The agba nke ọgidigi azụ. spinal ọrụ

spinal usoro a na-ewere ndị kasị ochie nke ahụ ebe. Uka nke akụkụ a nke ihe okenye bụ banyere 34-38 N'ime progression of Central òkè nke ụjọ usoro n'oge mmalite ruru n'etiti size nke ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ gbanwere na ihu ọma nke mbụ. Ọzọ, na-elerukwu anya, ihe owuwu, nke rụrụ ọrụ.

General usoro ndu

The ọgidigi azụ bụ a cylindrical ahụ nke oge ufodu udi. Ogologo-ya na ndị ikom na - banyere 45, nwanyi - 41-42 cm E nwere dị iche iche na ngalaba nke ọgidigi azụ .. Onye ọ bụla ahụ òkè nwere dị iche iche akụkụ. N'ihi ya, obi òkè nwere a sagittal akụkụ (na ụgbọelu nke azụ afo) - banyere 8 mm. The n'obosara nke ebe a - 10 mm. Ndim amalite e ebe II-III nke (n'olu). Ná nkebi a na dayameta esịmde 13-14 mm. N'ihi ya sagittal size - 9 mm. Na ngalaba, nke si na-akpa na-abụọ lumbar sacral papaịrọs n'obosara nke banyere 12 mm. Sagittal ya size - 9 mm. The dum ekewa akụkụ ụfọdụ (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgidigi azụ agba ga-ọkọnọ n'okpuru). Next tụlee Ọdịdị nke ahụ constituent ọcha.

ọgidigi azụ agba: ịbịaru, a nkọwa nke

Ozu ka yiri onye ọ bụla ọzọ (homomorphic) akụkụ. Ọgidigi azụ agba na-ejikọrọ na-eduzi akwara na a ụfọdụ ebe ke idem. Na ogologo nke a akpan akpan ebe nke ahụ bụ dị iche iche. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgidigi azụ agba - 31. dịghị ọcha coccygeal mpaghara. Na ugbu Ọdịdị:

• The lumbar agba (5).
• Sacral (5).
• Ara (12).
• Coccygeal (1).
• The agba nke cervical spain (8).

Ke akpatre akụkọ ihe 23,2% nke ogologo nke dum Ọdịdị. Kasị (56.4%) ogide thoracic agba. 7.3% nke ogologo akụkọ maka sacral ebe. ọgidigi azụ agba externally bụ n'azụ na n'ihu nri nwetụ iyuzucha stubs - akwara Filiks. Ọ ga-kwuru na ihe owuwu anaghị jupụta dum ọwa. Na nke a, na ọkpụkpụ azụ agba dị elu karịa otu aha vertebrae. Ihe dị iche n'etiti onye na abụọ na-abawanye site n'elu rue ala.

ebe

Onye mgbanwe skeletopy saịtị. Ka ihe atụ, ala n'ógbè lumbar òkè nwere ike positioned okenye na ala atọ na nke ahụ XI thoracic vertebrae na diski n'etiti mbụ na nke abụọ lumbar vertebrae. Na njikọ na nke a na-ele kpọmkwem mma. Ọ bụrụ na elu stubs ịgbatị na transverse direction, na gbadakwuru ọwa, na elu mmepụta ikwu na input òkè nke intervertebral foramen. Adịbeghị anya ọcha ekwesị agbasaghị ebe dị n'okpuru larịị na nke ọgidigi azụ agwụ. All a gbara njedebe doo filament. Ọ na-akpọ "ponytail".

filum terminale

The abụọ mmewere nke lumbar ọgidigi azụ rida a pụrụ iche rudimentary akụziri. Ọ na-akpọ "na eri ọgwụgwụ." Ọ na-kpụrụ tumadi pịa mater. Na ọtụtụ n'ime ya elu mpaghara e nwere akwara mkpụrụ ndụ. End eri bụ nke abụọ iche iche. O nwere ike ịbụ esịtidem. Na nke a na ọ gbatịrị na meninges ka a abụọ vertebra na sacrum. Ọgwụgwụ yarn nwere ike mpụga. Na nke a, ọ bụghị naanị nke abụọ vertebra nke coccyx. The elu na eri ọkacha mma mejupụtara iso connective emep uta eri. The n'ime ọgwụgwụ nwere a na eri ogologo banyere 16, na elu - 8 cm.

dissymmetry

ọgidigi azụ agba na-adịghị kpamkpam symmetrical. Na-ahaghị nhata na ọkwa dị iche iche nke orùrù nke mgbọrọgwụ hụrụ na ogbo nke na-amalite amalite na mmepe. Mgbe ọmụmụ nke dissymmetry dị ka oge na-abawanye. Ọ na ihe doro anya na thoracic ebe. Na dorsal mgbọrọgwụ dissymmetry ọzọ bụ akpọ karịa na n'ihu. O doro anya na, a onu bụ n'ihi na iche iche na akpụkpọ muscle innervation nke ekpe na nri n'akụkụ nke toso.

