The ịta na njupụta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. The ndabere nke njupụta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid ịta na batrị ụgbọala

Itughari na lekwasị na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid - ọ dị mkpa otú ahụ Chemicals na ha emepụta ihe n'ụwa karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ dị. Economic akụ na ụba nke mba nwere ike inyocha na okwu nke na-emepụta na ya na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid.

dissociation usoro

Na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na-eji na ụdị okenye agbanwe agbanwe dị iche iche kasịnụ. Ọ dabara dissociation mmeghachi omume ná nkebi abụọ, na-amị H ⁺ ion nọ ngwọta.

H ₂ NKE ₄ = H ^{+ +} HSO ₄ ^-;

HSO ₄ ^- = H ^{+ +} NKE ₄ ^-2.

Na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid bụ a siri ike, na mbụ ogbo dissociation emee ngwa ngwa nke na ọ fọrọ nke nta niile nke mbụ molekul gbarie n'ime H ⁺ -ions na HSO ₄ ^-1 -ions (hydrogen sulfate) na ngwọta. Adịbeghị anya ikpe tisaa n'ihu, na-atọhapụ H ⁺ ion ndị ọzọ ma na-ahapụ a sulfate ion (NKE ₄ ^-2) na ngwọta. Otú ọ dị, hydrogensulfate, ịbụ a na-adịghị ike acid, ka nkwenkwe a ngwọta nke H ⁺ na NKE ₄ ^-2. Complete dissociation ya naanị na-adị mgbe ndị njupụta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid ngwọta bụ nso na njupụta nke mmiri, r. F n'okpuru elu dilution.

Njirimara nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid

Ọ bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'echiche nke na ọ pụrụ ime ihe dị ka a ot acid ma ọ bụ a siri ike oxidizer - dabere na okpomọkụ na ịta. A oyi itughari ngwọta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid mkpatụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike metal na-enye nnu (sulfate) na mmalite nke hydrogen gas. Dị ka ihe atụ, mmeghachi omume n'etiti oyi itughari H ₂ NKE ₄ (anya isi ya zuru-nzọụkwụ dissociation) na dara zinc dị ka ndị a:

Zn + H ₂ NKE ₄ = ZnSO ₄ + H _2.

Na-ekpo ọkụ lekwasị na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, onye njupụta bụ banyere 1.8 g / cm ^3, nwere ike na-eme ka ihe oxidant, imeghachi omume na ihe na-n'ozuzu inert na asịd, dị ka ihe atụ dara ọla kọpa. N'oge mmeghachi omume, ọla kọpa na-oxidized, na acid uka na-ebelata, a ngwọta na-kpụrụ nke ọla kọpa sulfate (II) na mmiri na gaseous sọlfọ dioxide (NTRE ₂₎ kama hydrogen, nke a ga-atụ anya na site na omume na acid na a metal.

Cu + 2H ₂ NKE ₄ = CuSO ₄ + NKE ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Dị ka n'ozuzu kwupụtara ịta nke ngwọta

N'ezie, ịta nke ọ bụla ngwọta e nwere ike kwupụtara na ụzọ dị iche iche, ma ihe kasị ọtụtụ ebe ada ịta site arọ. Ọ na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke grams nke solute na a ụfọdụ ibu ma ọ bụ na olu nke ihe ngwọta ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaze (a 1000 g, 1000 cm ^3, 100 cm ³ na 1 DM ^3). Kama nke uka na grams nke a umi nwere ike nke ukwu, kwupụtara na ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ, - ahụ nwetara ezengwenri ịta nke 1000 g ma ọ bụ 1 DM ³ ngwọta.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị ezengwenri ịta kpebisiri ike na mmekọrita ghara ego nke ngwọta, ma naanị na mgbaze, ọ na-akpọ molality nke ngwọta. Ọ e ji nnwere onwe nke okpomọkụ.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị ibu ịta gosiri na grams kwa 100 grams nke mgbaze. Amụba nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ site 100%, ọ na-akwadebe na a ibu percent (kwa ịta). Ya bụ, usoro a na-ọtụtụ ugboro ugboro ji dị ka etinyere a na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid ngwọta.

