The kasị refractory metal. Njirimara metal

Ọla - nke a bụ ihe ndị kasị ihe onwunwe (tinyere plastik na iko), nke na-eji ndị mmadụ kemgbe oge ochie. Ọbụna ahụ, nwoke mara e ji mara nke metal, ọ na-uru na ihe niile ha Njirimara ike mara mma ọrụ nkà, glassware, ihe n'ụlọ, osisi.

Otu n'ime ndị isi na atụmatụ na echiche nke a bekee bụ ha ekweghị ekwe na elu agbaze ebe. Àgwà ndị a-ekwe ka ị na-akọwa akporo nke ojiji nke metal. Ya mere, anyị na-atụle niile ahụ Njirimara na uche pụrụ iche na e nyere agbaze okwu.

Physical Njirimara nke ọla

ọla e ji mara anụ ahụ Njirimara nwere ike owụt ke ụdị anọ isi ihe.

1. Dara sheen - niile nwere banyere otu silver-ọcha mara mma e ji mara luster, na mgbakwunye na ọla kọpa na gold. Ha nwere uhie odo tide, karị. Calcium - silver-acha anụnụ anụnụ.
2. Physical ala - niile siri ike n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, ma e wezụga n'ihi mercury, nke bụ na ụdị a mmiri mmiri.
3. Ọdụdọ na thermal conductivity - ahụkarị nke niile ọla, ma na-kwupụtara dịgasị iche.
4. Malleability na ductility - nwekwara nkịtị nile ọla oke nke bụ ike ka ịdị iche iche dabere akpan akpan n'ụlọnga.
5. The agbaze na mmiri ịgbọ agbọ ebe - na-ekpebi nke refractory metal na a ala agbaze ebe. Nke a oke dị iche iche maka ihe niile.

All nkịtị Njirimara na-kọwara site na pụrụ iche na Ọdịdị nke ahụ metal lattice. Ya gbasara ohere ndokwa, udi na ike.

Fusible na refractory ọla

Nke a na nhọrọ a dị ezigbo mkpa mgbe ọ na-abịa ebe nke ngwa nke bekee. Refractory ọla na alloys - bụ ihe ndabere nke n'ibu injinịa na shipbuilding, n'oké na nkedo nke ọtụtụ mkpa na ngwaahịa, na-ezi na-arụ ọrụ ngwá ọrụ. Ya mere, ihe ọmụma nke agbaze na esi okpomọkụ arụ a isi ọrụ.

Akọwa ọla ike, nwere ike kee ha n'ime ike na kenkuwa. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere refractoriness, ebe a dị iche isi ihe abụọ dị iche iche:

1. Fusible - bụ ndị nke na-enwe ike ịgbanwe nkịtị ala na okpomọkụ n'okpuru 1000 Celsius ^C. Ihe Nlereanya gụnyere tin, idu ndú, mercury, sodium, cesium, manganese, zinc, aluminum, na ndị ọzọ.
2. Refractory bụ ndị agbaze okpomọkụ dị elu karịa ẹkedọhọde uru. E nwere ọtụtụ, ma na na omume na-eji ọbụna obere.

Isiokwu ọla-enwe a agbaze ebe n'elu 1000 ^{° C,} na-dị n'okpuru. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ma mee ndokwa ndị kasị refractory nnochite anya.

Nke a table metal na-agụnye niile nnọchiteanya, onye agbaze okpomọkụ dị elu karịa 1000 Celsius ^C. Otú ọ dị, na omume, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-adịghị eji ihe dị iche iche mere. Ka ihe atụ, n'ihi na nke akụ na ụba uru n'ihi radioactivity ma ọ bụ kwa elu ogo fragility, n'ebe corrosive agha.

Ọzọkwa si na tebụl ọ bụ doro anya na ihe ndị kasị refractory metal n'ụwa - bụ tungsten. The kasị ala ọnụego gold. Mgbe na-arụ ọrụ ọla dị mkpa softness. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ nke ọma e kwuru n'elu na-eji oru nzube.

Kasị refractory metal - Tungsten

Na oge table ọ dị n'okpuru ordinal nọmba 74. The aha na-ewepụtara site na aha ndị a ma ama physics Stephen Wolfram. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ bụ a siri ike refractory metal ọlaọcha na-acha ọcha na agba. Ọ nwere a akpọ dara sheen. Na ya fọrọ inert na mmeghachi omume na-abanyekwa ekweghiekwe.

Na ọdịdị, na ụdị mineral nwere:

• wolframite;
• scheelite;
• Gyubnera;
• ferberite.

