Sphagnum bogs - a ụdị Wetland o tinyere n'oru. Sphagnum peat opitoropi

Na ọnọdụ latitudes tumadi na osisi na tundra mpaghara a kpụrụ dị umu Wetland o tinyere n'oru ka sphagnum bogs. The kpagburuibe ahịhịa na ha - sphagnum akpaetu, n'ihi nke ha nwetara ha aha.

nkọwa

Ọ bogs, nke na-tumadi na-emepụta iru mmiri larịị. Si n'elu ha na-kpuchie na a oké oyi akwa nke sphagnum (ọcha akpaetu), nwere nnọọ elu ikike. Ọ na-ọma propagated, dị ka a na-achị, na ebe e nwere a oyi akwa nke humus.

N'okpuru a ahịhịa bụ acidic, ogbenye mmiri mejupụtara na a nnọọ ala ọdịnaya nke oxygen. Ọnọdụ ndị dị otú bụ kpamkpam ekwesighi maka ndụ nke kasị ndụ ntule, nke na-agụnye bacteria na ire ure. Ya mere, dara osisi, pollen, organic bekee na-adịghị akadiahade, ẹnịm n'elu millennia.

umu

Sphagnum bogs nwere ike dị iche iche anya. ha na-enwekarị a convex udi, t. Iji. akpaetu na-etolite ọzọ ike nso center, ebe mmiri salinity karịsịa ala. Na mpụta nke ọnọdụ ya amụba ndị na-erughị mma. Mgbe ụfọdụ, e nwere ewepụghị ekara marshes. A iche na-oké ọhịa na unregenerated.

The mbụ e ji mara nke ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Europe na Siberia, ebe a akpọ continental idụhe. Treeless sphagnum bogs dị na ọzọ iru mmiri ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ndị ọzọ e ji mara ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'ógbè nke European ókèala.

Mmalite sphagnum bogs

Ọ hụrụ na onye bụbu marshes kpụrụ n'elu 400 nde afọ gara aga. Modern sphagnum peat opitoropi - bụ n'ihi nke a ogologo evolushọn. Mgbe ice ọgbọ ha na-mmiri ebe, isi na peat na-akpụ osisi nke na-ahịhịa na akpaetu. Formation peaty Ona ịkpata ihe acidic gburugburu ebe obibi. The na mmekọrịta nke dị iche iche geological, anụ ahụ na obodo ihe mere Sushi waterlogging ma ọ bụ nwayọọ nwayọọ overgrowth ọdọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime marshes malitere na-agba: ha nri bụ kpam kpam n'ihi na ọdịda.

Sphagnum bogs na-ejupụta na mmiri na ihe ndị yiri na oghere. The ọdịda dịghị ịnweta salts, ka ndị dị otú ahụ swamps bi osisi na-emegharị ka ụkọ nri: tumadi sphagnum mosses, grasses na obere osisi.

peat guzobere

Dead osisi ahụ na-akpọkọtara kwa afo sphagnum bogs, na-etolite a pụtara nnukwu n'ígwé nke organic bekee. Nke nta nke nta, ha na-agbanwe ghọọ peat. Usoro a na-enwe mmetụta ụfọdụ ọnọdụ: oké mmiri mmiri, ala okpomọkụ na fọrọ nke nta ezu enweghị oxygen. Foduru nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ osisi na-dịghị ebibi mgbe retaining ya udi na ọbụna pollen. Site n'ịmụ peat samples, ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike ikpebi otú idụhe mepụtara na mpaghara, nakwa dị ka oké ọhịa mgbanwe mere.

Sphagnum bogs echekwa akwa mee nke peat, nke na-eje ozi nwoke ka a mmanụ ụgbọala, ya mere ha na-nke akụ na ụba dị mkpa.

sphagnum akpaetu

Akara ererimbot ọrụ ke ahịhịa bogs arụ sphagnum akpaetu. Ọ nwere nnọọ peculiar Ọdịdị. Reniform sprig enịm n'elu nke azuokokoosisi, ya ala akụkụ - whorls nke ogologo alaka ndokwa horizontally. Epupụta na-ekewet nke dị iche iche na mkpụrụ ndụ, nke ụfọdụ n'ime anamde ụfọdụ dị mkpa na ọrụ na e dere chlorophyll. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ bụ ihe efu, colorless na ibu na-oche nke mmiri dị ka a ogbo na-amịkọrọ a plurality of site oghere nyere ke shei. Ha ogide dum elu nke mpempe akwụkwọ ¾. Ruru ha otu akụkụ sphagnum ike nke na-adọrọ mmiri. Akpaetu na-enye ezigbo kwa afọ ibu, naanị n'otu afọ, o na-etolite ruo 6-8 cm.

