The isi obodo nke Poland. Ihe mbụ isi obodo nke Poland

Warsaw - isi obodo nke Poland. Ọ bụ kasị na ebe na bi n'obodo na mba. Mgbe ọkụ na Wawel Castle Korol Sigizmund atọ nyere iwu ime ya obibi ya dị na Warsaw. Nke a mere na 1596. Poland isi obodo bụ n'ezie zigara kpọmkwem obodo. O sina dị, ka o nwee iwu ọnọdụ nanị mgbe doo nke oruru na 1791.

etymological data

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekwenyesi ike na ndị obodo nweta si possessive adjectives «Warszowa» (ma ọ bụ «Warszewa»), kpụrụ si na mbụ nkịtị aha Warcislaw.

The aha gbanwee site Warszewa na Warszawa nke iri na isii na narị afọ. Nke a na onu na-metụtara na peculiarities nke mazovian (ọ ekesa ya na ókèala ebe oge a isi obodo nke Poland). N'ihi ya, udaume "a" na-agafe n'ime "e" na ọnọdụ mgbe adụ consonants (a Nchikota "sz" dị nro n'oge). Na iri na ise na narị afọ, a Nchikota a abụọ "e" so olumba, otú ahụ ndị mmadụ na-jide edemede pronunciation, dochie ha na iche nke "a". Na nke a, isi obodo nke Poland bụ Warsaw bịara mara dị ka a n'ihi nke nnọchi nke etymological ụdị na Hypercorrection.

E nwere a nkwenkwe na Warszawa version pụtara dị ka a n'ihi nke accession nke ọkụ azụ Wars aha na mamiwota Sawa. The oyiyi nke ndị hụrụ, dị ka unofficial version, na ghọrọ a isi iyi nke guzobe nke isi obodo aha.

The kasị akụkọ banyere ntọala nke Warsaw-agwa banyere a-isi (Jehova) aha ya bụ Casimir. Mmalite efu mgbe ịchụ nta, ọ hụrụ a ogbenye ọkụ azụ si obi na akụ nke Vistula. N'ebe ahụ, ọ hụrụ otu nwa agbọghọ, bụ onye ka nyere nwa nwoke abụọ - Varsha na Sava. Casimir kwetara ghọọ nna mmiri chukwu ka ejima na-ọma kelere ụsụụ ndị agha n'ihi na ha na-ele ọbịa. Nyere ego ha bụ iji iwu ụlọ na-esote ibe ya. Ndị ọzọ na-akụ azụ na-malite iwu n'obere ụlọ ha n'ebe a. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ mmalite nke isi obodo.

Official akara

The isi obodo nke Poland nwere ya akara. Nke a hotara na mbụ mamiwota Sawa. Ya image nwere ike hụrụ ọbụna ogwe aka nke obodo. Ncheta na nsọpụrụ nke mythical e kere eke na-arụnyere na Market Square.

The uwe nke ogwe aka bụ na udi nke French osisi. Ya na agba - red. Na elu ókè bụ a rịbọn na motto, na ire - Silver Cross nke Order of Military Enen.

Capital ọkọlọtọ bụ a panel esịnede abụọ hà obosara ibe uhie odo.

ya mere eme

Dị ka ọkà mmụta ihe ochie chọpụtara na oge ochie akwụkwọ, na narị afọ nke iri na ókèala nke oge a obodo na-emi odude a ole na ole ebe, ihe ndị kasị mkpa n'etiti ha Kamion, Brodno na Jazdow. Otú ọ dị, nke mbụ osisi ụlọ pụtara ebe a naanị na nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ na nkume - Na nke iri na anọ.

ọhụrụ oge

Gịnị na-isi obodo nke Poland bụ ebe nke Mazowiecki Duchy? Warsaw. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ e weere ya obibi nke Polish eze na Lithuanian isi. Site 1791 na 1795 na obodo bụ isi obodo nke Commonwealth, si 1807 na 1813 - Duchy nke Warsaw, si 1815 na 1915 - na Polish alaeze.

N'oge na-arụ nke 1939-1944 afọ ọ e kụrụ ike na mba nke Poland. Capital - Warsaw - bibiri German atụ bọmbụ. City tọhapụrụ 17/01/1945, n'oge ịga nke ọma nke Vistula-oder ọrụ.

Ná ngwụsị nke 2nd World isi obodo nke Poland kemgbe ifịk ifịk naghachi. Otú ọ dị, naanị Royal Nsoro, Ochie na New Obodo e reconstructed na ya akụkọ ụdị.

Isi European obodo nke oge iri na itoolu - n'oge abụọ na narị afọ e ji mara oké ụlọ. Ọ azọpụtaghị iji melite ọcha nke ụlọ na dị na ideological omume mode prokommunistov na echiche nke modernism.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị obodo ahụ gbanwee radically. Warsaw agbanweela bụghị naanị na mepere emepe ma na-na ụkpụrụ ụlọ okwu.

weather

Warsaw bụ agafeghị oke continental ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ iru mmiri summers na nwayọọ winters. Frosts n'okpuru iri na ise degrees na okpomọkụ n'elu iri atọ - a ụkọ. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-abụkarị na-ekpo ọkụ na-egbu oge, mmiri na-emekarị na-abịa nwayọọ nwayọọ. Kwa afọ mmiri ozuzo nke 530 millimeters na nkezi.

ndutịm nkewa

Ebe ọ bụ na 2002, isi obodo nke Poland - a-asị na mejupụtara otu mmekota. Nke ikpeazụ, n'aka nke ya, na-ekewa iri na asatọ distrikti (Dzielnica).