Onye ọ bụla bara uru nke ngwọta ịta, kpebisiri ike na a nyere okpomọkụ, ọ kwekọrọ na a kpọmkwem njupụta (e.g., na njupụta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid ngwọta). Ya mere, mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-achọkarị ngwọta. Ka ihe atụ, H ₂ NKE ₄ solution, ihe e ji mara pasent ịta 95,72%, a njupụta nke 1,835 g / cm ³ na t = 20 Celsius C. Olee otú iji chọpụta ịta nke ndị dị otú ahụ a ngwọta, ọ bụrụ na e na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid njupụta? Isiokwu na-enye ndị dị otú ahụ akwụkwọ ozi bụ a nfiksi nke ọ bụla akwụkwọ ọgụgụ banyere n'ozuzu ma ọ bụ gbasara nyocha onwu.

GOSIRI ịta recalculation

Ka na-aga site na otu mode okwu ọzọ ngwọta ịta. Ka e were ya na anyị nwere H ₂ NKE ₄ ngwọta na mmiri na 60% ịta nke mmasị. Anyị mbụ kọwaa njupụta nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. Isiokwu nwere percentages (akpa kọlụm) na kwekọrọ ekwekọ njupụta nke okenye ihe ngwọta nke H ₂ NKE ₄ (anọ kọlụm), na-egosi n'okpuru.

Ọ na-ekpebi ndị chọrọ uru nke bụ hà 1,4987 g / cm ^3. Anyị ugbu a gbakọọ molarity nke ngwọta. N'ihi na nke a ọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta uka nke H ₂ NKE ₄ na 1 liter nke ihe ngwọta na kwekọrọ ekwekọ nọmba nke ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ nke acid.

Mpịakọta, nke ogide 100 g nke ngwaahịa ngwọta:

100 / 1,4987 = 66,7 ml.

Ebe ọ bụ na 66,7 ml nke 60% ngwọta nwere 60 g nke acid na 1 liter nke na ọ ga-ebu:

(60 / 66,7) x 1000 = 899, 55 g.

na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid ezengwenri ibu hà 98. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ ndị e dere na 899,55 g nke ya grams, ga-abụ:

899,55 / 98 = 9,18 ahumachi.

The ndabere nke njupụta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid ịta gosiri na Fig. n'okpuru.

The ojiji nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid

Ọ na-eji dị iche iche ọrụ. Na mmepụta nke ígwè na ígwè na-eji maka nhicha ahụ metal n'elu tupu ya kpuchie ọzọ umi aka na ndị e kere eke nke sịntetik dyes nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ na ụdị nke asịd ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka hydrochloric na nitric. Ọ na-eji ke imewe nke na-emepụta ọgwụ na ngwaahịa, fatịlaịza na-agbawa agbawa, ma ka na-bụ ihe dị mkpa reagent wepụ adịghị si crude mmanụ ejegharịrị ụlọ ọrụ.

Nke a chemical bụ nnọọ bara uru ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ma ọ bụ mfe dị ka a na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid ngwọta eji na-edu ndú-acid batrị (e.g., ndị na-na ụgbọala). Dị otú ahụ acid n'ozuzu nwere a ịta nke si banyere 30% 35% H ₂ NKE ₄ n'ọtùtù, itule - mmiri.

N'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị n'ji ngwa 30% H ₂ NKE ₄ ga-abụ ihe karịa iji izute ha mkpa ha. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ na ọ na-achọ a nnọọ elu ịta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. A, n'oge rụpụta ọ na mbụ nwetara zuru ezu itughari na mmeru na organic inclusions. Lekwasị acid a nwetara ná nkebi abụọ: nke mbụ, ọ na-agbazi ka 70%, na mgbe ahụ na - na a nzọụkwụ nke abụọ - na-akpọlite 96-98%, nke bụ na ịmachi oke maka aku na uba viable mmepụta.

The njupụta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na ya iche

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ fọrọ nke nta 99% na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid nwere ike ịbụ na nkenke na reflux, ma ụdi ọnwụ nke NKE ₃ na esi ebe ebelata ịta ka 98,3%. Ke ofụri ofụri, na umu na index 98% ọzọ mụ na nchekwa.

