspecies. Ka mfe nhazi ọkwa nke ihe na-eji isi unit evolushọn - ndị bi na.

Microevolutionary Filiks nwere ike n'ihu na mwepu nke onye bi, iche n'ebe ndị nne na nna subspecies dị iche iche umu. Ya mere nwere ike ime mgbe ụdị otu ndu Nigeria ekewa abụọ iche iche onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-ala.

Ihe Nlereanya nke intraspecific ihe

Site microevolution gụnyere ihe ndị:

• mmegharị nke digestive usoro nke òké ọhụrụ nsị na chemical (usoro a bụ nnọọ ngwa ngwa - na a afọ ole na ole);
• mgbanwe ke site n'usoro ọdọ mmiri nke a otu ụdị, nke a na-akpọ phyletic evolushọn;
• microevolution pụrụ ịchọta dị iche iche ụdị: nnụnụ na ụsụ na-nku, azu na oké osimiri e kere eke na - na ntù na gills, na amphibians hụrụ abụọ;
• yiri Filiks nwere ike dị na ụmụ anụmanụ iche ibe site Ịhazi e ji mara: gills nwere azụ na oporo ma ọ bụ nshịkọ, na ahumachi crickets aka na ụkwụ ndị yiri na Ọdịdị na paws ahumachi;
• aka na ụkwụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ ibi osisi, yiri na Ọdịdị na ọrụ.

Ụzọ nke mmepe nke ndu umu

The definition nke "umu" na-agụnye ọtụtụ ihe ndepụta nke Njirimara:

• N'ahụ, ndu na physico-chemical kwa.
• Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ohere mụta nwa.
• Nwere ikike imeghari ụfọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ.
• Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ogide a niche na nri yinye.

ibiere ụdị nke ntule na-eji micro- na macroevolution:

1. Morphological.
2. N'ahụ.
3. Biochemical.
4. Genetic.
5. Geographic.
6. Environmental.

View na-ezo aka n'onye kasị nta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa unit na-eji tụnyere ihe bi, mgbe otu onye bụ ike na-agbarịta ibe na ọzọ. N'otu oge ahụ bufee a akụkụ nke ndu koodu n'ihi na ịmụ nwa. Nke a na-emepụta ọhụrụ akọrọ.

Iji gbanwee ụdị chọrọ kwesịrị ekwesị ọnọdụ ibili n'okpuru nduzi nke ihe: iche si corrosive gburugburu ebe obibi, na iwu eke nhọrọ, mutation na mgbanwe nke wavy bi na.