The esịtidem atụmatụ nke ndị ọcha

Ka anyị tụlee-enyocha Ọdịdị nke ahụ ọgidigi azụ nke. Onye ọ bụla mmewere bụ ugbu diski - efere dị ịgbasapụ. N'ogo nke akụkụ a na-akpọ neuronal njikọ. Ọnọdụ ha nwekwara ịgbasapụ. N'etiti discs e nwere vetikal neuronal njikọ. N'ihi ya, ndị ọcha nwere ike na-anọchi anya na ụdị efere nke tojupụtara. Ha, n'aka, merged interneuron njikọ. Na guzobe nke ihu mgbọrọgwụ na-aka axons nke mkpụrụ ndụ kwekọrọ ekwekọ mpụta mpi ọgidigi azụ. Ha na-ebu preganglionic ọmịiko na efferent moto emep uta eri; na dorsal mgbọrọgwụ nwere afferent Ọdịdị. Ha bụ Filiks ganglion akwara ozi. Ngụkọta ego ugbu ke dorsal mgbọrọgwụ emep uta eri - banyere 1 nde nke ọ bụla n'akụkụ; ọcha n'ihu achọpụtara na mgbagwoju nke banyere 200 000. Dị ka ọ na-enyo ruru nke 5: 1. The nnochite anya

anụ ọhịa njupụta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke dorsal mgbọrọgwụ ndị emep uta eri na nọ na n'ihu, ọ bụghị otú akpọ. Ihe atụ, na ụmụ oke, ruru nke 2.5 oke na nkịta: 1. Nke a, ya mere, na-egosi otu n'ime evolutionary ihe nakawa etu esi nke mmepe nke ụjọ usoro nke vertebrates. Ọ dabeere n'eziokwu na guzobe nke input ọwa na-arụ ọrụ karị ka ngwụsị izu. Na nke ikpeazụ na-ọzọ mụ. The nọmba nke akwara ozi na posterior na ihu mgbọrọgwụ n'otu spinal nke agbasaghị ịdị iche iche. Ihe dị iche nwere ike ịbụ na- 59% nke owuwu n'akụkụ ebe ha igu obere.

isi awọ okwu

The cross-sectional udi o yiri urukurubụba nku igosipụta ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ozi N. E nwere n'azụ, n'ihu na akụkụ mpi. Ha udi dịgasị tinyere ọgidigi azụ. Na saịtị, a mmachi mpụta na posterior mpi, bụ ndị reticular guzobere nke ntupu ụdị. Gray okwu-ewe ihe dị 5 cm ³ (banyere 17.8%) nke mkpokọta olu nke ọgidigi azụ. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akwara ozi ugbu a na ọ bụ banyere ihe 13.5 nde. Ha dị n'otu atọ iche iche: intercalary, doo, radicular. Gray Ihe bụ a pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ Ọdịdị. Ebe a, tọrọ ụfọdụ nke ọrụ nke ọgidigi azụ. Iyatesịt nke na-abịa tinyere afferent esiwọrọ ekele njikọ nwere ike na-ebe ma na downlink na uplink direction. Ha, ha ochred akpasu nile moto omume.

ọcha okwu

O nwere a ntule, commissural na associative nural ụzọ. Nke ikpeazụ bụ ibé inyịme circumferentially awọ Ọdịdị, site ọgidigi azụ. Commissural ụzọ kpụrụ ọcha ọgọ. Ọ dị n'agbata n'ihu n'etiti nchawa na isi awọ okwu (site na ijikọta ya halves). Ntule ụzọ (n'ala (efferent) na-arịgo (afferent))-ekwurịta okwu na ụbụrụ.

