Prince Dmitry Shemyaka: biography. Domestic na mba ọzọ na Politika Dmitriya Shemyaki

Na Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke a na nkpuru nke Moscow akwa isi nwere aha nke onye nke-achịkwaghị achịkwa ike: ọ bụ a cynic onye na-adịghị akwụsị ihe ọ bụla iji nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ. Ònye ka ọ bụ? Nwa nwa Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Dmitry Shemyaka. A na-echeta abụghị feats nke ogwe aka, na ihe ịga nke ọma mgbe na management nke otu nọọrọ onwe ha ihe gbasara onye isi, na na ada na-adịghị agwụ agwụ na agha nke ocheeze. Dmitry Shemyaka chọrọ ịchị dum Russian ọchịchị, kama ya onye akụkụ. Na nke a, dị ka na-ama pụta ìhè na media, bụ nke o ji na-ocheeze ahụ, onyeisi bụ karịsịa picky. Ihe na-eju idu ke eziokwu na ọ ka na-esi nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya na-aghọ isi nke ndị Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi. Oleezi ala Rọshịa bụ Dmitri Shemyaka nwere ike na-ocheeze Russian isi obodo? Tụlee ajụjụ a ihe zuru ezu.

Facts si biography

Dmitry Shemyaka (afọ nke ndụ: 1420-1453) bụ nwa nke Grand Prince of Moscow Yuri Dmitrievich.

Ugbua na a-eto eto afọ, Prince nwere echiche na-etinye na a "okpu Monomakh", n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ na nna ya bụ ezi ahụ ike. Young Dmitriy Yurevich Shemyaka, nke nwere a nkenke biography nke fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla akwụkwọ ọgụgụ banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, malitere iso na-dynastic feuds megide Basil II (Dark), na nkwado nke ya nwoke tọrọ Vasiliya Kosogo. Na-eto eto isi nyere ya nkwado zuru ezu na nna Yuriyu Dmitrievichu, mgbe ọ na-abịa na-ekwu ka ocheeze. Ọ ga-kwuru na-alụ maka ikike jikwaa ala n'etiti n'elu contenders bụ 'ike': ha nwere ocheeze alternately.

Nna ya nwụsịrị

Mgbe Grand Prince Yuri Dmitrievich anwụ (ya mere na 1434), na-anọdụ n'ocheeze ya ọkpara - Vasily Diagon. Dmitry Shemyaka were a na ozi ọma na undisguised iwe; ọ na-afọ na nke a ọnọdụ. Ọnụ na nwanne ya nke nta Dmitry Krasnov ha na-enyere topple Basil II na ya nwoke tọrọ na-n'ocheeze. Ekele maka ọrụ a Dmitry Shemyaka (ọbubu: ihe gbasara onye isi nke Galich - (1433-1450), na ihe gbasara onye isi nke Uglich - (1441-1447), Moscow - (1445-1447) na-enweta ihe nketa, ọ ghọrọ onye na-achị Uglich na Rzhev ..

Race maka ike

Otú ọ dị, mgbe oge ụfọdụ Shemyaka amama n'ime oké ọchịchọ-isi: na o kpebie iso ndị agha nke ocheeze ahụ, ekpokọta ya gburugburu a ọtụtụ mmegide nke boyars.

Otú ọ dị, ịghọta nrọ ha ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-aga nke ọma, na ọ na-amanye na-abịa okwu n'oge ọ bụla na Vasily II. Ma, n'ihi na ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ bụ a zuru ezu anya bụ na Dmitry Shemyaka oge ụfọdụ bụ isi nke Moscow. A bụ otú o mere.

Na 1445 ọ e kwuru a ịlụ agha ntụte megide Golden Horde, nke ndi-agha imebi ala nke Russia. Mgbe adịkwa Agha nke Suzdal, Basil II e weghaara na, n'okpuru iwu nke inwe, ya nọchiri, albeit nwa oge, ghọrọ Dmitry, n'ihi na ọ bụ onye kasị okenye ụmụ Ivan Kalita.

na-agba ọsọ na mba

Isi mmalite na-egosi na Grand Duke nke Uglich, Galich na Moscow bụ "enweghị nkà" faili. Dmitry Shemyaka, ndị mba ọzọ na anụ ụlọ atumatu nke nke bụ nanị iji hụ na ha sikwuo ike nke ọnọdụ nke ike emeghị e nyere ya ala ka ọganihu na ọganihu.