A bit nke Chief of Police

Ruo mgbe 1833, Warsaw bụ otu n'ime ndị uwe ojii nke ọchịchị isi obodo management, na-agba ọsọ site na mba president. Twentieth nke June (nke abụọ na July dị ka ochie kalenda) nke afọ e nyere ndị Regulation nke Polish Council nke alaeze. Dị ka akwụkwọ a, ndị Executive Police ama iche ndutịm gabiga na ikike nke Vice-President nke isi obodo, nke e mechara ghọrọ eze maara dị ka ndị Warsaw Chief of Police.

bi

Na evolushọn na-abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ varshavtsev ogologo agwagbuwo eziokwu ahụ bụ na obodo ahụ bụ otu n'ime ikpo posts na crossroads nke ụzọ azụmahịa na Trans-European Mbugharị. Nke a bụ a dị ịrịba ama mmetụta na nọmba na agbụrụ mejupụtara nke bi. Tupu ya aghọọ etiti nke Warsaw dị ka a ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na ndị bi na ukwuu n'ime gụnyere ahịa. Dị ka 1897 onuogugu, 34% nke ndị bi bụ ndị Juu (219,000 nke 638,000). Ịgwakọta nke mba, echiche na mmegharị dugara eziokwu na e nwere bụ n'ịgba aha nke isi obodo. Poland a mara maka ya "Nke abụọ Paris" - Warsaw.

City ije

Modern Warsaw bụ a ngwakọta nke ọtụtụ dị iche iche ụkpụrụ ụlọ ekwekọghị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ike akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ma ndị obodo na n'obodo. Ha mgbanwe mere mgbake usoro mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. The akụkọ ihe mere eme na etiti nke isi obodo - Royal Obí - weghachiri eweghachi dị. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na a na mpaghara na-edepụtara dị ka a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ọ a ghọtara dị ka onye nke a nke ọma nwughari usoro nke ebibi akụkọ ihe mere eme ncheta.

Na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị Polish Ndị mmadụ Republic na obodo e nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ke style of Stalin alaeze. Ụfọdụ ịrịba ụlọ e weghachiri eweghachi mgbe ọdịda nke Poland. Naa, obodo ije na-esiwanye gbakwunyere site n'oge a azụmahịa emmepe na skyscrapers.

ugbo usoro

Metropolitan ọha iga netwọk ruru a elu larịị nke development. Mepụtara a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụgbọ ala ụzọ gasị. Transport nditịm-ekwu si na oge. N'oge ruo n'oge ụgbọ ala na a ala n'ala n'ihi na mma nke nwere nkwarụ ọbịa.

The obodo na-arụ ọrụ otu alaka ụlọ ọrụ na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko, nza nke tram e. Tiketi maka njem ike zụrụ na kiosks na-akwụsị ma ọ bụ site na onye na-akwọ, ha niile na vasatail, kewaa site ụdị ụgbọala na-adịghị rụrụ. Na isi obodo, ịnyịnya ígwè mgbazinye netwọk na-mepụtara.

Ihe mbụ isi obodo nke Poland

Na mbụ, bụ isi obodo na mba e weere Kraków. Na ọbụna ya zuru ukara aha - Capital obodo eze nke Kraków - echetara anyị a. Ruo mgbe nke iri na asatọ na narị afọ, e kpuwere niile Polish-achị achị.

ịsị

Kraków na-conveniently emi odude ke na n'ókèala, ebe p. Wisła na-aghọ navigable. Ruru ya ala ọnọdụ ndị obodo ha na-amụba ngwa ngwa na ya ọnọdụ na-eto ọgaranya. Boleslav Hrabry tọrọ ntọala episcopal oche 1000. Agụta na ihe nkwado nke Silesian isi na obi ya dị mkpa, ke 1311 Kraków Germany haziri a enupụrụ Vladislava Lokotka. Nnupụisi e ngwa ngwa ewute site n'otu nnupụisi furu efu niile ùgwù na uru.

Meaning nke Kraków malitere ito nke iri na anọ na narị afọ. Na 1319 ugbu a onye na-achị - Vladislav First n'ikpere aka - kpaliri ya obi (mbụ ọ bụ na Gniezno). N'oge ọchịchị nke Kazimira Velikogo n'obodo e wuru ihe owuwu ọhụrụ, nwere ụdị ebe dị ka ahia na crafts. Na February 1386 na mbụ isi obodo nke Poland Jagiello ama ana baptism. E nwekwara ẹkenịmde agbamakwụkwọ ya na Jadwiga.

Mgbe ndị ọchịchị bụ Jagiellonians, Kraków akpatre ike ọnọdụ nke isi obodo nke alaeze. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke bi amụbawo ruo na otu narị puku.

