Ugbu isi mmalite, chemical. Types of chemical ugbu a, na isi mmalite ngwaọrụ

Ugbu isi mmalite , chemical (abbreviated kụrụ) - mmegharị, nke ume nke a redox mmeghachi omume na converted n'ime ọkụ eletriki ike. Ha ndị ọzọ na aha - na electrochemical cell, galvanic cell , ihe electrochemical cell. Ha na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ bụ ndị na-esonụ: na na mmekọrịta nke abụọ reagents na-akpata a chemical mmeghachi omume na a mgbe nile eletrik ike oke. Na ọzọ usoro amụba ọkụ eletrik ugbu a emee multistage atụmatụ. Mbụ wepụtara thermal ike, mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ghọọ n'ibu nani mgbe n'ime ọkụ eletriki ike. Advantage kụrụ - otu-ogbo usoro, i.e. na ọkụ eletrik na-enwetara ozugbo, gafere ọtụtụ nzọụkwụ nke na-enye kwes na n'ibu ume.

akụkọ

Olee otú ndị mbụ ugbu a iyi? chemical isi mmalite a na-akpọ galvanic mkpụrụ ndụ mgbe Italian ọkà mmụta sayensị nke iri na asatọ na narị afọ - Luigi Galvani. Ọ bụ dibịa, anatomist, physiologist na physics. Otu nke ebe nke ya nnyocha bụ na-amụ ihe ndị Jeremaya nke ụmụ anụmanụ dị iche iche na mpụga mmetụta. The chemical usoro nke na-amị ọkụ eletrik e meghere Galvani mmadụ na mberede, mgbe otu n'ime ndị ya nwere na awọ. Ọ na-ejikọrọ na a raw akwara na frog ụkwụ abụọ metal efere. Mgbe nke a mere muscular mkpi. Own nkọwa nke a onu nke Galvani bụ ihe ọjọọ. Ma pụta nke ya nwere na kwuru nyeere ya compatriot Alessandro Volta ụdi ọmụmụ.

Volta akọwa na ọrụ ya ozizi omume nke eletriki ugbu a site na a chemical mmeghachi omume n'etiti abụọ ọla na kọntaktị na muscular anụ ahụ nke frog. The mbụ chemical ugbu a iyi ele anya dị ka a akpa na brine, na efere mikpuru nime ya nke zinc na ọla kọpa.

Na ulo oru-ọnụ ọgụgụ CCS malitere-emepụta na nkera nke abụọ nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ, ekele France Leklanshe onye mepụtakwara isi manganese-zinc mkpụrụ ndụ na nnu electrolyte, aha ya. Mgbe afọ ole na ole, nke a ka e mma electrochemical cell ndị ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na bụ nanị isi chemical isi mmalite nke eletrik tupu 1940.

Design na ime kụrụ

chemical ugbu a iyi ngwaọrụ agụnye abụọ electrodes (eduzi nke mbụ ụdị) na intervening electrolyte (eduzi nke abụọ obiọma, ma ọ bụ ion eduzi). Na ókè-ala nke electronic nwere ebilite n'etiti ha. The electrode nke mbenata gị n'ụlọnga na-oxidized akpọ anode, na otu na nke oxidant mgbake - cathode. Ọnụ na electrolyte, ha ịbụ ihe na electrochemical usoro.

A byproduct nke redox mmeghachi omume n'etiti electrodes bụ omume nke ihe eletrik. N'oge a mmeghachi omume, na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga na-oxidised na oxidant enye electrons na-anabata ha na n'ihi na nke a na-weghachiri eweghachi. Ọnụnọ nke electrolyte n'etiti cathode na anode bụ a mkpa mmeghachi omume. Ọ bụrụ na naanị mix ọnụ ntụ nke abụọ dị iche iche ọla, dịghị electric agbapụta n'ahụ adịghị ime, niile ume ga-atọhapụ dị ka okpomọkụ. The electrolyte dị mkpa streamline na usoro nke elektrọn nyefe. Ọtụtụ mgbe eme nnu ngwọta ma ọ bụ gbazee nke ya mma.