Si ya mkpụmkpụ-ahụ ụzọ nke ọma mkpebi mgbe ụfọdụ ahụhụ niile ọmụmụ: ma ama, ndị ahịa, ndị isi agha. Mụbara iwe n'etiti ndị na-akpọ na-akpọ n'ụlọikpe Shemyaka. Prince upstart na-akparịkarị na nwoke mpako, otú ahịrịokwu na mụụrụ ikpe ziri ezi kere ya, nwere ntakịrị ihe na-emekarị na ikpe ziri ezi.

About arbitrariness, nke na-arụ ọrụ ahụ na-anọchite anya nke Themis, agbasi kọwara na satirical "The Akụkọ nke Shemyakinsky n'ụlọikpe." Ọ bụ n'oge a, dị ka mgbe mụbara phenomena dị ka iri ngo, ịpụnara mmadụ ihe, mmetọ nke ike ha bụ ndị ndị ikpe. Leghaara norms nke oge ochie ụkpụrụ, mkpebi ikpe mgbe amanye megide nkịtị uche. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere Karamzin kwere mpu ọnọdụ nwa nwa Dmitry Donskoy.

Dị otú ahụ arbitrariness kere niile prerequisites maka isi obodo e nwere a oke outflow nke ndị mmadụ. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ghara inwe afọ ojuju Dmitry Yuryevich iwu na-eto site n'ụbọchị ruo n'ụbọchị.

The mba ọzọ amụma nke Russia n'oge ọchịchị Shemyaka-izute chọrọ nke oge. Great Prince of Uglich, Galich na Moscow ẹkemụm ocheeze ahụ, na-akwụghị a mgbapụta maka n'agha Basil II, na ịnọgide na-ike, ọ gbalịrị ime na Khan nke Golden Horde. Ọ na-rịọrọ maka enyemaka nke ya brother-- Grand Duke nke Lithuania Svidrigailov Olgerdovich, leghara ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịmma nke ndị Novgorod Republic.

standoff na-aga n'ihu

Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Basil II ejisie ịkwụsị Tatar n'agha site na-akwụ ụgwọ a nnukwu ihe mgbapụta. Ịmụta nke a, Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich bụghị aga ọnọdụ na awara igbochi iro si n'ụzọ na "nkume ọcha". Kpa ye Basil na Nsọ Atọ n'Ime Otu Obibi, The Great Prince of Uglich, Galich na Moscow na-efunahụ ya nke ikike ịhụ ma chụga ya Uglich.

Ma n'oge na-adịghị Shemyaka onwe ya na nwa nwanne nna ma nye ya ihe nketa nke Vologda. Na obodo a malitere bịarutere na-akwado ma na-eso ụzọ nke Basil II, bụ onye, mgbe a mgbe ka anakọtara oke agha ma gaa ije isi obodo iji merie ya n'ocheeze. Na o mechaa. Dmitry YU ẹmen na Grand Duke nke Uglich na Rzhev Bezhetskaya parish. Ke adianade do, o kwere nkwa iweghachi ego si kwuo àkù na agaghịkwa-etu ocheeze. Otú ọ dị, ọ ugboro ugboro mebiri nkwa na-eme n'ọdịnihu.

Tron efu

Ebe ọ bụ na 1447 Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich ewe akara nke Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod ala, na na oge site na 1451 ka 1453 afọ achị na Novgorod Republic. Ma, ebe a ọ kwụsịrị mkpụmkpụ. Ọ ọzọ malitere ịzụlite oké ọchịchọ atụmatụ iji mụbaa ókèala nke ọchịchị ya. Dmitry YU na ndị agha ya gaa ala Dvina were Ustyug-enweghị ọtụtụ ndị na-eguzogide. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ndị niile bi na obodo a nwere obi ụtọ na Grand Duke, ebe ọ maara nke ọma na ya mmetụta na ike nke ụbọchị ọ bụla na-anwụ. Shemyaka ma ka chọrọ ịchịkwa ndị mmadụ, ọbụna otu ihe gbasara onye isi, otú brutally gbawara ala na ustyuzhanami onye gosiri aka, kwupụta ya.

