The chemical Njirimara nke ethylene glycol, e ji mara. Dihydric mmanya. ethers nke ethylene glycol

The kasị mara na eji na ndụ mmadụ na ulo oru bekee nke na udi nke polyols - bụ ethylene glycol na glycerol. Ha na-amụ na-eji malitere ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga, ma Njirimara ndị a organic ogige na ọtụtụ ụzọ pụrụ iche na-pụrụ iche na-eme ka ha dị oké mkpa n'oge a. The polyols eji na ọtụtụ chemical syntheses, ọrụ na ebe nke mmadụ ọrụ.

The mbụ "mmata" na ethylene glycol na glycerol: The Story of nnata

Na 1859 afọ, na a abụọ nzọụkwụ usoro dibromoethane mmekọrịta silver acetate na ụdi ọgwụgwọ na potassium hydroxide nwetara na mmeghachi omume mbụ nke ethylene glycol, Sharl Vyurts mbụ synthesized glycol. Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, anyị mepụtara usoro kpọmkwem hydrolysis dibromoethane, ma na ihe ulo oru ọnụ ọgụgụ ná mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ dihydric mmanya 1,2-dihydroxy ethane, o - monoethylene glycol, ma ọ bụ a glycol, nwetara site hydrolysis nke ethylene na United States.

Iji ụbọchị, ma na ụlọ ọrụ na na laabu eji a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ ụzọ, ọhụrụ na ndị ọzọ ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na ngwaọrụ na ume echiche, na environmentally friendly kemgbe ojiji nke reagents nwere ma ọ bụ atọhapụ chlorine, toxins, carcinogens, na ndị ọzọ na emebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ụmụ mmadụ umi na-ebelata na mmepe nke "green" onwu.

Ọgwụ Carl Vilgelmom Sheele na 1779 glycerol e meghere, na kpọmkwem mejupụtara nke ogige e mụọ na 1836 Teofil Zhul Peluso. Iri afọ abụọ mgbe e mesịrị ọ chọpụtara na ebe molekụla Ọdịdị nke triatomic mmanya na ihe odide nke Pierre Eugene Marseleya Berthelot na Charles Wurtz. N'ikpeazụ, ọbụna na afọ iri abụọ mgbe Sharl Fridel nwere ngụkọta njikọ nke glycerol. Ugbu a, ụlọ ọrụ na-eji abụọ na usoro maka ya nkwadebe: na allyl chloride si propylene na via acrolein. Chemical Njirimara etilengilikolya ka glycerin na ọtụtụ-eji dị iche iche ubi nke chemical mmepụta.

Structure na a compound nke Ọdịdị

Na isi nke molekul bụ ethylene unsaturated hydrocarbon ọkpụkpụ, esịnede abụọ carbon atọm nke abụọ nkekọ ruptured. Na vacated ohere valence na carbon atọm sonyeere abụọ hydroxyl iche iche. Ethylene usoro - C ₂ H _4, mgbe agbawa cranes njikọ na-ekekọta nke hydroxyl otu (site multiple nkebi), ya anya ka a C ₂ H ₄ (OH) _2. Nke a bụ ethylene glycol.

ethylene molekul ji a linear Ọdịdị, mgbe dihydric mmanya nwere otu myirịta trans konfigurtsii na pụrụ isi chọta nke hydroxyl iche iche na-akwanyere ndị carbon idé na onye ọ bụla ọzọ (n'ụzọ zuru ezu itinye na okwu na a ọnọdụ ikwu na multiple nkekọ). Ndị dị otú ahụ na eze kwekọrọ na remote ọnọdụ nke hydrogens nke ọtọ iche iche, ala ike, na ya mere - kacha usoro kwụsie ike. Nanị tinye, otu OH-otu "anya" elu, na ndị ọzọ na - ala. N'otu oge ahụ na-ejighị n'aka compound na abụọ hydroxyl iche iche: na otu carbon atọm na-etolite a mmeghachi omume ngwakọta, ozugbo ahụ ha dehydrate, baa aldehydes.

nhazi ọkwa affiliation

Chemical Njirimara nke ethylene glycol kpebisiri ike site malitere site na otu esịnede polyhydric alcohols, ya bụ subgroups diols, i.e. ogige abụọ hydroxyl moieties on n'akụkụ carbon atọm. Umi, nakwa nwere ọtụtụ OH-substituents, na bụ glycerin. O nwere atọ mmanya ọtọ otu, na bụ ihe kasị nkịtị nnọchiteanya nke ya subclass.