Ọkà mmụta sayensị gosi na ihe tungsten - kasị refractory metal nke niile. Otú ọ dị, e nwere aro seaborgium theoretically ike iti ihe ndekọ nke a metal. Ma, ọ bụ a redioaktivu mmewere na a nnọọ obere oge nke ịdị adị. Ya mere, iji gosi na ya bụ ma o kwere omume.

Na ụfọdụ okpomọkụ (n'elu 1500 ^C) tungsten na-aghọ ductile na nro. Ya mere, o kwere omume na-emepụta a mkpa waya na ndabere ya. Nke a ihe onwunwe na-eji maka imewe nke filaments na mgbe ezinụlọ ìhè bulbs.

Dị ka ndị kasị refractory metal nke nwere ike idi okpomọkụ ^nke ihe karịrị 3400 C, tungsten na-etinyere na-esonụ ubi nke technology:

• dị ka a ịgbado ọkụ electrode n'okpuru argon;
• maka acid-ngwa ngwa, na-eyi na-eguzogide na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide alloys;
• dị ka a kpo oku mmewere;
• na agụụ akpa dị ka filament na na.

E wezụga tungsten metal, ọtụtụ-eji nkà, na sayensị na ngwá electronic ya ogige. Dị ka refractory metal na ụwa na ọ Nleta a compound na a nnọọ elu mma e ji mara: inogide, na-eguzogide ọgwụ nta niile iche nke chemical ihe, na-adịghị isiokwu na-corrosion, iguzogide ala na elu okpomọkụ (mmeri, tungsten sulphide, ya otu kristal na ndị ọzọ bekee).

Niobium na alloys

NB, ma ọ bụ niobium, - n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ ọlaọcha-ọcha lustrous metal. Ọ bụkwa refractory, dị ka ntughari okpomọkụ ka a mmiri mmiri ala n'ihi ya bụ 2477 Celsius ^C. Ọ bụ nke a àgwà, nakwa dị ka Nchikota ala reactivity na superconductivity enye ohere niobium na-aghọ ndị ọzọ na-ewu ewu na ndị bara uru mmadụ ọrụ kwa afọ. Taa, a na metal na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka:

• rọketi sayensị;
• aerospace ụlọ ọrụ;
• nuclear ike;
• chemical ngwa ewu;
• radio engineering.

The metal retains ya nkịtị Njirimara ọbụna na nnọọ ala okpomọkụ. Isiokwu ndị dabeere na e ji corrosion eguzogide, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, anwụ ngwa ngwa, magburu onwe conductivity.

Nke a metal na-agbakwunyere na aluminum ihe ka mma chemical eguzogide. Site na ọ na-emepụta cathodes na anodes, ọ na-doped na-abụghị ferrous alloys. Ọbụna mkpụrụ ego ná mba ụfọdụ na-eme na ọdịnaya nke niobium.

tantalum

Metal, na free ụdị n'okpuru nkịtị na ọnọdụ na kpuchie ihe oxide film. Ọ nwere a set nke anụ ahụ Njirimara na-ekwe ka ya na-adị ebe nile ma dị nnọọ mkpa maka ndị mmadụ. Ya isi e ji mara ndị dị ka ndị:

1. Na okpomọkụ n'elu 1000 ^{° C} na-aghọ superconducting.
2. Nke a bụ ihe kasị mgbe refractory metal nke tungsten na rhenium. The agbaze okpomọkụ bụ 3017 Celsius ^C.
3. N'ụzọ zuru okè na-amịkọrọ, haruru.
4. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị mfe na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọ na-akpọrepu na n'ígwé, foil na waya mfe.
5. Nwere ezigbo ekweghị ekwe na kenkuwa, retains ductility.
6. Ọ bụ nnọọ eguzogide chemical elekọta mmadụ (anaghị igbari ọbụna aqua regia).

N'ihi dị otú ahụ e ji mara bụ ike iji nweta na-ewu ewu dị ka ihe ndabere maka ọtụtụ elu-okpomọkụ na acid-eguzogide ọgwụ, corrosion na-eguzogide alloys. Ya ọtụtụ ogige chọta ngwa ke nuclear physics, ngwá electronic, Mgbakọ ngwaọrụ plan. Ha na-eji dị ka superconductors. Na mbụ, tantalum na-eji dị ka ihe mmewere na filament. Ugbu a ya ebe e weere site tungsten.

