Ọkpụkpụ nke elu N'ịdị. elu N'ịdị skeletal ọrụ

N'oge na evolushọn nke mmadụ ọkpụkpụ aka na ụkwụ agbanweela ịrịba mgbanwe. N'ihi ya, ụkwụ ya, na-eme, hụ na ichebe ndị ahụ na ihe ziri ezi ọnọdụ na-akwado ọrụ nke ije, ma aka ya na-ngwá nke oru. Ọzọ, tụlee ihe ọkpọ elu N'ịdị: ihe owuwu ma na ihe aga-eme na ya rụrụ.

Isi

The ọkpụkpụ nke mmadụ elu N'ịdị na N'ezie nke phylogeny enwetawo ihe agagharị. N'ihi ọnụnọ nke clavicle, nke na-enye njikọ nke ọkpụkpụ nke aka ma ahụ, ndị mmadụ pụrụ ịrụ ezi ọtụtụ mmegharị. Ọzọkwa, ihe na-esịne ke free elu N'ịdị ọkpụkpụ nwere a ibughari nkwonkwo ọ bụla ọzọ. Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa n'ihi na ebe nke n'aka na aka. Skeletal ọrụ nke elu aka na ụkwụ na-ọtụtụ ezuru. Aka-emegharị ka mgbagwoju ụdị ọrụ. N'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo, na-na mkpịsị aka nwere ike igosi a dị iche iche ọrụ si ede ọ bụla nzukọ usoro. Ụkwụ, eme ka aru-ije na aru support na ohere, na-agụnye ọzọ oke na oké ọkpụkpụ. Ha agagharị na mmekọrita ọ bụla ọzọ bụ obere mkpa. Ọkpụkpụ nke elu na nke ala ụkwụ a mere izugbe plan. Ọ na-agụnye abụọ.

elu nsọtụ ọkpụkpụ: ọkpụkpụ nke belt

Nke a na akụkụ na-agụnye:

• Scapula. Ọ na-dị n'ụdị a zita ewepụghị ọkpụkpụ. atọ ihu na-anọchi agụba. Karịsịa, e nwere bụ a mpụta, medial na elu akụkụ. Ọzọkwa e nwere atọ agụba n'akuku. One - ala, nke abụọ - medial, na nke atọ - mpụta, karị. Agụba bụ n'akụkụ aka n'azụ n'akụkụ nke obi. Ọ na-emi odude ke ikpehe n'etiti II-VII ọgịrịga. Na nke bụ ugbu glenoid oghere. Ọ na-eji jikọọ olu. On n'azụ elu nke agụba anya protrusion. Ọ na-emi odude na mpụta. Nke a protrusion bụ awn vane nkewa supraspinatus na infraspinatus fossa.
• Olu. Ọ na-dị n'ụdị ihe S ekara tubular ọkpụkpụ. Na ya na e nwere abụọ ọgwụgwụ - a ubu (acromion) na breastbone, na ahụ,. Clavicle bụ naanị mmewere site na nke ọkpọ elu N'ịdị e jikọtara ya na ahụ mmadụ ọkpụkpụ Ọdịdị. Sternal njedebe nke ahụ gbasara nke. Ọ articulates na ahụ nke sternum. Ewepụghị ubu ọgwụgwụ na jikọọ na ubu.

Akụkụ nke abụọ

Ọ ọkpụkpụ nke elu N'ịdị mejupụtara aka, aka na ubu mmewere. The ikpeazụ nke na-anọchi anya otu ọkpụkpụ - humerus. The ahịhịa na-agụnye a mkpịsị aka phalanx, metacarpus na nkwojiaka. The aka ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe abụọ. Ọ na-egosi ulna na okirikiri.