Ọtụtụ ogige nke a na klas na-na-na-akwadebe na-eji na chemical ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche dị syntheses na ndị ọzọ na nzube ya, ma were nke ethylene glycol nwere a oké njọ ruo n'ókè na-etinye aka ná nta niile ọrụ. Nke a ga-atụle ihe zuru ezu n'okpuru.

anụ ahụ nkọwa

The ojiji nke ethylene glycol n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ụfọdụ Njirimara na ndị pụta ụwa polyhydric alcohols. Nke a pụrụ iche atụmatụ pụrụ iche a na klas nke organic ogige.

Ihe kacha mkpa Njirimara nke - bụ na-akparaghị ókè miscibility na H ₂ O. Water + ethylene glycol enye a ngwọta na a pụrụ iche mma: okpomọkụ nke ya kefriza ebe, dabere na ịta nke diol n'okpuru 70 degrees, karịa ọcha distillate. Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na a na-abụghị linear nduzi, na n'elu-eru a na-quantitative glycol amalite abụghị mmetụta - kefriza okpomọkụ na-amụba site na-amụba na pasent nke solute. Nke a na atụmatụ e etinyere na mmepụta nke dị iche iche antifirizi mmiri "nezamerzaek" nke crystallize na oké ala thermal e ji mara nke gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ma e wezụga na mmiri ahụ, mgbasa usoro na-ewe ebe ahụ n'ụzọ zuru okè na-aba n'anya na acetone, ma na-adịghị hụrụ paraffin, benzene, ether na carbon tetrachloride. N'ụzọ dị iche na ndi nna nna ya aliphatic - a gaseous umi dị ka ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol - bụ a syrupy, translucent, na a nta tinge nke odo mmiri mmiri, sweetish uto, na uncharacteristic ísì ụtọ, ihe fọrọ nonvolatile. Juruoyi pụtara na otu narị percent ethylene glycol - 12.6 degrees Celsius na esi - na 197,8. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, njupụta bụ 1.11 g / cm ^3.

ụzọ nke nkwadebe

Ethylene glycol pụrụ inweta na ọtụtụ ụzọ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha taa nwere nanị akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ preparative uru, na ndị ọzọ na ọtụtụ-eji mmadụ na ihe ulo oru ọnụ ọgụgụ, ma ọ bụghị naanị. Esonụ n'usoro ha si mee, ka anyị tụlee ihe ndị kasị mkpa.

Ọ na-ama ndị mbụ usoro maka nkwadebe nke ethylene glycol si dibromoethane a kọwara. Formula ethylene abụọ nkekọ gbajiri, na free valence na ihe ji halogens, - isi amalite ihe na nke a bụ mmeghachi omume - na mgbakwunye na carbon na hydrogen na ya Ọdịdị nwere ihe abụọ bromine atọm. Guzobe nke etiti compound ke akpa usoro nzọụkwụ bụ omume nanị n'ihi na ha cleavage, ie. E. Nnọchi nke acetate iche iche na-tọghatara site n'ihu hydrolysis n'ime mmanya.

N'oge n'ihu mmepe nke sayensị na ọ ghọọ omume na-emepụta ethylene glycol site kpọmkwem hydrolysis nke ọ bụla ethanes anam abụọ halogens on n'akụkụ carbon atọm, na okenye agbanwe agbanwe nke alkali metal carbonates ma ọ bụ otu (obere environmentally friendly reagent) H ₂ O na-edu ndú dioxide. Mmeghachi omume kama "-agwụ ha ike" na pụtara nanị na nnọọ elu okpomọkụ na nrụgide, ma nke a emeghị ka a ghara Germany n'oge agha ụwa iji usoro a n'ihi na mmepụta nke ethylene na ihe ulo oru n'ike.

