Olee otú iji chọpụta ogo ọxịdashọn

All chemical bekee iso nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, nke bụ n'onye kasị nta ahụ. Ha na-electrically-anọpụ iche na-ekewet nke atọm, nke na-jikọrọ site covalent agbụ. The ike nke atọm nke chemical ọcha na ụmụ irighiri na-etolite a ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke njikọ na-akpọ valence. Na njikọ na ntoputa na mmepe nke ozizi chemical agbụ a echiche agbanweela ịrịba mgbanwe na ugbu a ọ dịghị ihe doro anya na nkà mmụta sayensị nkọwa, bụ-eji na-ezi nzube na a na-mata na ogo nke ọxịdashọn. Ọ bụrụ na molekul - bụ kasị nta urughuru ihe onwunwe, na-atọm bụ kasị nta indivisible urughuru chemical mmewere. Atọm bụkwa electrically anọpụ iche urughuru ya center nwere a isi esịnede a ghaghị ebubo protons, na gburugburu ya na e nwere ígwé ojii nke electrons (ezighị ebubo). Ya mere, ọ na-adị guzozie mma ndebe nke ntọala na-adịghị mma-elekọta electrons. Iji ghọta otú iji chọpụta ogo ọxịdashọn, na ihe ọ dị mkpa ka a tụlee Ọdịdị nke ụmụ irighiri nke kpọmkwem bekee.

Na a molekul nke hydrogen chloride (HCl) n'etiti hydrogen na chlorine, e nwere otu onye nkịtị ụzọ electrons. A hydrogen atọm nwere otu proton na otu elektrọn. chlorine atọm nwere 17 protons na electrons 17, otu n'ime ihe asaa electrons na elu shei elektrọn njupụta teamed na ihe elektrọn nke hydrogen atọm etolite si otú ihe elektrọn ụzọ: H: cl. The H2S kpụrụ molekul sọlfọ atọm 2 na-akọrọ ụzọ electrons na ma hydrogen atọm: H: S: H. Olee otú iji chọpụta ogo ọxịdashọn nke mmewere, n'ihi na ihe atụ, chlorine na HCl na molekul hydrogen na hydrogen sọlfọ na molekul H2S? Valency enye ihe echiche nke ego guzobere molekul agbụ ma ọ bụ elektrọn ụzọ abụọ, ma ọ dịghị egosi na ha ngafe.

Ọ na-chere na electrons nke atọm na a molekul na-jikọtara na elektrọn ụzọ abụọ nke na-gbanwere kasị elekrootritsatelnomu atọm. Hydrogen na chlorine na HCl ike ịmalite a okwu, nke a na-gbanwere ka a chlorine ebe ọ bụ ihe kasị electronegative. N'ihi ya, ruo n'ókè nke ọxịdashọn hà hydrogen gbakwunyere 1, mgbe chlorine - mwepu 1. Onye ọ bụla hydrogen atọm na molekul H2S abịa n'ime nkwurịta okwu na otu sọlfọ atọm, nke n'aka nke nwere ihe abụọ agbụ. Ma elektrọn ụzọ abụọ na nke a gbanwere na a sọlfọ atọm. Ya mere, ogo ọxịdashọn nke hydrogen plus nhata 1, na sọlfọ atọm - mwepu 2. Olee otú iji chọpụta ogo ọxịdashọn gị n'ụlọnga, e.g., HCl, H2S, O2, N2, Na, Ag, Si? The ọxịdashọn nke dị mfe ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju umi bụ mgbe 0, dị ka àkù esịnede ụmụ irighiri ma ọ bụ edebe ha electrically anọpụ iche. Esi nke a, ịchọta ogo ọxịdashọn nke mmewere na molekul.

Na ihe atụ nke hypochlorous acid pụrụ ịtụle otú iji chọpụta ogo ọxịdashọn maka cl atọm. Na HClO molekul, dị ka molekul nke ọ bụla ọzọ dị, hydrogen bụ mgbe (ma e wezụga hydrides) ji ọxịdashọn gbakwunyere 1, na oxygen bụ mgbe - ọxịdashọn mwepu 2 (ma e wezụga barium peroxide na oxygen Fluoride). N'ihi na molekul nwere nweghị ebubo onwe ya, anyị nwere ike ide akụkụ (1) + + x (- 2) = 0. a akụkụ ga-edozi: x = 0 - (1) - (-2) = (+1) N'ihi ya, ọ na-enyo na ogo nke ọxịdashọn nke cl kwa molekul nke hypochlorous acid plus nhata 1. a atụ na-egosi otú iji chọpụta ogo ọxịdashọn nke ọ bụla mmewere na a molekul. Mbụ niile, mara ụkpụrụ na-ndokwa ndị ọcha valency ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị agbanwe ogo ọxịdashọn.

N'ihi ya, ọxịdashọn a na-akpọ keonodu uru (iwu ndebe nke atọm na molekul) eji maka ndekọ arụmarụ Jeremaya mere metụtara na ọxịdashọn ma ọ bụ Mbelata dị iche iche bekee. Nke a bara uru nhata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke abụọ nke electrons, nke kpamkpam gbanwere kwupụta electronegative ụmụ irighiri nke chemical ọcha. The ọxịdashọn na-dere n'elu akara atọm. Nke a na ntinye egosi otú iji chọpụta ogo ọxịdashọn nke a akpan akpan mmewere na a molekul nke ọ bụla umi. Dị ka ihe atụ, a ndekọ (Na + 1Cl-1) ka a ga-aghọta na nnu molekul sodium ọxịdashọn ogo gbakwunyere 1, mwepu 1, na chlorine otú a: (+1) + (-1) = 0. Na molekul nke potassium permanganate (K + 1Mn + 7O-24) plus 1 potassium na manganese plus 7, oxygen mwepu 2, ya bụ: (+1) + (+7) + 2 • (-2) = 0. The molekul nke nitric acid (H + 1N + 5O-23) plus 1 maka hydrogen, maka nitrogen plus 5 maka oxygen mwepu 2, na dum molekul bụ electrically anọpụ iche: (+1) + (+5) + 3 • (-2) = 0. na molekul nke nitrous acid (H + 1N + 3o-22) plus 1 maka hydrogen, maka nitrogen plus 3 oxygen mwepu 2, ebe ọ bụ na ihe-ndebe nke molekul bụ hà efu, mgbe ahụ, a: (1) + (3) + 2 • (-2) = 0. ka ihe atụ, nitrogen nwere ike hụrụ na a atọm nwere a dị iche iche bekee na dị iche iche ọxịdashọn-ekwu, nke plus ma ọ bụ mwepu 3 5 (na otu nkeji nke otu unit).