Commercial ọkwa asịd ịdị iche na ya ịta nke mmasị, na nke na ọ na-ahọrọ ndị ụkpụrụ na nke ala crystallization okpomọkụ. Nke a na-eme iji belata ọnwụ nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid kristal ịkpali n'oge njem na nchekwa. Isi iche na-:

• The ụlọ elu (nitrous) - 75%. Na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid njupụta nke klas bụ hà 1670 kg / m ^3. Nweta ya na-akpọ. nitrous usoro nke dapụtara nitroso emeso (a bụkwa H ₂ NKE _4, ma na etisasịwo nitrogen oxides) ke akpan firing na calcined raw gas nwere sọlfọ dioxide NKE _2, n'ime agbakọta elu (ya mere aha iche). N'ihi ekenyela acid na nitrogen oxides nke na-adịghị iwesa ke usoro, o we laghachi na mmepụta okirikiri.
• Kpọtụrụ - 92,5-98,0%. Na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid njupụta nke 98% nke klas bụ hà 1836,5 n'arọ / m ^3. Ọ na-enwetara site na roaster, haruru nwere NKE _2, ebe usoro mejupụtara anhydride dioxide ọxịdashọn na NKE ₃ na ya na kọntaktị (ya mere aha ọkwa) na otutu n'ígwé nke siri ike vanadium mkpali.
• Oleum - 104.5%. Ya njupụta bụ hà 1896,8 n'arọ / m ^3. Nke a ngwọta nke NKE ₃ H ₂ NKE _4, nke mbụ akụrụngwa nwere 20%, na acid - bụ 104.5%.
• High-ọkwa oleum - 114,6%. Ya njupụta - 2002 kg / m ^3.
• Battery - 92-94%.

Olee otú ndị batrị ụgbọala

The ọrụ nke a otu n'ime ndị kasị ewu ewu eletriki ngwaọrụ dabeere kpam na electrochemical Filiks aa na ọnụnọ nke okenye na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid.

Automobile batrị nwere itughari na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid electrolyte, ma na-enwe na-adịghị mma electrodes n'ụdị ọtụtụ efere. Positive efere na-mere nke a ọbara ọbara-agba aja aja onwunwe - nke-edu ndú dioxide (PbO _2), na na-adịghị mma - nke grayish "ogbo" edu ndú (Pb).

Ebe ọ bụ na electrodes na-mere nke-edu ndú ma ọ bụ leaded ihe onwunwe, nke a na ụdị batrị na-akpọkarị edu ndú-acid batrị. Ya operability, t. E. The mmepụta voltaji na-na kpebisiri ike site ihe bụ n'oge a na njupụta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid (kg / m3 ma ọ g / cm ^3), jupụtara na batrị ka electrolyte.

Gịnị na-eme na electrolyte mgbe batrị discharges,

The electrolyte edu ndú-acid batrị bụ a rechargeable ngwọta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na a na ya dị ọcha distilled mmiri na a ịta nke mmasị nke 30% na zuru ụgwọ. Net acid nwere a njupụta nke 1,835 g / cm ^3, electrolyte - banyere 1.300 g / cm ^3. Mgbe batrị atara, ọ electrochemical Jeremaya mere ime n'ihi na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid napụrụ ndị electrolyte. ịta nke ihe ngwọta na-adabere fọrọ nke nta proportional na njupụta, n'ihi ya, ọ ga-ibelata n'ihi na ọnụ ke electrolyte ịta.

Ka anya dị ka ihapu ugbu aga site batrị acid na ọtụtụ-eji nso ya electrodes na electrolyte-aghọ ndị ọzọ itughari. acid mgbasa si mkpokọta olu nke electrolyte na electrode efere na-akwado ihe dị ka mgbe nile na osisi ike nke chemical Jeremaya mere na, mmọdo, na mmepụta voltaji.

Ná mmalite nke orùrù usoro nke mgbasa nke acid electrolyte na efere emee ngwa ngwa n'ihi na n'ihi sulfate na ma gbatara pores na-arụsi ọrụ ike ihe onwunwe nke electrodes. Mgbe sulphate amalite na-etolite ma jupụta pores nke electrodes, na mgbasa na-ewe ebe nwayọọ.

Theoretically ọ bụ omume na-anọgide na-ihapu ka ogologo dị ka ihe niile acid agaghị eji, na electrolyte ga-ekewet nke dị ọcha mmiri. Otú ọ dị, ahụmahụ na-egosi na larịị ga adịghị anọgide mgbe electrolyte njupụta ama esịn ka 1,150 g / cm ^3.

Mgbe njupụta mbelata si 1,300 ka 1.150, nke pụtara na ihe sulfate e guzobere n'oge mmeghachi omume, na ọ na-eju ndị niile pores na-arụsi ọrụ ike ihe onwunwe na efere, ie. E. Site ngwọta ama họrọ fọrọ nke nta niile na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. The njupụta na-adabere na ịta proportionally, na ihe yiri nke ahụ, ndị njupụta nke ihe-ndebe nke batrị-adabere. Fig. n'okpuru na-egosi na nduzi nke batrị electrolyte njupụta.