Ya ọrụ ke kpụworo organic onwu keere na usoro nke nkwadebe nke ethylene glycol site hydrolysis coal alkali metal salts nke ìgwè. Site na ịba ụba mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ ka 170 degrees mkpụrụ ruru 90%. Ma, e nwere a ịrịba drawback - a glycol ama n'ụzọ ụfọdụ wepụrụ si nnu ngwọta, nke na-na-ejikọta ya na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isi ike. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-edozi nsogbu a site na-emepe emepe a usoro na otu amalite ihe onwunwe, ma site n'imebi usoro n'ime nkebi abụọ.

Hydrolysis etilenglikolatsetatov, ịbụ ndị ikpeazụ nke usoro mbụ Wurtz, ghọrọ a iche iche n'ụzọ, mgbe ike na-enweta ndị feedstock ọxịdashọn nke ethylene na acetic acid site oxygen, i.e. n'ejighị oké ọnụ ma na-adịghị na-adịghị njọ halogen ogige.

Ọ na-amara ọtụtụ ndị na ụzọ nke mmepụta nke ethylene site ọxịdashọn nke ethylene hydroperoxides, peroxides, organic peracids n'iru nke akpali (osmium ogige), potassium chlorate , na ndị ọzọ. E nwekwara electro-chemical na ụzarị ọkụ na ụzọ.

Njirimara nkịtị chemical Njirimara

The chemical Njirimara nke ethylene glycol kpebisiri ike site ya ọtọ iche iche. The Jeremaya mere nwere ike akụkụ otu hydroxyl substituent, ma ọ bụ ma, dabere na usoro ọnọdụ. Isi ihe dị iche na reactivity bụ na n'ihi ọnụnọ nke a polyhydric mmanya na ọtụtụ hydroxyls na ha nwekọrọ mmetụta apụta ike acidic Njirimara karịa monovalent "ndị ọrụ ibe". Ya mere, ndị Jeremaya mere na alkali salts nke na ngwaahịa ndị (glycol - glycolates, maka glycerin - glycerate).

The chemical Njirimara nke ethylene glycol nakwa dị ka glycerol, mmeghachi omume nke alcohols-agụnye ihe nile ige monohydric. Glycol enye zuru ezu na ele mmadụ anya n'ihu esters na Jeremaya mere na monobasic asịd, glycolates, karị, na-guzobere na alkali ọla na na a chemical usoro na ike asịd ma ọ bụ salts ya tọhapụrụ aldehyde acetic acid - ruru ka cleavage nke ụmụ irighiri si a hydrogen atọm.

Jeremaya mere na-arụsi ọrụ ike ọla

imeghachi omume ethylene glycol na-arụsi ọrụ ike ọla (hydrogen eguzo mgbe ọtụtụ chemical ike) na elu okpomọkụ enye kwekọrọ ekwekọ ethylene glycolate metal plus hydrogen a tọhapụrụ.

C ₂ H ₄ (OH) ₂ + X → C ₂ H ₄ O ₂ X, ebe X - ifịk bivalent metal.

Qualitative mmeghachi omume ka ethylene glycol

Polyhydric mmanya iche ọ bụla ọzọ mmiri mmiri nwere ike site na a visual omume e ji mara na n'ihi na nke a na klas nke ogige. Iji mezuo nke a, colorless ngwọta na-wụsara mmanya-precipitated hydroxide ọla kọpa (2) na-enwe ihe e ji mara-acha anụnụ anụnụ tinge. Na mmeghachi omume nke mbuaha mmiri a hụrụ ịkpali mgbasa na staining ngwọta na a jupụta anụnụ anụnụ na agba - ruru ka e guzobere ọla kọpa glycolate (2).

polymerization

Chemical Njirimara nke ethylene glycol dị mkpa maka mmepụta nke solvents. Intermolecular akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke kwuru umi, i.e. mkpochapu mmiri n'ebe onye ọ bụla nke abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke glycol na mgbe na ijikọta (otu hydroxyl otu na-kewaa anya kpamkpam, ma nke ọzọ gbatịrị naanị hydrogen), na-enye ohere nke inweta a pụrụ iche organic mgbaze - dioxane, nke a na-eji na organic onwu, n'agbanyeghị na ya elu toxicity.