Na ya, ọ etinyere kacha njọ jikoro nke mmaja: ụfọdụ e gburu, ọ na-etinye na olu nke a nkume ma tụbara ya n'ime osimiri. The obodo achọghị na ha na ụwa ha na-eme dị otú ahụ arbitrariness, ma jụọ maka enyemaka si vymechey na vychegzhan dị ka ókèala ha bi, administratively bụ Ustyug. Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ma Dmitry Yuryevich ike n'ikpeazụ merie oge ochie Russian obodo. Mgbe mmeri a, o nyere iwu vyatchan ezu akwa parish, emi odude ke n'ókèala Vychegda-Vym n'ụwa.

anathematization

Ịṅụ oké na arụrụala a na-eme na behest nke Great Prince of Uglich, Galich na Moscow, ike ichegbu ndị ụkọchukwu. Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị isi mmalite, na 1450, Prince Dmitry Shemyaka A chụpụrụ, "jụrụ ajụ ubre," bụ nke e dere na nkwenye. Nke a akwụkwọ e-aka site Bishop Pitirim Permian. Otú ọ dị, ruo ugbu a, akụkọ ihe mere eme na-arụrụ ụka banyere ma nwa nwa Dmitry Donskoy bụ n'ezie anathema, ebe ọ bụ na ya ka isi iyi n'ihe a na-emegiderịta. Karịsịa, Metropolitan Jonah na ozi o degaara ndị Akwa Bishop Efrim dere na isi "onwe ya chụpụrụ."

Mere Shemyaka?

Ya mere, anyị kwubiri na otú wee ike, Dmitry Shemyaka. Gịnị mere ndị dị otú ahụ a moniker e mmasị ka Grand Duke nke Uglich, Galich na Moscow? Ajụjụ a bụ ọ na-erughị na-akpali mmasị na-agụ.

N'ihi nke a, e nwere ọtụtụ nsụgharị. Otu n'ime ha bụ na eziokwu ahụ bụ na okwu "Shemyaka" akin na Tatar-Mongol "Chimek", nke pụtara uwe ma ọ bụ mma. Ọzọ nkọwa nke okwu na-ekwu na "Shemyaka" - ihe afo maka "Sheemyaki" (akpọ onye nwere ike ukwu). Ma nwa nwa Dmitry "ama" Don n'ihi àgwà ndị ọzọ: aghụghọ, obi ọjọọ, aghụghọ na ịhụnanya nke ike. N'ihi ọdịmma nke onwe ha na ihe niile dị njikere Dmitry Shemyaka. The aha otutu na ọ natara na ndị mmadụ, a na-agbasa na ala ebe akwa odudu nwere Galician onyeisi. Ọ bụ omume na-isi Aleksandr Andreevich Shahovsky malitere yi ya mgbe mmekọrita ya na Shemyaka. Isi mmalite egosi na, na 1538 o biri Ivan Shemyaka ụgwọ-Saburov, ezinụlọ osisi onye mgbọrọgwụ malitere na Kostroma. Na 1562, o kwuru okwu banyere Shemyaka Istomin-Ogorelkove: nna nna ya bụ ndị Vologda. Na 1550, ọ rụrụ ọrụ Russia Vasily Shemyaka, nke nwere ya nnu ọrụ. Na XVI na narị afọ, dị ka isi mmalite ke ókèala ndị Novgorod Republic bụkwa n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ na aha Shemyaka.

Nwunye na ụmụ

Great Prince of Uglich, Galich na Moscow ndọ Sophia Dmitrievna, onye bu nwa-nwayi Prince Dmitry Vasilyevich Zaozersky. Dmitry Shemyaka na-iwu bụ nwa St. Prince Fedor Black. Historical akwụkwọ na-egosi na nwa nwa Dmitriya Donskogo agbamakwụkwọ Sofey Dmitrievnoy ẹkenịmde bụghị tupu 1436. Na alụmdi na nwunye, ha nwere a nwa, Ivan Dmitrievich. Ọ mere na Uglich dịghị tupu 1437. 12 afọ mgbe e mesịrị na ụmụ ya biri na nne na St. George Obibi.

Ọzọkwa Sophia D. mụrụ nwa Maria. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ lụrụ Alexander na Czartoryski nọrọ na Velikiy Novgorod. Ọnwụ ya bịara dị ka a na anya: ẹbụk enye ke oyi 1456 na St. George Obibi.

The ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya

The ikpeazụ nke ndụ oge nwa nwa Dmitry Donskoy bụghị e mụọ ya nke ọma, dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme akwụkwọ adịghị nwere ike ịgwụcha agwụcha ọmụma banyere nke a. Ya oké ọchịchọ atụmatụ e kara aka na-emezu ruo n'ókè kasịnụ: ịnọ n'ocheeze ahụ, o nwere ike ọ bụghị na Moscow, na-agbali iji na-gọvanọ a siri ike na onwe ha ihe gbasara onye isi onye isi obodo kwesịrị Ustyug, kụrụ afọ n'ala. Great Prince of Uglich, Galich na Moscow bụ nnọọ egwu nke ọbọ maka omume ha na akụkụ nke Basil II, ihere nke di patrons na Novgorod Dmitry Yuryevich. N'ihi na oge ụfọdụ, ha 'tụgharịa a kpuru ìsì anya "na ọtụtụ arụrụala nwa nwa Dmitry Donskoy, họrọ ghara inwe idem ke a see okwu n'etiti Moscow na Ustyug. Otu Shemyaka ịkwụsị onwe m na-eche echiche banyere otú otu ugboro ọzọ na-ọbụ onye-isi nke Russia, ma ndị mmadụ na-ama na ike gwụrụ nke internecine agha na esemokwu: niile chọrọ udo na jụụ. Metropolitan Jonah bụ na akwụkwọ ozi na Bishop Euphemia, nke ugboro ugboro jụrụ Dmitry Yuryevich hapụrụ niile mgbalị iji nwetaghachi ocheeze ya aka ozugbo na ihe niile dịghachi n'otu Basil II. Ma, n'ụzọ dị mwute, ezi ihe o nwere: Shemyaka achọghị ka ọ bụla ohere. Ma n'oge na-adịghị ya na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi na ha na mpụ.

ọnwụ

The ozi ọma nke na ọ nwụrụ nwa nwa Dmitry Donskoy "wee" si isi obodo nke Novgorod Republic na "nkume ọcha" n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1453. Na ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị e dere na kwuru na ozi ọma ukochukwu aha ya bụ Basil, ndị buru aha otutu nke "nsogbu." Dị mma ịmara na mgbe a ọ elu clerks. N'ihi ihe ụfọdụ nwụrụ Dmitry Shemyaka? A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akwụkwọ na-egosi na Grand Duke e nsí. Gịnị ka a maara banyere nke a bụ eziokwu? Isi mmalite na-ekwu na-egbu egbu ọgwụ si isi obodo me, ka ha na-asị, "trostii Basil II" - ukochukwu Stepan bearded. Ọ bụ a nkọ nwoke na-emezu, ya ozi ọma. Ụfọdụ na isi mmalite na-ekwu na bearded ẹmen nsi Boyar Ivan Kotov, ndị ọzọ: Boretsky onyeisi obodo. Next hụrụ siri nri Dmitry, onye nsi e zigara. Ọ bụ ya ka ikpe n'ihi na obere: chee Shemyaka potion, nke e mere. Pischevar gbara akwụkwọ nna ya ukwu ọkụkọ. Iri na abụọ ụbọchị nke Grand Duke merie "hvoroba", mgbe nke o mesịrị nwụọ. A ọmụmụ nke foduru Dmitriya Shemyaki na-egosi na nwụrụ nke nsi.

A ụfọdụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na ọnwụ nke nwa nwa ya Dmitry Donskoy - nke a bụ ọrụ nke Novgorod boyars, bụ onye na niile ụgwọ chọrọ dozie ha megidere Basil II. N'ihi na Novgorod ama Grand Prince of Uglich, Galich na Moscow, nke malitere ida ikike na ọnọdụ nke ike, adịghị anya wee ajọ omume.

Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ma mberede na ọnwụ nke nwa nwa ya Dmitry Donskoy akpọlite ọtụtụ ajụjụ na ọha mmadụ. Nke bụ eziokwu na ọ nọ na-ọjọọ na a ụjọ n'ụzọ, mere aghara. Prince nke aghụghọ nweta ọchịchị Dmitry Shemyaka tụgharịa fọrọ nke nta n'otu ntabi n'ime a martyr, nke ndi-iro meriri na ọgụ aghụghọ.

Mgbe e mesịrị, na undisguised iwe nke-ezighị ezi ime ihe ike megide Grand Duke ga-ede ya anya nwa nwanne nna - Andrey Mihaylovich Kurbsky.