Chromium na ya alloys

Otu nke na hardest metal ke eke ụdị bụ bluish-acha ọcha na agba. Ya agbaze ekwu bụ ala karịa na-ewere ruo ugbu a ndị ọcha na bụ ^banyere 1907 C. Otú ọ dị, ọ ka na-eji na nkà na ụlọ ọrụ nile, nakwa amenable ka n'ibu mmetụta, esichara na kpụrụ.

Bara uru karịsịa chromium ka napylitelya. Ọ na-etinyere ka isiokwu na-enye ha mara mma na-enwu, nchedo corrosion na mma wear eguzogide. The usoro a na-akpọ chrome plating.

chromium alloys dị nnọọ ewu ewu. N'ihi na ọbụna obere a metal na alloy n'ụzọ enwekwu ekweghị ekwe na-eguzogide ndị na mmetụta nke ikpeazụ.

zirconium

Otu n'ime ndị kasị oké ọnụ metal, otú ojiji na teknuzu ngwa siri ike. Otú ọ dị, anụ ahụ e ji mara ka ya nanị irreplaceable na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ọrụ.

N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, a mara mma silver-ọcha metal. Ọ nwere a zuru ezu elu agbaze ihe - 1855 ^C. Ọ nwere ezi ekweghị ekwe, corrosion eguzogide, ebe ọ bụ na ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ọzọkwa na-egosipụta magburu onwe biocompatibility na akpụkpọ ahụ dum organism. Nke a na-eme ka ya a bara uru metal maka ojiji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ (ngwá, wuru aka na ụkwụ, na na).

Main ngwa nke zirconium na ya ogige, gụnyere alloys, dị ka ndị a:

• nuclear ike;
• pyrotechnics;
• alloying ọla;
• nkà mmụta ọgwụ;
• bioposudy rụpụta;
• bughi ihe ;
• dị ka a superconductor.

Zirconium na alloys ọbụna decorations na-mere na ndabere ya, ike nke na-akpali mma nke ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa.

molybdenum

Ọ bụrụ na ị chọpụta ihe ndị kasị refractory metal, na mgbakwunye na nke ẹkedọhọde tungsten na molybdenum nwere ike na-akpọ. Ya agbaze okpomọkụ bụ 2623 Celsius ^C. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ nnọọ ike, ductile na-adị irè.

Ọ na-eji tumadi bụghị dị ọcha ụdị ma dị ka otu ihe akụrụngwa nke alloys. Ha, ekele ọnụnọ nke molybdenum wusiri na wear eguzogide, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide na anticorrosion.

Ụfọdụ molybdenum ogige na-eji dị ka oru lubrication. Ọzọkwa, nke a bụ doping metal ihe n'otu oge na-emetụta ndị na ume anticorrosion, nke bụ nnọọ obere.

vanadium

Gray metal na a ọlaọcha na luster. Ọ nwere a pụtara elu ọnụego nke-agbaze (1920 ° ^C). Ọ na-bụ-eji dị ka a mkpali na ọtụtụ Filiks ruru ya inertia. Energy na-eji na ma ndị chemical ugbu a iyi ke imewe nke inorganic asịd. Isi mkpa bụ adịghị ọcha metal, ya bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ya ogige.

Rhenium na ya alloys

Gịnị bụ ihe kasị refractory metal tungsten mgbe? Ọ rhenium. Ya agbaze ọnụego bụ ^banyere 3186 C. N'ihi na elu ike na tungsten, na molybdenum. Plasticity ọ bụghị kwa elu. Ina rhenium bụ nnọọ ukwuu, ma mmepụta bụ mgbagwoju. N'ihi nke a, ọ bụ ihe kasị oké ọnụ metal dị adị taa.

Ọ na-eji maka imewe nke:

• ugboelu engines;
• thermocouples;
• filament yarn maka spectrometers na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ;
• dị ka a mkpali na mmanụ ejegharịrị.

All ngwa ndị dị oké ọnụ, ya mere, ọ na-eji naanị na ikpe nke oké mkpa, mgbe dochie ihe ọzọ bụ ekwe omume.

titanium alloys

Titan - a nnọọ fechaa metal silver-acha ọcha na agba, nke na ọtụtụ-eji na Metallurgical ụlọ ọrụ na metal. Ọ nwere ike na-ewe ezigbo mgbe na a finely kewara ala, otú a ka a ọkụ odachi.

Ọ na-eji na ugbo elu na rọketi mmepụta, mmepụta nke ụgbọ mmiri. Ọtụtụ-eji nkà mmụta ọgwụ n'ihi biocompatibility na ahu (wuru aka na ụkwụ, Ịkpọpu akụkụ, implants, wdg).