Organ nkpuru amụba na okooko osisi. Olee otú ka izu osisi

The njedebe nke Mesozoic na na Cretaceous oge nke mbara ụwa biomass e ji achị na mbara dispersal nke a alaka ọhụrụ nke mmalite nke algae - angiosperms, ma ọ bụ okooko osisi. Ihe mere nke a onu bụ pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ dị na ngwá nke ihe owuwu nke ìgwè.

Taa, okooko osisi, osisi na mkpụrụ osisi, nke ha na-enye, na-abụghị nanị ihe dị mkpa akụkụ nke nri yinye kasị biogeocenosis, ma a bụ isi iyi nke nri ndị mmadụ, iji ọgwụ ngwaọrụ, akụ na ụba ihe na na. E nwere ihe karịrị 250 puku angiosperms nke adị a dịgasị iche iche nke ndụ forms (osisi, vine, herbs, bushes), biri n'ime fọrọ nke nta niile akụkụ nke ụwa, na-enye na kọntinent.

Nhazi ọkwa nke angiosperms

nkpuru amụba ngwa na okooko osisi - ifuru onwe ya. Ọ bụ ya bụ na Ọdịdị, ọdịdị ha, nakwa dị ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ morphological odide nke dum ngalaba nke angiosperms ekewa abụọ isi na klas:

1. Monocots. E nwere ihe dị 63 puku umu, n'otu 122 ezinụlọ. Ọzọkwa, ndị klas ahụ mejupụtara 3 puku ịmụ nwa. The kasị ezinụlọ: Mkpụrụ ọka, Liliaceae, ovoid, Palm, orchids, Sedge, Bromeliads, Nymphaeaceae, ose na ndị ọzọ.
2. Dicotyledons. More karịa 190 puku umu, n'otu 10 000 ịmụ nwa na 418 ezinụlọ. The kasị ndị nke ikpeazụ: Cruciferous, Rosaceae, Myrtaceae, vine, urukurubụba na Legumes, Solanaceae, Umbrella na ndị ọzọ.

Isi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị a ọmụmụ bụ na Ọdịdị nke okooko osisi, mgbọrọgwụ, akwukwo. The uru akụ na ụba nke ndị a osisi bụ nnọọ nnukwu (mkpụrụ osisi na akwukwo nri omenala ewepụtara textiles, ụlọ ihe, e ji esiji ákwà, ọgwụ, wdg), nakwa dị ka ọrụ na-agwa.

Evolutionary innovations na Ọdịdị nke

Ndị nwere ọtụtụ. Ọ bụ àgwà ndị a na-ekwe angiosperms dozie otú ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa,-adị otú gbasiri na-emegharị ka ebe na onodu ubochi na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ.

1. nkpuru amụba ngwa na okooko osisi - okooko osisi na iche-iche mgbe mkpụrụ. Nkpuru-echebe, kpuchie ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ pulp isiike bee, nke na-enye a oké uru na lanarị umu na ha dispersal.
2. A dịgasị iche iche nke usoro vegetative ịnọgide.
3. Ọtụtụ ụdị pollination.
4. Mmegharị nke esịtidem Ọdịdị na ike gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ (oké ọkọchị, oké mmiri, na-egbuke egbuke anyanwụ ma ọ bụ enweghị, ntu oyi, wdg). Nke a mma vaskụla usoro, okooko osisi, osisi, mkpụrụ osisi, na mgbọrọgwụ ike na na.
5. The iche iche nke ndụ iche-iche.
6. Mgbasa nke okooko bụ na ọ bụghị ọnụnọ nke mmiri.

All atụmatụ ndị a ekwe ka ndị a osisi ogide ala n'ebe nile ma na-edu ndị na osisi.

Reproductive ngwa nke okooko

nkpuru amụba ngwa na okooko osisi - ọ bụ a ifuru, mgbe ahụ, mkpụrụ-ekpuchi na-emepe emepe mkpụrụ. Atụmatụ nke ifuru Ọdịdị, ya peculiar bughi akụkụ, ụzọ nke pollination na mmepe - niile a na-eme angiosperms pụrụ iche akaebe n'etiti osisi na omumu ọrụ.

