Soviet ije: nkọwa, akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akpali eziokwu

Ịrụ nke ọhụrụ otu kwesịrị-egosi na omenala nke mba n'ozuzu na ije karịsịa. Soviet ije-arahụ site ọtụtụ nkebi nke mmepe, ọ maara na lee njem, ma ọ bụla ikpe na ọ ghọọ a ihe omume ke uwa ije. Na USSR, e nwere ọtụtụ architects kasị elu larịị, na taa ọgụgụ post-Soviet ohere, ị pụrụ ịhụ ọtụtụ masterpieces nke ụwa ọnụ. Anyị na-akọwa otú ghọrọ usoro style of Soviet ije, na otú ọ ghọrọ usoro.

Atụmatụ na aga-eme nke Soviet ije

Mgbe October mgbanwe nke 1917, ọchịchị ọhụrụ na-arụsi ọrụ malitere a mgbanwe niile na ngalaba nke ndụ. N'ihi na a mgbe niile na ọ bụghị ruo ije, ma ọ anya bịara doo anya na ọ na, kwa, kwesịrị ịrụ ihe ideological ọrụ, dị ka ihe niile ndị ọzọ nke nkà. Na dị ka afọ 20 tupu architects na-adịghị etinye na ọrụ nke na-akpụ a ọhụrụ ohere, ma na creators onwe ha chere na ike na ọ bụ oge maka n'ụdị ọhụrụ na malitere ịchọ okwu nke echiche maka mgbanwe. Ma mgbe e mesịrị Soviet ije e mere na-ejere echiche nke socialism. All art na Soviet Union bụ iji gosi na naanị ụzọ ziri ezi nke mmepe - a socialist. Nke a mere ka isi atụmatụ Soviet ije, nke mgbe nile na-isi ideological, ma na nke ikpeazụ - mara mma. Ọ bụrụ na mbụ, na creators jisiri ikpokọta ka amara echiche nke mara mma na mgbe nwayọọ nwayọọ nyere ụzọ na aesthetics nke utilitarian, na nke a mere ka a iju ke nwere nke ukwuu ije.

akụkọ ihe mere eme osisi

Mmepe nke Soviet ije gafere ọtụtụ nkebi. The si malite a onu a na-ejikọta ya na oge nke 20 - mmalite nke 30s, mgbe e nwere n'ọrụ search maka ọhụrụ iche-iche, reinvents kpochapụwo usoro nke ije. N'oge a kpụrụ isi ihe abụọ ntụziaka nke avant-garde Soviet ije: constructivism na rationalism. Ná ngwụsị nke 30s ọ na-aghọ doro anya na avant-garde bụghị na ụzọ ndị Soviet ideological omenala. Ọ na-amalite na-etolite a ọhụrụ ije, nke Aims usọrọ ịdị ukwuu na rụzuru nke socialist echiche. Mmejuputa iwu-nke echiche nke oge gbochie Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, mgbe nke a ọhụrụ oge ije. Ọ jikọtara bụghị nanị na nke mweghachi nke ebibi obodo, ma ihe e kere eke nke a ọhụrụ ohere nke ga-akwado a nwoke a n'echiche nke mpako na mba ha. Ọ bụ na nke a ideological ndabere a kpụrụ site Stalin alaeze, na ya propensity maka ọnụ ọgụgụ. Mmalite nke 60s enwe nnukwu nsogbu nke residential ije. People biri subhuman ọnọdụ, na a pụghị ikwu na post-agha nwughari. Ọ dị mkpa iji dozie nsogbu nke uka ụlọ ewu. Nsogbu a na-edozi site Ịnwetacha uru ịrụ dị ọnụ ala karịa oru ngo. Ọ bụ ọdachi maka Soviet ije. nke họọrọ bụghị ụzọ kasị mma nke mmepe wee mgbe French na ha ọtọ ụdị nke ewu.

All ihe mgbalị nke architects ghọtara gabigara ókè na-emerụ. Gịnị mere creators itinye aka na "akwụkwọ ije", ie. E. Ka ịmepụta oru ngo na-enweghị olileanya nke ịhụ mmezu. Na 80s, Soviet architects maara nke abịanụ nsogbu. N'oge a, ọ na-adịkwaghị ahụkarị, faceless oru ngo. Architecture gbanwee site nkà a dị mfe ịbịaru nkà. Ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na malitere iputa si nsogbu ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke 90s, ma ọ post-Soviet oge.