humerus

Ọ na-dị n'ụdị a ogologo tubular so. Na ịmata ihe dị iche ọkpụkpụ diaphysis (ahu) 2 na epiphysis (njedebe): elu na nke ala. Nke mbụ bụ a ahazi articular isi. Ọ na-eje ozi jikọọ ubu. The elu ọgwụgwụ na-kewapụrụ n'ebe ndị ahụ site n'ọnụ ndị anatomical n'olu. N'okpuru ya na-emi odude na elu n'akụkụ hillocks (elu) - obere na nnukwu. Ha na-iche site a uzo. A narrowed òkè ke idem ke bụ nso ka isi, kwuru na dị ka "ịwa ahụ n'olu." On ọkpụkpụ elu roughness bụkwa ugbu a. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka saịtị maka mgbakwunye nke deltoid muscle. The ala epiphysis na-ịgbasa na-aghọ condyle. Ọ na-eje ozi jikọọ nkwonkwo na okirikiri na ulna ọkpụkpụ.

aka

Na nke akụkụ a nke ọkpụkpụ nke elu N'ịdị agụnye ihe abụọ:

• Ulna. Ọ na-tinyere n'ime n'elu n'akụkụ nke Mkpịsị aka nta (V mkpịsị aka). Nke elu njedebe nke otu bụ ọzọ oke. E nwere ihe abụọ usoro: n'ikpere aka azụ na n'ihu - coronal. Ha na-ekewa trochlear notch jikọọ ubu ọkpụkpụ. The elu (mpụta) n'akụkụ nke coronoid usoro mejupụtara a radial ọnwụ. Ọ Nleta a nkwonkwo na gburugburu. Na na ala njedebe nke ulna Nleta isi. Ọ ịmata ihe dị iche articular elu na ụdị a gburugburu maka njikọ ahụ ulnar notch na doo mmewere. Ke n'ime (medial) n'akụkụ na-aga styloid usoro.
• Radial ọkpụkpụ. Ọ na-dị n'ụdị a ogologo tubular so. Okirikiri gbatịrị tinyere elu n'akụkụ elu nke a nnukwu (mbụ) pin. Ya elu ọgwụgwụ a kpụrụ a cylindrical isi udi. Ọ bụ ugbu glenoid fossa na gburugburu. The elu nsọtụ na okirikiri na ulna ọkpụkpụ bụ idem ke guzobere nkwonkwo. The ala òkè nwere ihe ulnar notch, styloid usoro mpụta. E nwekwara onyinye carpal articular n'elu. The ala n'akụkụ nke okirikiri na ulna ọkpukpu-etolite nkwojiaka nkwonkwo na n'elu Ahịrị nke carpal ọkpụkpụ.

ahịhịa

Ọkpụkpụ nke elu N'ịdị na mpaghara ebe a na-anọchi anya na ọkpụkpụ nke nkwojiaka, metacarpus na mkpịsị aka. The mbụ mpaghara mejupụtara ahịrị abụọ nke obere ka nzà ọkpụkpụ (anọ ọ bụla). Nkwojiaka ọkpụkpụ ikpoputa. The elu n'akụkụ nke mbụ n'usoro na jikọọ na radial ọkpụkpụ, site articular n'elu. The ala òkè nke abụọ isi bụ mmasị na metacarpal mmewere. Metacarpus anọchi anya ise obere tubular ọkpụkpụ. Weere site na mmalite nke isi mkpịsị aka. The ugbu isi nke ọ bụla metacarpal ọkpụkpụ, na isi ahu. The mbụ mmewere na articulated na elu na nwoke phalanx mkpịsị aka. Phalanx anọchi anya tubular obere ọkpụkpụ ọcha. Ha na-ewetara isi, a isi na a ahu. The mbụ na nke abụọ ọcha na-akwanyere ya ùgwù articular n'elu. Mgbe n'elu nke phalanges, nke a nke nwere a nkwụsị na isi nke mkpa ọkpụkpụ pasterns, si ala na n'etiti - na upstream (proximal) phalanx. The isi mkpịsị aka e nwere abụọ ogologo ọkpụkpụ, ndị fọdụrụ - atọ.

Age atụmatụ nke mmepe: ọkpụkpụ belt

All ndị ọcha gụnyere ke ọkpụkpụ nke elu N'ịdị, ma e wezụga clavicle, bụ connective ogbo, cartilage, ọkpụkpụ.

