Pụtara ìhè-arọ nke Renaissance

Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere Jules Michelet na XIX narị afọ, ọ bụ nke mbụ na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "Renaissance". Egwú na-arọ, nke a ga-atụle n'isiokwu a bụ nke oge nke malitere na XIV narị afọ, mgbe iji dochie ochie ụka achị bịara ego omenala, na ya mmasị na mmadu.

Music nke Renaissance

European mba dị iche iche ugboro, nwere banyere ọhụrụ oge. A obere tupu echiche nke ụmụ mmadụ pụta na Italy, ma na musical omenala adịkwaghị na Dutch akwụkwọ, bụ ebe ndị mbụ pụrụ iche parametrized (echebe) e guzobere na katidral, zụọ ga-eme n'ọdịnihu-arọ. Isi Genres nke oge ẹwụtde ke okpokoro n'okpuru:

The kasị ama-arọ nke Renaissance na Netherlands - bụ Giyom Dyufai, Jacob Obrecht, Josquin des Prez.

oké Dutch

Johannes Ockeghem kụziiri Notre Dame parametrized (Antwerp) na na 40-ies nke XV narị afọ uka ghọrọ a chorister n'obí Duke Charles m (France). N'ikpeazụ, ọ we duru uka nke n'obí ya. O biri ndụ ka a mfri eke agadi, ọ hapụrụ a oké ketara niile Genres, ebe gosiri na ya pụtara ìhè polyphonists. Erute anyị ihe odide nke ya 13 pụta akpọ Chigi codex, otu onye nke na-ese na 8 votes. Ọ bụghị nanị na ndị ọzọ ndị mmadụ, ma ha onwe ha-awụ ọsọ n'ugwu.

Orlando Lasso mụrụ n'ebe bụ ugbu a Belgium (Mons) na 1532-m. Ya musical ike bụ na nwata. The nwata nwoke na-atọrọ n'ụlọ ugboro atọ na-eme ka a nnukwu-akụ egwú. All ndụ ya ọ nọrọ Bavaria, ebe Albrecht V na Duke n'ogige mere ka a tenor, ma duru uka. Ya ukwuu ọkachamara otu aka ịgbanwe Munich na European music center, gara ọtụtụ ama-arọ nke Renaissance.

Ya ka anyị wee na-amụ otú ahụ talent ka Johann Eckard, Leonard Lechner, Italian D. Gabrieli. Ikpeazụ ya izu ike ebe ke 1594 mita ọ hụrụ na ókèala nke ụka n'ime Munich, na-ahapụ a magburu ketara: karịa 750 motets, 60 pụta na narị songs, otu nke kasị ewu ewu bụ Susanne un jour. Innovation ọdịiche ya motets ( "Amụma nke Sibyls"), ma ọ na-maara ekele ego music, nke a otutu nke ọchị (vilanella O bella fusa).

Italian akwụkwọ

Pụtara ìhè-arọ nke Renaissance na Italy na mgbakwunye na nke omenala ebe nke ifịk ifịk na-emepe emepe instrumental music (ngwa, eriri & kpọọ ụbọ, piano). The kasị ngwá bụ lute, na na na njedebe nke XV narị afọ, e nwere a harpsichord - na ụzọ nke piano. Na ndabere nke ndị ọcha nke ndiife music, ghọrọ usoro abụọ kasị akpa ụlọ akwụkwọ nke mejupụtara: Roman (Giovanni Palestrina) na Venetian (Andrea Gabrieli).

Dzhovanni Perluidzhi Palestrina were aha aha nke obodo nso Rome, bụ ebe a mụrụ na-eje ozi dị ka isi na chọọchị organist na choirmaster. ya ụbọchị ọmụmụ bụ nnọọ ndika, ma ọ nwụrụ na 1594-m. N'ihi na a ogologo ndụ dere banyere 100 200 pụta na motets. Ya "Mass of Pope Marcellus" kpaliworo mmasị nke Pope Pius IV, na ghọrọ a nlereanya nke Catholic nsọ music. Giovanni - nke a kasị mara nnọchiteanya nke olu na-abụ abụ na-enweghị musical ụbọ.

Andrea Gabrieli, ya na ya na-amụrụ na nwa nwanne Giovanni-arụ ọrụ na uka nke St. Mark si (XVI na narị afọ), "agba?" Ukwe na-abụ abụ olu ngwa na ndị ọzọ na ngwá. Venetian School gravitated ụwa music, na mmepụta nke "Oedipus" by Sophocles na ogbo, Andrea Gabrieli n'elu music e dere, na-sample choral polyphony na-eweta n'ọdịnihu nke opera.

Atụmatụ nke German akwụkwọ

German ala tinye n'ihu site Ludwig Senfl, mma polyphonist na XVI na narị afọ, ọ bụghị ruru, Otú ọ dị, larịị nke Dutch nwe. Songs nke na-ede uri-agụ egwú si n'etiti ndị ọrụ nkà (Die Meistersinger) - bụkwa a pụrụ iche music nke Renaissance. German-arọ nābù Corporation: tinkers, shoemakers, na-akpa ákwà. E jikọọ ha n'ókèala. Onye pụtara ìhè nnọchiteanya nke Nuremberg ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ malitere abụ abụ Gans Saks (afọ nke ndụ: 1494-1576).