ọbara esenyịn

ọbara ọkọnọ a rụrụ ọtụtụ vaskụla netwọk. Ha wezuga na elu nke subclavian, thyroid na vertebral akwara. Ọzọkwa agbanye ịgbatị si òkè ebe abụọ na nke atọ na ngalaba nke ọgidigi azụ. Na nke a mpaghara, ọbara ọkọnọ si alaka nke aorta. Ihe karịrị iri isii paired radicular akwara, nke na-guzobere gburugburu oghere intervertebral dị iche obere (150-200 micrometers) n'obosara. Ha na-enye ọbara naanị mgbọrọgwụ, na shei n'akụkụ ya. The nri, n'ezie, nke ọgidigi azụ aka banyere 5-9 isi akwara (400-800 mm) caliber. All nile nke okpu ụdị. Ha na-abanye na ọwa na ọkwa dị iche iche site na nri, ndị fọdụrụ site onu. Ha kpọrọ akwara ogwe ma ọ bụ azụ-medullary. Number nke kacha n'ime ha niile. Tọhapụrụ atọ vaskụla akwa:

• Upper ma ọ bụ cervico-dorsal. O nwere a mpaghara ebe e nwere agba nke ọgidigi azụ C1 - Th3.
• Intermediate ma ọ bụ nkezi. Ọ na-agụnye ngalaba Th4-Th8.
• Lower. Ọ nourishes n'ógbè n'okpuru Th9 nke larịị.

Ihu spinal akwara gbatịrị nanị ole na ole iberibe nke ihe owuwu. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-adịghị na-anọchi anya na a otu arịa. Ọ bụ a yinye multiple anastomoses radicular-medullary nnukwu akwara. Ọbara na ihu spinal akwara aga dị iche iche ntụziaka. Na elu ngalaba - si n'elu na ala, na n'etiti - na ala elu, na ala - na ala.

isi ihe aga-eme

E nwere isi ihe abụọ ọrụ nke ọgidigi azụ. The mbụ - a mpiaji, nke abụọ - conduction. Onye ọ bụla nke a na-ejikọta ya na ụfọdụ akụkụ na-ana achi achi ọrụ ha na arụmọrụ. Ka ihe atụ, sacral ọcha bụ ụkwụ na pelvic akụkụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ nke ndị a ebe nke ahu. Otu ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ thoracic nke interacts na mkpa akụkụ na uru. Upper ọcha jikọtara isi na aka. Mpiaji ọrụ nke ọgidigi azụ ndị dị mfe na-aghọ nkọ pụta ụwa okike. A na-agụnye, akpan akpan, na-agụnye omume mgbu - a nwoke akwusila n'aka ya, n'ihi na ihe atụ. Ọzọkwa a, Atiya na-mara ikpere-jerk mmeghachi omume. Na ngosipụta nke ndị a Jeremaya mere, ụbụrụ ike isonye. Nke a Ozizi owụt a nkịtị ahụmahụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. Na enweghị a frog isi ime ma nke siri ike na-adịghị ike mgbu stimuli. Conductive ọgidigi azụ nchọ na usu nnyefe. Nke mbụ, ọ na-aga. Uplink ụzọ na-akwadoghị akwado ọkọkpọhi ka ụbụrụ, ma si n'ebe ahụ zitere dị ka a reverse iwu ka ọ bụla ikike. N'ihi na nke a waya njikọ gosiri, ọ bụla echiche ọrụ: na-, na-aga, bilie, inwego, ịkpụ, na-agba ọsọ, otutu, ise. Dị ka-eduzi nke ọgidigi azụ ọrụ hụ na mmejuputa iwu nke omume na ndị mmadụ anaghị achọpụta, ka ụbọchị ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ.

mpụta mpi

A ọcha nwere onwe ha ọrụ. Mpụta mpi (etiti ebe na agba ntụ okwu) na-mere ndokwa ọmịiko autonomic ụjọ cell Ọdịdị. Na ha nyeere ya aka, na mmekọrịta na esịtidem akụkụ. Ndị a mkpụrụ ndụ Filiks nke ejikọrọ na ihu mgbọrọgwụ. Nke a mpaghara a kpụrụ site n'ụzọ: na agba nke elu abụọ ngalaba nke ọgidigi azụ bụ reticular region - a ùkwù a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke irighiri akwara na na-metụtara ebe nke cortical ebighị na ụbụrụ na mpiaji ọrụ. Arụ Ọrụ nke isi awọ na-acha ọcha okwu ibé, n'ihu na dorsal mgbọrọgwụ akpọ mpiaji mmeghachi omume. Sami-aghọ nkọ otú a na-akpọ, site definition, Pavlov, unconditioned.