• Lopatka. Ya bụ isi na saịtị nke osifikeshịọn bụ enịm ke nke ọnwa abụọ nke nwa ebu n'afọ na mmepe. Site na nke a mgbe nke na-emepe emepe spain na aru nke. Site na njedebe nke 1st afọ nke ndụ na coracoid tọrọ otu nọọrọ onwe ha na ngalaba nke osifikeshịọn, na 15-18 afọ - ọ na-guzobere acromion. Na 15-19, ndị coracoid usoro coalesces na a shọvel.
• Olu. Ya osifikeshịọn emee ya n'oge. Nkebi a gbatịrị a ọkpụkpụ - connective - nzọụkwụ. 6-7-nke izu. n'ime akpa nwa mgbe nke osifikeshịọn egosi. Ọ na-emi odude ke center nke connective nwa osisi. Nke a òkè a kpụrụ na clavicle acromial ọgwụgwụ nke ahụ ahụ, nke a mụrụ ọhụrụ na-ugbua ka enwere fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ. Dị ka akụkụ nke sternum cartilage a kpụrụ. osifikeshịọn nke ntọala ya na-egosi na naanị 16-18 afọ, nke a na gwakọtara ya na ọkpụkpụ na ahu nke 20-25 afọ.
• Ubu. The proximal epiphysis bụ guzobere abụọ osifikeshịọn isi: a buru ibu ma na obere mkpọmkpọ na 1-5-nke, na isi na-abụkarị 1 afọ nke ndụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 3-7 lita. Ọ bụ ha anọ na, na 13-25 afọ - n'isonyere diaphysis. The distal òkè nke epiphysis osifikeshịọn kpụrụ ruo 5 afọ nke ndụ, mpụta epicondyle - ka 4-6, ndị medial - na 4-11. Site 13-21, niile akụkụ gwakọtara ya na diaphysis.

midsection

• Ulna. Na 7-14 afọ, na proximal epiphysis osifikeshịọn ebe a tọrọ. Site na ọ na-amalite olecranon, nke bụ ugbu trochlear notch. N'ihi na 3-14 afọ kpụrụ ebe nke osifikeshịọn na distal epiphysis. Ịmụba, ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ Nleta styloid usoro na isi. Fusion nke proximal epiphysis nke ahụ ahụ na-ewe ebe on 13-20 nke afọ, distal - 15-25 m.
• Okirikiri. Site 2.5-10 afọ tọrọ òkè nke osifikeshịọn nke proximal epiphysis. Diaphysis anọ na ha ga-eme na 13-25 afọ.

Development nke ahịhịa ọcha

• Nkwojiaka. Mgbe a mụsịrị amalite osifikeshịọn nke cartilage. 1-2 K-nke afọ nke ndụ na hamate na capitate ọkpụkpụ osifikeshịọn ebe a kpụrụ na 3rd - a zita, 4th - lunate, 5th - elu akpụ ụkwụ, 6-7-m - trapezoid, na 8th - na pisiform.
• Pastern. Bookmark ọkpụkpụ akpụ akụkụ a emee tupu na nkwojiaka. Mpaghara nke osifikeshịọn na diaphysis tọrọ na 9-10 izu nke na-amalite amalite na mmepe, na wezụga nke mbụ ọkpụkpụ. Ọ òkè guzobere 10-11 izu. The epiphysis osifikeshịọn mpaghara apụta n'etiti 10 ọnwa. na 7 afọ. Site na 15-25 afọ e anọ na nke diaphysis na isi nke metacarpal ọkpụkpụ.
• Phalanx. Point nke osifikeshịọn ozu distal ọcha apụta n'etiti ọnwa nke abụọ nke na-amalite amalite na mmepe, proximal - n'elu, na n'etiti - na njedebe nke-atọ nke ọnwa. The phalanx nke isi òkè apụta n'etiti 5 ọnwa. na 7 afọ. The increment nke ahụ ahụ na-ewe ebe na 14-21 afọ.

The ọkpụkpụ nke elu N'ịdị nwere a mgbagwoju anya Ọdịdị nke kazhdyyelement na-ekere òkè.