N'ihi na nwoke ifuru - bụ ihe aesthetic okè, bụ nke nwere ike na-enwe, na-enye na atọ ndị ọzọ ụtọ, ka eloda ya obi ụtọ ísì. Otú ọ dị, uru na uwa nke a Ọdịdị bụ nnọọ doro anya - ihe ngwa mkpụrụ amụba na okooko osisi. The ọtọ pụtara kpebisiri ike site n'ibu nke njikọta na mmepe nke sporophytes mkpụrụ.

Ọdịdị nke ifuru

Ifuru na mkpụrụ nke ọ bụla so na angiosperms na Ọdịdị ji nkà turu ime, organic. The Nchikota niile akụkụ nke osisi na-enye ohere ịrụ omumu ọrụ na zuru, n'agbanyeghị ihu igwe na ndị ọzọ abiotic gburugburu ebe obibi ihe.

Ka anyị tụlee izugbe atụmatụ nke ifuru Ọdịdị.

1. Azuokokoosisi Unit:

• peduncle;
• awụnye.

2. Leaf akụrụngwa. Kpụrụ sepals (na-emekarị green), na petals akpụ corolla. Ya na agba nwere ike dị iche iche si na-acha ọcha na ọchịchịrị-acha odo odo.

3. The ịmụ ọmụmụ akụkụ. Reproductive akụkụ, huu amụba nke okooko. Ọ pistils, stamens, na ovary.

N'èzí isi ịmụ ọmụmụ mmiri demarcated ma na-echebe perianth. Nke a Ọdịdị na-agụnye:

• cup of sepals;
• corolla nke petals e sijiri.

Perianth nwere ike ịbụ otu ma ọ bụ abụọ, dabere na osisi. Ọ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke iche iche bekee, mkpa mmanụ, pigments (carotenoids, xanthophylls, chlorophyll, anthocyanins, na ndị ọzọ antofeinov). Kpomkwem n'ihi na nke a ifuru exudes a senti na-adọta pollinators. Corolla nwere a dị iche iche size na agba?, Ọ dịkwa mkpa ka ọ raba ụmụ ahụhụ, ụmụ nnụnụ, anụmanụ.

Kpọmkwem omumu akụkụ okooko osisi mejupụtara gynoecium na androecium, n'okpuru cover nke perianth. Androecium - a collection of niile stamens, na-arụ ọrụ nke nwoke omumu ngwa. Stamens mfe Ọdịdị, na-anọchi anya ndị dị otú ahụ owuwu:

• staminal filament;
• Bellow nke abụọ halves sonyeere ozi;
• microsporangia - akwụ n'ime anther, nke usoro nke microsporogenesis na microgametogenesis (guzobere spam na microspores).

Mgbe nkịtị emee staminal filament anther peduncle, mgbanwe nke nri na metabolic ngwaahịa. Ihe microspores ekemende kpụrụ nwoke sporophyte. Spam-eduga ná guzobe nke ájá, nke ga--akụkụ na njikọta spam na nkpuru guzobere.

Ifuru gynoecium kpụrụ a collection of ya nile constituent pistils. Nke a Ọdịdị dị mkpa, dị ka ọ na-anọchi anya, dị ka ekwuola, nwanyi omumu ngwa. The pistil mejupụtara:

• ovary;
• kọlụm;
• stigmas.

Ovary - Ọdịdị, nke Nleta widest akụkụ nke pistil. The n'ime a kpụrụ ovules aka guzobe nke pericarp. N'ime ndị a owuwu na Filiks megasporogenesis megagametogeneza ime. Ọzọkwa na ovary emee usoro nke njikọta na nkpuru guzobere, ya mmepe.

Kọlụm pestle nwere ike ịbụ dị iche iche nha. Ọ na-eji nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ihere na ovary. Ji Vol, nke ahụ abụghị idem ke mmekọahụ usoro.

Ihere na-oké ọgba ájá nke dara si stamen anther. The size na udi nke a n'akụkụ dịgasị, dabere na ụdị osisi pollination.