Soviet avant-garde

Ná ngwụsị nke Civil War, e nwere ajụjụ banyere mweghachi nke Moscow. Site na nke a oge na mba ije mepụtara ọhụrụ abụọ ntụziaka: constructivism na rationalism. E kere ha site pụtara ìhè architects na pụta n'ime Russian na European na omenala, ma ha hụrụ mkpa ike ọhụrụ ije nke ga-izute ọhụrụ adị n'ezie. Ezie na creators nọ na mmasị site na echiche nke na-eke a ọhụrụ ọha mmadụ na guzobere ọhụrụ, adabako mmadụ.

Constructivists edu Vesnin ụmụnna, Konstantin Melnikov, Moisei Ginzburg kweere na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ụlọ ga-ezute ọrụ. Ha jụrụ ihe continuity, isi ọrụ nyere a mfe imewe na a kacha nta nke mma. Ekele ha na Soviet avant-garde ije na enriched dị otú ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ dị ka gburugburu ụlọ K. Melnikov na Moscow, ụlọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ "Izvestia", Obí Culture ZIL, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. The direction nnọọ mma natara site architects na alaka ya ndị na Leningrad, Kharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. Na ọtụtụ ndị na obodo ndị nke mbụ USSR na taa anyị nwere ike-enwe mmasị constructivist ụlọ.

The abụọ avant-garde direction, rationalism, edu N. Ladovsky na B. Krinsky, natara a nta, mmejuputa iwu karịa constructivism. Ha na-tumadi hụrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ụlọ n'ihi nke akparamaagwa nghọta mmadụ. Ná mmalite 30-ies nke avant-garde a ghọtara ideologically ọbịa na Soviet na nkà na ngwa ngwa ọ kwụsịrị ịdị adị. Mgbe e mesịrị rationalism e "gbanwee" na echiche ya na-ọtụtụ-eji ije na 60s.

Architecture 30-40s

Ke ufọt ufọt 30s Soviet ije na-abanye a ọhụrụ oge. The ọhụrụ ike matures mkpa oke nwughari nke residential na ụlọ ọha, ndị na-ewu a ọhụrụ ụdị ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka a na saịtị maka ihe ugbo ngosi. Na-ebute ụzọ omenala usoro na ụzọ. Na isi nke traditionalist-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-akawanye magburu onwe ochie akwụkwọ Neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Retrospektivist na echiche ha, ọ na-alaghachi ka mba omume ịhụnanya nke na ogidi, pilasters, arches, wdg N'oge a, ihe ike-enwe mmetụta constructivism, kama ná mkpọda nke obodo ochie na-aghọ ihe doro anya na. Tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na mba, akpan akpan ke Moscow, e nwere a na-ewu ọganihu. ENEA apụta mgbagwoju, na State Library. Lenin, wuru ọtụtụ nke Moscow Metro ụgbọ. Na Kharkov, wuru ensemble Dzerzhinsky Square. Na Yerevan, e Government House. Na map nke USSR, ọhụrụ obodo, nke na-ezube embody echiche nke ọhụrụ ije. Ndị a bụ ndị Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Magnitogorsk, Khabarovsk. Tupu agha, banyere 170 nde na e wuru na obodo square. mita nke ụlọ. Nke nta nke nta guzobere ọhụrụ, alaeze ukwu style nke Soviet Union.

Stalin alaeze

Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ mere eme nke Soviet ije banyere ọhụrụ ogbo. O were ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe na wughachi ebibi obodo nta. Ke ufọt ufọt 40s na Soviet Union kpụrụ a abụọ mgbe constructivism "akwa style" na ije - Stalin alaeze. O jikọtara ọtụtụ ntụziaka: Classicism, Baroque, Art Deco Alaeze Ukwu. Ọ e ji mara akporo, nkpọtu, ubom. Ụlọ ke a style e mere na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị Soviet mmeri na nweta. The nnọchianya nke a style ghọrọ ama Moscow "skyscraper": Moscow State University, na nkwari akụ "Ukraine", Ministry of Foreign Affairs na ndị ọzọ. Stalin alaeze ghọrọ ọchịchị kasị style maka afọ 150, ọ gbanwere iru nke mba. Stalinist ije apụtawo na fọrọ nke nta niile obodo nke mba.

Mass residential ije

Na agha oge nnukwu ụlọ nsogbu. Ma na afọ 50 nke ya na-edu ndú nwere ike ikpebi, n'ihi ya, ọ dị mkpa iji weghachi mmepụta akụrụngwa. Ma na 60s na-eyigharị mkpebi nke ọrụ a ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dị nnọọ n'oge a wee njedebe nke oge nke Stalin na Khrushchev akpọ maka kacha belata na-eri nke residential ewu. Ọ na-butere nsogbu megide "ndị gabigara ókè nke art", a nlereanya e-atụ aro na-French ebe functionalism. N'ihi ya, e ama Cheryomushki, dị ka ihe atụ a ọhụrụ dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ke akpa nkeji iri na ise anyị ga-abụ ndị ihe na-elekọta mmadụ akụrụngwa na ụlọ ga-enye a kacha nta ebe kwa bi.