Na-agbanwe agbanwe njupụta nke electrolyte, ndị kasị mma n'aka ikpebi batrị agbapụta n'ahụ ikwu, ọ bụrụhaala na ọ na-ọma na-eji.

Ogo batrị ụgbọala orùrù dabere electrolyte njupụta

Ya njupụta ga-tụrụ kwa izu abụọ na ga-mgbe a ga-edebe na-agụ ihe ndekọ ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ojiji.

The ọzọ na ok electrolyte, ihe acid na ọ nwere na ihe batrị na ebubo. Njupụta 1,300-1,280 g / cm ³ na-egosi a full ụgwọ. A, na-esonụ batrị orùrù ogo iche dabere na electrolyte njupụta:

• 1,300-1,280 - n'ụzọ zuru ezu ebubo:
• 1,280-1,200 - karịrị ọkara efu;
• 1,200-1,150 - ebubo na-erughị ọkara;
• 1.150 - fọrọ nke nta efu.

Na a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ebubo batrị tupu ejikọta ya akpakanamde ọkọnọ voltaji nke ọ bụla cell bụ 2.5 na 2.7 V. Ozugbo ibu na-ejikọrọ, na voltaji ngwa ngwa tụlee ka banyere 2.1 V atọ ma ọ bụ anọ nkeji. Nke a bụ n'ihi na e guzobere a mkpa oyi akwa nke-edu ndú sulphate n'elu ọjọọ electrode efere na n'etiti ụzọ oyi akwa na metal peroxide mma efere. The ikpeazụ uru nke cell voltaji mgbe a ụzọ netwọk ejikọta ihe 2,15-2,18 volts.

Mgbe ugbu a malitere ịsọ site batrị ke akpa hour nke ọrụ, e nwere a voltaji dobe 2 V n'ihi ụba esịtidem cell eguzogide ruru ka e guzobere ibu ichekwa nke sulfate jupụtara n'ime ndị pores nke efere na nhọrọ nke electrolyte acid. Obere oge tupu mmalite nke eruba nke ugbu a njupụta nke electrolyte bụ maximal na hà 1.300 g / cm ^3. Ná mmalite ya underpressure emee ngwa ngwa, ma mgbe ahụ ka ndị ziri ezi ikwu n'etiti njupụta nke acid nso efere na n'ụzọ electrolyte olu nhọrọ electrodes akwado acid abanye ọhụrụ iberibe acid si nnukwu nke electrolyte. The nkezi njupụta nke electrolyte-aga n'ihu na ibelata nwayọọ nwayọọ na mmekọrịta gosiri na Fig. n'elu. Mgbe mbụ dobe voltaji mbelata nwayọọ, ya ọnụego nke Mbelata na-adabere na batrị ibu. Oge oge ihapu usoro gosiri na Fig. n'okpuru.

Control nke ala nke electrolyte na batrị

Iji chọpụta njupụta hydrometer eji. Ọ na-emi esịnede a kaa akara iko tube na ndọtị na ala ọgwụgwụ, jupụta mercury ma ọ bụ shot, na a graded ọnụ ọgụgụ na elu ọgwụgwụ. Nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ kpọrọ site 1,100 na 1,300 na dị iche iche n'etiti ụkpụrụ, dị ka e gosiri Fig. n'okpuru. Ọ bụrụ na ndị hydrometer-etinye ihe electrolyte, ọ ga-imi a ụfọdụ omimi. N'ihi ya, ọ ga-inochi a ụfọdụ olu nke electrolyte, na mgbe ịha ọnọdụ na-ruru, arọ nke obibi olu ga-abụ nnọọ hà ibu hydrometer. Ebe ọ bụ na njupụta nke electrolyte nhata ruru nke arọ ya na olu, na ibu ibu nke hydrometer a maara, mgbe ọ bụla larịị nke nmikpu nime ngwọta kwekọrọ na a akpan akpan ya njupụta. Ụfọdụ hydrometers nwere na ụkpụrụ nke njupụta ọnụ ọgụgụ, ma na-akara site "Ịkwụ Ụgwọ", "ọkara a ọnụọgụ", "Full agbapụta n'ahụ" ma ọ bụ dị ka.