Okooko osisi: amụba

Ifuru nwere ike nkejikotara a dị iche iche ọnụ ọgụgụ nke stamens na pistils. E nwere ụfọdụ ụdị nke e nwere naanị stamens ma ọ bụ pistils naanị - ha na-akpọ nwoke na nwaanyị karị.

Olee ihe ọzọ bụ na-akpali okooko osisi? Amụba, ha nwere ike ịbụ ma mmekọahụ na asexually, t. E. Vegetatively. Banyere mmekọahụ ọ bụ, ọ bụrụ na aka na omumu akụkụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro a na-akpọ abụọ njikọta.

Ya kachasi mkpa bụ dị ka ndị. Mgbe pollination, tụụrụ osisi (ifịk) pollen ala na ihere na-enwe n'ebe site a viscous ọkara na pụrụ iche nnyapade mmiri. Mgbe ahụ mikpuru cell amalite itolite n'ime ha, akpụ a pollen tube. Ọ bụ n'ihi na ya na-enweta abụọ ovaries spam na haploid set of chromosomes. Ozugbo n'ime ovule, otu onye nke merges na egg, n'ụzọ zuru ezu kpụrụ na njikere maka nke a. N'ihi ya, e zaigọtụ - diploid na mgbe e mesịrị na-enye ịrị elu nke mkpụrụ.

The abụọ spam fuuz na ovule n'ime diploid cell, na etiti. N'ihi bụ endosperm. Ndị na-esonụ usoro mezue omumu ọrụ:

• nke ovule integuments kpụrụ testa;
• carpel mgbidi bases etolite pericarp;
• ovule forms mkpụrụ nile dị ka a dum.

N'ihi bụ mmepe nke osisi n'ime mkpụrụ.

Ụzọ nke pollination

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe isi nhọrọ site na nke ndị pollen ala na ihere. Ya mere, lee ụzọ nke pollination nke angiosperms:

1. Self-pollination - enweghị òkè nke ndị mba ọzọ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu.
2. Site n'enyemaka nke ifufe.
3. N'ihi ahụhụ, ụmụ anụmanụ, nnụnụ.
4. Iji mmiri.
5. Ru pollination - na-enyemaka nke ndị mmadụ.

cloning

Amụba nke na agba na-na-rụrụ vegetatively, ya bụ, na-enweghị mmekọahụ Filiks. A nnọọ iche iche ụzọ. The ala akara bụ iji a dị iche iche ụzọ mgbapụ akụkụ (mgbọrọgwụ, epupụta, ị ga). Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kasị nhọrọ:

• ịdọ;
• afụ ọnụ;
• grafting;
• mgbọrọgwụ;
• akwukwo na petiole.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a ụzọ na-eji ndị mmadụ na a dilution nke akwukwo nri na mkpụrụ osisi a kụrụ akụ.

The osisi nke angiosperms

Dị iche iche osisi - dị iche iche osisi. Ọdịdị nke a Ọdịdị yiri nke ahụ, ma udi, mejupụtara, agba nwere ike ịdị iche iche. Ke adianade do, osisi nwere ike ịbụ kwa afọ na perennial. Annuals mụta nwa naanị site osisi, nke chara n'onwe, na-emekarị ke mbubreyo n'oge okpomọkụ. N'ihi ya, a ọgbọ ọhụrụ ga na-apụta na-esonụ na-eto eto oge. Mkpụrụ nke afọ okooko osisi na-na-eji ndị mmadụ dị iche iche iche iche nke ornamental osisi. Nke ikpeazụ na-agụnye asters, eschscholzia, marigolds, begonias, datura, Calendula, ebuka, Cosmo, miralibis na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

Mkpụrụ nke okooko

Ifuru na mkpụrụ - akụkụ kasị mkpa nke angiosperms. Ha na-ekwe ndị a osisi adị dị iche iche ọnọdụ, na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na-emegharị na ọtụtụ.

mkpụrụ nke osisi oké a nnukwu iche iche nke umu, ha nnyocha, nhazi ọkwa na pụtara na-amụ site ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ n'ụwa nile, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ha na-akpọ carpology. The kasị nkịtị na-tomato, nkume mkpụrụ, apple, egusi, granatina, pod, agwa Weevil, mpempe akwụkwọ, lionfish, Hesperides, na ndị ọzọ.