Gịnị na-isi obodo nke Poland bụ na iri na isii na narị afọ? Na 1596 na asọpụrụ aha kpaliri site Kraków na Warsaw. Ọdịmma nke ugboro ogaranya obodo bụ nwayọọ nwayọọ ma n'ezie akpa ọgụ nke ndi-iro. Na 1787 Kraków bi bụ ihe na-erughị iri puku ndị mmadụ.

abụọ na narị afọ

Ruo mgbe 1918 Kraków bụ n'okpuru ikike nke Austria na Hungarian Alaeze Ukwu. , 1939-1945. Ọ dị mwute oge na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mbụ isi obodo. Nazi occupiers haziri na Kraków Ghetto, ebe mechie elu ọtụtụ ndị Juu bi tumadi na Kazimierz district. Anọchitekwa anya nke a mba obi ọjọọ kpochapụrụ na n'ogige ịta ahụhụ nke Auschwitz na Plaszow.

Site ndị agha nke mbụ Ukrainian Front, na January 1945, obodo ahụ atọhapụ ndị mwakpo. Nke iri na otu nke August nke otu afọ akpọrepu na Kraków pogrom. N'oge na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nsogbu nke 1968 na ọ mechaa mgbochi Juu mkpọsa. Nyere ndị na-emenụ, ka ọtụtụ ndị Juu, na-anwụghị nke Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ hapụrụ Poland.

omenala n'etiti

Gịnị bụ isi obodo nke Poland ugbu a? Isi obodo nke mba - Warsaw. Otú ọ dị, a ole na ole narị afọ gara aga, ndị asọpụrụ aha bụ Kraków. Ọ bụ ya mere obodo a ka na-akpọ ndị obi nke Polish omenala. Ya akụkọ ihe mere center a ga-ebibi n'oge na-ichighaazu nke German agha ke 1945. Otú ọ dị, dị ka a n'ihi nke oké mgbagwoju agha ọrụ rụrụ site na ndị agha nke ndị Soviet Army na Polish-eguzogide iche iche, obodo ọbọhọ.

The isi ihe abụọ na-adọrọ mmasị nke Kraków na-emi odude Wawel Hill. The mbụ n'ime ha - na Katidral nke Wawel Katidral. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị asọpụrụ n'ụlọ arụsị nke mba. Tupu mgbe ọ rụrụ echichi na olili Polish-achị achị. Nke abụọ na-akpali ụlọ a ugwu - na Royal Castle. Ọ ozugbo bụ ebe obibi ndị Jagiellonian, Piast Vasa. Na mbụ nnukwu ụlọ bụ a kama umeala obere ụlọ ke Romanesque style. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ na-ugboro ugboro wughachi, gbasaa. Ọ bụ ya mere na o nwere ndị e ji mara atụmatụ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ na ọnọdụ nke ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme oge.

Na Kraków, a ọtụtụ ụka. Ihe odide kasị ochie - St. Meri (Mariana). Ọ na-ebe mara maka ya enweghị atụ Gothic ntụpọ iko. Ná mmalite, ụlọ e mere nke osisi. Na nke iri na atọ na narị afọ na ya ebe e wuru ọhụrụ - na Romanesque ịke, ma ọ e bibiri n'oge nke raids nke Tatars. The ụka wughachi nke iri na anọ na narị afọ, ma ugbua na Gothic style.

Ọzọ mma bụ ụwa na-ama nnu mines na-akpọ "Magnum Sal". Ha na-emi odude iri kilomita si Kraków - n'obodo Velichko. Onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịga na pụrụ iche Salt Museum.

Onye ama ama Kraków alụmdi agụmakwụkwọ ka elu - Jagiellonian University. A akwụkwọ nyere na ndabere ya Casimir II na May 1364. N'ọnụ ụzọ e dere na-esonụ motto: "Mind-enweta nkwanye ike". Akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ a nwere aha nke ọtụtụ-enye ìhè nke ụwa sayensị. N'etiti ha, ihe ka ọtụtụ banyere Nikolaya Kopernika --enyocha mbara igwe na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke Renaissance oge, na-ede akwụkwọ nke na heliocentric usoro nke ụwa; Stanisław Lem - ama na-ede akwụkwọ nke kediegwu akụkọ; John Paul II senti agọzi.

Ná mmalite e hiwere ya iri na otu ikike iche, nke asatọ jurisprudential, abụọ ọgwụ na onye na-emesapụ aka nkà. The ngalaba nke nkà mmụta okpukpe mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ natara ikike nke Pope. University gawa site na chancelo nke Polish alaeze. Ibu ọrụ ya gụnyere na-elekọta-eme na mmepe nke alụmdi.

ọgwụgwụ

Nke anyị na-ele anya na ihe mere na mgbe ịgbanwe aha nke isi obodo. Poland a maara site na ọtụtụ obodo oge ochie, ma ọ bụ na Kraków na Warsaw na-lekwasị isi akụkọ ihe mere eme nlegharị anya, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-ọbụna esịne ke UNESCO World Heritage List.