Exchange of hydroxyl site a halogen

Mgbe mmeghachi omume nke ethylene glycol na acid halide hụrụ nnọchi nke hydroxyl iche iche kwekọrọ ekwekọ halogen. Ogo nnọchi na-adabere na ezengwenri ịta nke hydrogen halide na mmeghachi omume ngwakọta:

HO-Kra ₂ -CH ₂ -OH → 2NH + X-Kra ₂ -CH ₂ -X, ebe X - chloro ma ọ bụ bromo.

The Ester

Na Jeremaya mere, nke ethylene na nitric acid (kọwaa ịta) na monobasic organic asịd (formic, acetic, propionic, ejị, valeric na t. D.) The guzobe nke mgbagwoju na, ya, monoethers. N'ihi na ndị ọzọ kasịnụ nke nitric acid - di- na trinitroefirov glycol. The na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na-eji dị ka mkpali a gaghị agara ịta.

Ihe kacha mkpa nkwekọrịta nke ethylene glycol

Bara uru bekee, nke bụ inweta site polyhydric alcohols site mfe chemical Jeremaya mere (dị ka akọwara n'elu), bụ ethers nke ethylene glycol. Ya bụ monomethyl na monoethyl usoro nke - HO-Kra ₂ -CH ₂ -O-Kra ₃ na HO-Kra ₂ -CH ₂ -O-C ₂ H _5, karị. Dị ka chemical Njirimara ha a ọtụtụ dị ka glycols, kama, dị nnọọ ka ọ bụla ọzọ na klas nke ogige nwere pụrụ iche reactionary atụmatụ, pụta ụwa naanị:

• Monometiletilenglikol bụ mmiri mmiri na-enweghị agba, ma ndị e ji mara na-asọ oyi ísì ụtọ, Juda na 124,6 degrees Celsius, ọma dissolving na ethanol na ndị ọzọ organic solvents na mmiri ndị budata ọzọ obodo karịa glycol, na a njupụta obere karịa nke mmiri (banyere 0,965 g / cm ^3).
• Dimetiletilenglikol - nwekwara mmiri mmiri, ma na-erughị ihe e ji mara ísì ụtọ, njupụta 0,935 g / cm ^3, esi ebe 134 degrees n'elu efu na solubility, ikwu na gara aga homologue.

Ngwa cellosolve - mere n'ozuzu akpọ mono ethylene glycol - bụ nnọọ nkịtị. Ha na-eji dị ka reactants na solvents na organic njikọ. Na-emetụtakwa ha nkịtị Njirimara maka mgbochi corrosion na anticrystallization nwekwara antifirizi na moto mmanụ.

Akporo na ịnye ọnụahịa nke a mmepụta usoro

The na-eri nke ụlọ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ na-na mmepụta na ọrịre nke dị otú ahụ na, àmà site na nkezi nke banyere 100 rubles kwa kilogram nke ndị dị otú ahụ chemical ogige dị ka ethylene glycol. The price na-adabere na-adị ọcha nke umi na Ịnwetacha uru ịrụ pasent nke chọrọ ngwaahịa.

The ojiji nke ethylene glycol na ọ bụghị nanị ọ bụla otu mpaghara. N'ihi ya, dị ka akụrụngwa ọ na-eji na mmepụta nke organic solvents, sịntetik resins na emep uta eri, mmiri, oyi na ala okpomọkụ. Ọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ ọrụ dị ka akpakanamde, aerospace, pharmaceuticals, eletriki, akpụkpọ anụ, ụtaba. -Apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke ịdị arọ nke ya uru organic njikọ.

Ọ dị mkpa ka anyị cheta na glycol - a na-egbu egbu compound na nwere ike ime ka irreparable imerụ ụmụ mmadụ ahụ ike. Ya mere, ọ na-echekwara na-akàrà containers mere nke aluminum ma ọ bụ nchara na ịnara n'ime oyi akwa ichebe tank si corrosion, naanị na vetikal ọnọdụ na ebe na-adịghị nyere na kpo oku usoro, ma na ezi ventilashion. Okwu - bụghị ihe karịrị afọ ise.