A mụrụ na a ezinụlọ tailors, ndụ ya niile, ọ rụrụ ọrụ shoemaker, egbu erudition na egwú na-ede akwụkwọ ọdịmma. Ọ na-agụ Bible na nkọwa ihe akwa Rọbọt Luther, maara oge ochie na-ede uri na ekele Boccaccio. Dị ka a ndiife musician, Sachs mere abụghị nke forms of polyphony, ma kere olu ụtọ nke song nkwakọba. Ha nọ nso na-agba egwú, ọ dị mfe icheta ma nwere ihe ụfọdụ na n'afọ iri na ụma. The kasị ama utom "Silver na-akụ."

Renaissance: France egwú na-arọ

French musical omenala n'ezie na-enwe a Renaissance naanị ke XVI na narị afọ, mgbe na-elekọta mmadụ ala, a kwadebere na mba.

Onye nke kasị mma nnọchiteanya bụ Kleman Zhaneken. Ọ maara na a mụrụ ya na Chatellerault (njedebe nke XV narị afọ) wee gaa na-abụ abụ-okoro ka onye dere nke eze. Of ya nkà nketa chebekwara nanị ego songs bipụtara Attenyanom. Ha 260, ma n'ezie ama akwụ site ndị gafere ule nke oge: "Birdsong", "Ịchụ nta", "Skylark", "Agha", "mkpu nke Paris". Ha na-reprinted ma na-eji ndị ọzọ maka nhazi.

Ya songs ndidi lee ma na-eyi ndị choral Mpaghara, ebe na mgbakwunye na onomatopoeia na cantilena olu were olu ugbu maka Ọnọdụ nke na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ bụ a obi ike iji chọta ụzọ ọhụrụ nke imagery.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama-arọ na France - Guillaume Boilers, Zhak Modyui, Baifa Jean Claude Lejeune, Claude Gudimel, enye music a adabako nkwakọba, nke so mee ka ndị assimilation nke music site izugbe ọha.

-Arọ nke Renaissance England

XV narị afọ na England wee ebe n'okpuru nduzi nke ọrụ Jọn Dabsteyla na XVI - Uilyama Borda. Ma nna-ukwu yiri ka ime mmụọ music. Bird malitere organist na Lincoln Cathedral, na biri ya ọrụ na Royal banye n'Ụlọ Ekpere na London. N'ihi na oge mbụ, o nwere ike ikwu na music na ndi oru itumgbere ahia. Na 1575, na mmekota na onye dere Tallis ghọrọ a monopolist na n'akwụkwọ nke musical ọrụ ndị na-emeghị ka ya uru. Ma were a ogologo oge na n'ụlọikpe ịgbachitere ha ikike onwunwe. Mgbe ọnwụ ya (1623) na ukara akwụkwọ nke uka, ọ na-akpọ "onye nchoputa nke music."

Gịnị na-hapụrụ oké arọ nke Renaissance? Bird nakwa bipụtara anthologies (Cantiones Sacrae, Gradualia) chebere ọtụtụ ihe odide, na-atụle ha kwesịrị ekwesị na anụ ụlọ ọrụ. Bipụtara mesịrị madrigals (Musica Transalpina) gosiri a oké mmetụta nke Italian authors, ma ọtụtụ pụta na motets banyere ọlaedo enweta ego nke dị nsọ music.

Spain Cristobal de Morales

The kacha mma nnọchiteanya nke Spanish music akwụkwọ gabiga Vatican, na-ekwu okwu na popu uka. Ha chere mmetụta nke Dutch na Italian authors, ya mere, nanị ole na ole jisiri ike bụrụ ama ná mba. Renaissance-arọ si Spain bu polyphonists eke choral ọrụ. Egbuke nnọchiteanya - Cristobal de Morales (XVI na narị afọ), onye ndú nke ndị parametrized na Toledo na gụrụ akwụkwọ karịa otu nwata akwụkwọ. A na-eso ụzọ nke Josquin des Prez, Cristobal privnos pụrụ iche na Usoro na usoro nke ọrụ a na-akpọ homophonic.

Ihe kasị ewu ewu na-enweta abụọ requiem Author (ikpeazụ - ise votes), nakwa dị ka Mass "An nwoke ji ọta." O dere, sị na ego na ọrụ (na cantata na nsọpụrụ nke udo nkwekorita na 1538), ma ọ na-ezo aka ya na mbụ ọrụ. N'isi n'ime ọgwụgwụ nke ndụ nke uka na Malaga a, ọ nọgidere na-ede akwụkwọ nke dị nsọ music.

kama a ọgwụgwụ

-Arọ nke Renaissance na ọrụ ha kwadebeere ae nke instrumental music nke na Asaa na narị afọ na ntoputa nke a ọhụrụ genre - na opera, nke dochie intricacies nke ọtụtụ olu na-abịa elu nke na-eduga na abụ olu ụtọ. Ha mere a ezigbo ihe itunanya na mmepe nke musical omenala na akara mmalite nke oge a na nkà.