Architecture 60-80s

Ebe ọ bụ na afọ 60-ies amalite a oke eruba-akara ewu ọkọlọtọ ụlọ. N'obodo nile na obodo nta nke Soviet Union na e nwere ụlọ si ike ihe nkọwa. Construction bụ ngwa ngwa, ndị mmadụ na-ụlọ. Ma iji okwu "ije" ụlọ siri ike, ebe ọ bụ na ụlọ ahụ kpamkpam featureless na edo. Ya mere, ndị ije nke Soviet district nke ọkọlọtọ imewe ọ bụla obodo bụ dị ka abụọ peas na a pod yiri ọzọ niile. Nke ahụ bụ banyere ya na-achị ọchị film director Eldar Ryazanov na film "asusu nke Fate." The oke ewu na-agha megide ụkpụrụ ụlọ extravagances ada ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na 80 nke afọ nke onu nke Soviet ije ghọọ ihe ọ bụla. N'ezie, e nwere ụfọdụ creators na ụlọ kwesịrị ntị, ma n'ozuzu ije bụ na miri emi nsogbu. Akpali mmasị, ndị bi ụkpụrụ ụlọ creativity mgbe akpụ akpụ site na isi ala anāchi achi na Federal Republic.

"Akwụkwọ" ije

Na 80s, mgbe ukara ije nke Soviet oge n'ime nsogbu, e nwere a pụrụ iche onu. Young architects n'oge ahụ ike ịgụ bụghị naanị na mmejuputa echiche ha, ma, ọbụna na ha kwadoro. Ya mere, ha kere oru na akwụkwọ, na-emekarị na-eziga ha dị iche iche si mba ọzọ asọmpi na-emeri nwa anụmanụ. Na mpaghara ebe a na-amalite otu ọgbọ nke ọma architects. Bụ founders nke ije A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, Mikhail Belov, YU AVVAKUMOV, M. Kharitonov. The architects mepụtara ha style of eweta echiche. Ebe ọ bụ na ha bụ ndị obi ike na oru ngo ga-ghọtara, ha lekwasịrị anya visual ngosi nke echiche. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a architects na mmụọ nsọ site echiche n'oge ochie, ọ bụ ezie na ike futuristic aghụghọ.

The kacha mma architects nke USSR

Soviet ije ke akpa ọkara nke ya akụkọ ihe mere eme mepụtara ekele na creativity nke architects-amụrụ na-etolite ọbụna alaeze ukwu ugboro. Ozugbo ọgbọ a na-arahụ, na-abịa a mkpirikpi oge nke udo. Ma n'oge na-adịghị na-etolite ọhụrụ ìgwè nke architects onye wetara echiche ọhụrụ na ịma aka ndị ọhụrụ. Ụfọdụ ndị kasị mma architects nke USSR ọkachamara na-ekwu K. Melnikova, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev. Ndị a constructivists mejupụtara a n'ezie mpako nke mba anyị ke uwa ije. Ọ bụkwa n'etiti ndị kasị mma ụlọ ije bụ N. Ladovsky, Rerberg, Vesnin ụmụnna, Alexander Krasovsky. Great onyinye guzobe otu ihe oyiyi nke ọtụtụ Soviet obodo nwere I. Zholtovsky, VN Semenov, AN Dokuchaev lofan B., B. Krinsky. Na Soviet ugboro, anyị kpụrụ-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-nwere ohere ịgbanwe post-Soviet ohere mgbe nhazigharị. Otu n'ime ha ọ bụ uru banyere Utkin, A. Brodsky, Yuri Grigoryan.

na-akpali eziokwu

Soviet-oge ije jupụtara na-akpali ihe ma na eziokwu. Ya mere, gburugburu ụlọ K. Melnikov bụ onye nke kasị mma n'ụwa Constructivist ncheta. Pụtara ìhè zuru ụwa ọnụ-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Le Korbyuze gara Moscow ugboro atọ, kpalie echiche ọhụrụ. Na 30s nnukwu oru ngo nke Soviet ije e kere - Obí Soviet, bụ ndị toro ogologo na-400 mita, 100 ala. Mejuputa ya, ọ e blown site Christ Onye Nzọpụta Cathedral, ma ghọtara na plan bụ.