Osisi ndị ọzọ na-sphagnum bogs

On akpaetu kapet nwere ike na-eto eto na osisi nke rhizome bụ vetikal ma ọ bụ ubé mmasị. Nke a bụ tumadi owu ahịhịa, sedge, cloudberries, berry, na ụfọdụ osisi, onye alaka nwere ike adventitious mgbọrọgwụ, mgbe ala akụkụ-amalite na-ezo na oké akpaetu. Ndị a na osisi nakwa akọ Heather, rosemary, Dwarf birch na t. D. kranberị-agbasa n'elu akpaetu ogologo lashes, sundew kwa afọ forms a rosette doo dina ute sphagnum. E nwere ebe a na ụfọdụ herbaceous osisi Russia: sphagnum bogs bi sundew, bladderwort, sedge. Ka e lie sphagnum akpaetu, ha niile na-elu elu ịkwaga ha n'ókè nke ibu. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime osisi dị iche mkpụmkpụ na obere Evergreen epupụta.

Of osisi na apiti ị pụrụ mgbe mgbe ahụ a osisi. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị anya dị nnọọ iche karịa onye na-eto eto na Bor omume. Ogwe nke osisi, nke na-etolite n'ala akọrọ ndị na-emekarị gịrịgịrị, oké. Marsh na-stunted pine (ọ dịghị ihe karịrị abụọ mita elu), ntugheriukwu. Ya obere agịga na obere cones na niile. The cross-ngalaba nke a mkpa ogwe ị pụrụ ịhụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke-enwe kwa afọ yiri mgbaaka.

Osisi na-ebi pine-sphagnum bogs, nwere adventitious mgbọrọgwụ. Ya mere, ha ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-tojuru peat. -Ahụ onwe ha mmiri, mgbọrọgwụ ike agaghịkwa ọkọnọ doo zuru ezu mmiri mmiri, na-eme ka pine kpọnwụọ na-anwụ anwụ.

Iji marshes nwoke

Great uru dị ka a peat opitoropi ego na isi mmalite, na-eji dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, nakwa dị ka a ike isi iyi nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi. Ke adianade do, peat eji na agriculture: ọ na-aga ka fatịlaịza, eji ehi ura maka anụ ụlọ. Na ụlọ ọrụ, e mere ya nke-egbochi ihe mbadamba, dị iche iche na ọgwụ (methyl mmanya, paraffin, creosote na dị ka. D.).

Akụ na ụba dị mkpa upland sphagnum bogs, nke bụ isi locus nke beri bushes: kranberị, cloudberry, blueberries.

Ịkpata anthropogenic mmetụta

Na-adịbeghị anya, akụ na ụba ọrụ, nke na-eduga ndị mmadụ swamps ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ebe, na-akpata a mgbanwe nke ala opitoropi ahịhịa. Mmetụta ndị a ga-ekewet agwụ swamps, ọkụ ọgbụgba, grazing, na-egbutu osisi gasket okporo ụzọ na paịpụ. Osisi marshes nso ulo oru emmepe, mgbe mgbe, na-ata ahụhụ site na ikuku na ala obibi.

Ikpochapụ na glades quarterly so site na-egbutu pine, nke na-eduga na uto nke Wetland o tinyere n'oru osisi, sonyeere birch. Sphagnum akpaetu na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie brievymi.

Dị ka a n'ihi nke ọkụ, nke na-erukwa na oge nke oké ọkọchị, ahịhịa oké ike ọgwụgwụ na-adị. Na saịtị ndị a na-ala opitoropi n'elu kpuchie a nnukwu ego nke ash, nke na-emepụta a idobere nke ịnweta nri. Nke a na-eduga ná eziokwu na na ebe nke na-amalite ọkụ n'ụba na-eto eto owu ahịhịa, andromeda, bluuberi, ọhịa rosemary na birch egosi.

Agwụ swamps ekenịmde ka peat, ugbo ojiji, ọhịa cultivation, na na. D. a na-ebelata larịị nke subsoil mmiri, ịzụlite oxidative Filiks na mineralization nke organic bekee. All a na-eduga ná a gụnyere ya ná peat ego, na-ebuwanye ibu nke birch. Berry na cloudberries na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ nọchie owu ahịhịa, sphagnum akpaetu - oké ọhịa.

Nwoke ọ bula mmetụta na ala opitoropi na-eduga ná mgbanwe kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke dum odida obodo, na-emecha ka a mebiri nke na ebe obibi itule ke uwa.