The arịgo ụzọ

Front ụdọ ọcha okwu bụ a ọtụtụ ụzọ, ọ bụla nke rụrụ otu ọrụ kpọmkwem:

• Corticospinal (pyramidal n'ihu) bụ maka na nyefe nke moto gboo si ụbụrụ cortex ka n'ihu na dorsal mpi.
• Front spinothalamic enye tactile uche.
• The doo Leventhal na Gel'd - ọcha okwu esiwọrọ gēke vestibular nuclei 8 ụzọ abụọ nke cranial akwara moto akwara ozi na a n'ihu mpi.
• Tectospinal ụzọ Nleta a echebe mpiaji, nke a na-ejikọta ya na a visual ma ọ bụ auditory stimuli. Nke a na-emezu site nkwurịta okwu emmepe n'okpuru visual cortex na ụbụrụ na nuclei na ihu mpi.
• Longitudinal doo enye nchikota na ndị ọzọ na ocular mọzụlụ, site nkịtị elu agba nke ọgidigi azụ na gbọmgbọm.
• Ndụk ụzọ gbatịrị miri-akwadoghị akwado uche. N'ihi bụ a echiche nke ahụ mmadụ. The pulses gabiga spinothalamic, tectospinal na cortico-spinal kanaal.

agbadata ụzọ

ọkụ nyefe si cortex na ụbụrụ isi awọ okwu na ihu mpi ebu site mpụta cortico-spinal kanaal. Krasnoyaderno cerebrospinal ụzọ na-enye akpaka ukpụhọde nke Akwara ụda ma ije na a ụbụrụ larịị. Nke a ọwa na-emi odude ke iso mpụta-pyramidal. Site krasnoyaderno cerebrospinal ụzọ n'akụkụ spinnotalamichesky spinnomozzhechkovy n'akụkụ ma n'azụ.

afọ atụmatụ

Nwa Oge mgbanwe nchegbu ma Ọdịdị nke ahụ ọgidigi azụ, na ya nke ukwuu. Na nkera nke abụọ nke nwa ebu n'afọ na mmepe oge akara ụfọdụ ngwa ngwa ya uto. Karịsịa, ọ lags n'azụ mmepe nke spinal kọlụm. Na ọ na-aga na ogologo oge oge. Na ụmụ ọhụrụ ụbụrụ cone-emi odude ke atọ lumbar vertebra, na-agwụ na onye okenye na mbụ ma ọ bụ abụọ. N'oge dum oge nke ibu n'ogologo nke ihe owuwu a na ụba 2.7 p. Nke a na-advantageously nwetara ekele thoracic agba. Ibu Ọdịdị enwekwu banyere 6-7 ugboro. The uto nke na-acha ọcha ma chaa isi awọ okwu nke ọgidigi azụ na-aga zuru ezu mkpumkpu. The olu na-ụba na mbụ 14 na nke abụọ - 5 ugboro. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ya segmental unit development na dechara tupu ntule nke akwara ụzọ.

Ná mmechi

N'etiti ọgidigi azụ na ụbụrụ, Central ụjọ usoro, niile akụkụ na aka na ụkwụ nke a nwoke ka a pụrụ iche nkekọ. Ọ na-atụle a "dream robots". Iji ụbọchị, ọ dịghị onye, ọbụna ihe ndị kasị elu robot apụghị ịrụ niile kwere omume na-eme na mmegharị, nke bụ isiokwu a ndu organism. A nke oge a ígwè ọrụ na-kenyere ịrụ kpọmkwem ihe aga-eme. Ọtụtụ mgbe a ígwè ọrụ na-eji na-akpaghị aka nzukọ-akara mmepụta. ọgidigi azụ uka dị ka a pasent nke dị iche iche na-anọchite anya nke anụmanụ ụwa dị iche iche ụkpụrụ. Ka ihe atụ, frog - 45, mbe - 120, òké - 36, macaque - 12 nkịta - 18, na ụmụ mmadụ na - 2. Ke ọgidigi azụ Ọdịdị nnọọ n'ụzọ doro anya pụta ìhè nkịtị imewe atụmatụ na ihe nakawa etu esi nke Central ụjọ usoro ebe.