Russia: akụkọ ihe mere eme, isi ụbọchị na ihe

N'ihi na ọtụtụ narị afọ, Russia enwetela lee njem, ma n'ikpeazụ ghọrọ alaeze nke isi obodo ya dị na Moscow.

nkenke periodization

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia malitere n'afọ 862, mgbe Novgorod rutere Viking Rurik, kwusara n'obodo a-isi. Mgbe ya nọchiri na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị center kwagara Kiev. Na mmalite nke fragmentation na Russia, ọtụtụ obodo ukwu malitere ịrụ ụka ọ bụla ọzọ maka ike ighọ a isi na East Slavic ala.

Nke a feudal oge ama etre site mbuso agha nke Mongol ìgwè ma wụnye yoke. Na ọnọdụ ndị tara akpụ nke mgbe nile na-agha na mbibi tumadi Russian obodo bụ Moscow, nke akpatre ada ọnụ Russia, me ya onwe ha. Na XV - XVI narị afọ, bụ aha a ihe gara aga. Ọ dochie okwu "Russia", edise ke Byzantine style.

E nwere ọtụtụ echiche na ajụjụ nke mgbe a ihe gara aga feudal Russia n'oge a historiography. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-eme nnyocha kweere na nke a mere na 1547, mgbe Prince Ivan were aha nke eze.

Ntoputa nke Russia

Ancient n'otu Russia, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke bụ nke malitere na IX narị afọ, bịara mgbe, mgbe ndị 882 afọ Novgorod isi Oleg meriri Kiev na mere obodo a isi obodo ya. A oge nke East Slavic ebo na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ ozuzu ịlụ (ekpocha Dregovichi, Krivichi na t. D.). Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-emegide onye ọ bụla ọzọ. The bi steppes ekpe ụtụ ahụ Khazars ọjọọ mba ọzọ.

Ya mere, ihe mbụ Kievan isi we nnọọ ọrụ n'aka na-agbalị ikpokọta niile agbụrụ obodo n'okpuru ọchịchị ya. Ịmepụta a centralized ala-enwekarị agha na esemokwu. Ka ihe atụ, Prince Igor Ryurikovich (912-945) e gburu Drevlyane, onye Ọ choro ukwuu ụtụ.

Christian Byzantium ọzọ contender, nke agha na-ekpere arụsị rus. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a ogu malitere mgbe Oleg, ya bụ onye mbụ na-achị achị Kiev wee ụgbọ mmiri nke dị n'ebe ndịda ga-esi a ụtụ ndị Gris. Ndị a njem aka iso tutu XI narị afọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ịga nke ọma, ebe ndị ọzọ, biri na ọdịda.

Doo nke Christianity

The kasị mkpa e mere na-arahụ site na Kievan rus, doo nke Christianity bụ. Nke a mere na 988, n'oge ọchịchị Vladimira Svyatoslavicha. Nke a-isi chọrọ ịhapụ na-ekpere arụsị na okwukwe na-enweta ọhụrụ allies. Nhọrọ ya dara na Christian Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium, nke kemgbe ahụ Russia mepụtara nnọọ nso mmekọahụ. Oke nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks mmetụta na mba akụkọ ihe mere eme ruo oge a na ụbọchị. Na 1054 eluigwe na ala Kraịst na chọọchị nwetara a oké ubahade, mgbe nke onyeisi ndị bishọp nke Constantinople na Pope nye onye ọ bụla ọzọ anathema. Russian ala nọgidere ekpe okpukpe, na mgbe ọdịda nke Byzantium na XV narị afọ, ọ bụ nakwa a center nke ụwa na Chọọchị Ọtọdọks.

malite fragmentation

N'okpuru Vladimir (978-1015) dị ka ndị mbụ feuds amalitela. Kievan rus 'banyere n'oge nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị fragmentation. Usoro a bụ nkịtị maka niile European ochie na-ekwu.

Chie, ọ mere n'ihi na iji nke inwe nke na-anwụ anwụ-isi nwere ịkọrọ ya ike n'etiti umu-ya ndikom, ọ bụla nke de facto ghọrọ onye ọchịchị kwụụrụ onwe. The fragmentation bụ miri akụ na ụba. Rich obodo anata ego ahia na obodo ego, ga-ebutere ka Kiev.

Ọ na-kweere na oge ochie Russia nwetara ya heyday mgbe Yaroslav nwa Vladimir (1015-1054). Ọ ikpeazụ jisiri merie ụmụnne ya na-aghọ naanị onye na-achị nke mba. Otú ọ dị, ya na ụmụ ya na ụmụ ụmụ steeti a na-esiwanye disintegrating. Isi Russia achọghị irube isi edidem nke Kiev. E nwere ọhụrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emmepe: Chernigov, Rostov, Polotsk, Galich, Smolensk, wdg ka nọgide na-pụrụ iche Veliky Novgorod, nke nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche Veche - Ndị mmadụ Assembly, nke a na-na-emegide ndị isi ike ...

XII narị afọ

Na XII narị afọ bịara kacha fragmentation nke Russia. Na 1136 Republican usoro e arụnyere na Novgorod. Site na nke a mgbe na ndị na-achị natara ike na ihe elective ndabere, ọ bụghị ketara, dị ka mba ndị ọzọ. A yiri ụkpụrụ mere Pskov. Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Russia. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ya mmepe a na-ejikọta ya na aha Yuriya Dolgorukogo (bụ onye nwụrụ na 1157). Mgbe ọ na-tọrọ ntọala site na Moscow, na ihe ndị kasị mkpa obodo na mba a uto na Suzdal.

Nwa-ya Andrew Bogolyubskii welitere ọhụrụ center - Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Nakwa na ya na 1168 isi mmekota si gafee mba jide Kiev, mgbe nke o mesịrị tụfuru ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mkpa. The fragmentation nke Russia na-esonyere mgbe agha megide na-akwagharị akwagharị bụ ndị bi n'ebe ndịda steppes. First ọ bụ Pechenegs na XII narị afọ ha ebe e weere site na Polovtsy. Turkic ebo dị iche militancy. Steppe mgbe apụnara Russia. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a ogu bụ kasị mara maka njem Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor na 1185. Akụkọ nke ọma agha kpụrụ ndabere nke kasị ochie ncheta nke Russian na-asụ akwụkwọ "Lay."

The Mongol mbuso agha

Old ụzọ nke osụhọ mgbe ebe bịara Polovtsian Mongol ìgwè. N'ala nna ha bụ Pribaikalskaya steppe. The kpara Genghis Khan meriri ọtụtụ Asia, gụnyere China. Nwa nwa ya Batu Khan wee kpọrọ mkpọsa na Europe. On ụzọ ya bu ndi-isi nke Russia.

N'ihi na fragmentation na enweghị nchikota Slavic achị ha bụ ndị na-ike ịkpọlite ndị agha na ike expostulate Mongol. Na 1237-1240 afọ. Horde emebi fọrọ nke nta niile isi Russian obodo ma e wezụga Novgorod, nke bụ kwa anya n'ebe ugwu. Kemgbe ahụ, Slavic isi ghọrọ tributary na Mongol. Na steppes nke Volga Zolotaya Orda ya e kere. Ya khans bụghị nanị anakọtara ụtụ, ma nye mkpirisi ịchị, ịgọnahụ ekwesi olu-achị achị, ọ dịghị amasị ha.

N'otu oge ahụ na Baltic States ndị Catholic agha mọnk iwu. Pope haziri agha ntụte megide ndị ọgọ mmụọ na infidels. Ya mere, e ndị Livonian Order. Ọzọ iyi egwu bụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Sweden. Na nke a na ndị ọzọ na Russian ala e weere jụrụ okwukwe. Ebido guzogidere Prince of Novgorod, Alexander. Na 1240 o meriri Agha nke Neva, na afọ abụọ mgbe e mesịrị - na Ice.

na ijikọta Russia

The Northeast na Great Russia ghọrọ center nke na-alụso Mongol. Nke a see mere obere isi Moscow. Na mbụ, ha nwere ike na-nri na-anakọta ụtụ isi niile Russian ala. N'ihi ya, ụfọdụ n'ime ego agwụ elu na Moscow àkù. Mgbe akwakọba ezu ike Dmitry Donskoy bụ na ihe na-emeghe see na khans nke Golden Horde. Na 1380, ndị agha ya meriri Mamai.

Ma, n'agbanyeghị na nke a nke ọma, ihe ọzọ na narị afọ Muscovite isi oge ụgwọ ụtụ. Nanị mgbe guzo na Ugra na 1480 yoke e mesịrị ama esịn. N'otu oge ahụ, n'okpuru Ivan III of, fọrọ nke nta niile Russian ala e jikọọ gburugburu Moscow, gụnyere Novgorod. Na 1547 nwa nwa ya, Ivan Grozny were aha nke eze, nke dị na njedebe nke akụkọ nke onye isi nke Russia na mmalite nke a ọhụrụ eze ukwu Russia.