The electrodes anya dị ka metal efere ma ọ bụ okporo. Mgbe ha nmikpu nime electrolyte ebilite ihe electric nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti ha - na-emeghe circuit voltaji. The anode nwere a ọchịchọ mmetụta nke electrons na a cathode - ka ha doo. On ha n'elu chemical mmeghachi omume na-amalite. Ha kwụsịrị site mmeghe nke yinye, nakwa dị ka mgbe onye nke reactants gwusia. Breaking-ewe ebe site mwepụ nke onye nke electrodes ma ọ bụ electrolyte.

Mejupụtara electrochemical usoro

Ugbu isi mmalite chemical oxidants na-eji dị ka oxygen acid salts, oxygen, halides, elu metal oxides nitroorganic compound na t. D. mbenata mmadụ n'ime ya bụ ọla na ha ala oxides, hydrogen, na hydrocarbon ogige. Ka electrolytes ji mee ihe:

1. Okenye agbanwe agbanwe nke asịd, alkali, nnu na na. D.
2. Nonaqueous ngwọta na ion conductivity nwetara site dissolving nnu na organic ma ọ bụ inorganic solvents.
3. nnu na-agbaze.
4. Solid ogige na ionic lattice, nke onye nke ibughari ion.
5. Matriks electrolytes. Nke a na mmiri mmiri agbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụ agbazenụ-emi odude ke pores nke a siri ike na-abụghị conductive ahu - elektronositelya.
6. Ion-exchange electrolytes. Nke a siri ike njikọ na ofu ionic iche iche nke otu ihe ịrịba ama. ihe ịrịba ama ọzọ nke Jonah mgbe mobile. Nke a ihe onwunwe na-eme ka conductivity nke electrolyte unipolar.

galvanic batrị

Chemical ugbu a na isi mmalite iso nke electrochemical mkpụrụ ndụ - mkpụrụ ndụ. Erughị ala na otu n'ime ndị a na mkpụrụ ndụ bụ obere - si 0,5 ka 4V. Dabere na-egbo mkpa, see iji galvanic batrị, esịnede ọtụtụ serially ejikọrọ ọcha. Ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-eji ihe yiri ma ọ bụ na usoro-ukem njikọ nke ọtụtụ ọcha. Na usoro circuit mgbe niile na-agụnye naanị otu isi selụ batrị. Ha kwesịrị inwe otu parameters bụ: electrochemical usoro, imewe, usoro mgbanwe na size. Maka ukem njikọ bụ omume na-eji ihe nke dị iche iche nha.

nhazi ọkwa kụrụ

Chemical isi mmalite dị iche na:

• size;
• ewu;
• reagents;
• Nature energoobrazuyuschey mmeghachi omume.

Ndị a kwa kọwaa arụmọrụ nke CCS adabara a akpan akpan ngwa.

Nhazi ọkwa nke electrochemical mkpụrụ ndụ dabeere iche iche na ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe. Dabere na ndị a mara, ịmata ihe dị iche:

1. Primary chemical isi mmalite - disposable ihe. Ha nwere ihe ụfọdụ na ngwaahịa reagents, nke na-iwesa ke mmeghachi omume. Mgbe dị full orùrù cell tụfuru arụmọrụ. Na ọzọ bụ isi kụrụ a na-akpọ galvanic mkpụrụ ndụ. Kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi ga-akpọ ha - mmewere. The mfe atụ nke a bụ isi iyi nke ike - "Battery" AA.
2. Rechargeable chemical ugbu a na isi mmalite - batrị (na-akpọ nke abụọ, reversible kụrụ) bụ reusable ọcha. Site na-agafe a ugbu a site mpụga circuit na agbara direction site batrị mgbe full-agbapụta n'ahụ nọrọ reactants na-regenerated ọzọ dum n'ịkpa chemical ume (ebubo). N'ihi na o na-odori si mpụga mgbe nile ugbu a isi iyi na ngwaọrụ na-eji maka a ogologo oge, intermittently fanye. The usoro nke na-amụba eletriki ike a na-akpọ accumulator agbapụta n'ahụ. A na-agụnye Hit batrị nke ọtụtụ kọmputa ngwaọrụ (laptọọpụ, mobile phones na na. N.).
3. Kwes chemical isi mmalite - ngwaọrụ nke na-aga n'ihu ime ihe. N'oge ha na-arụ ọrụ e nwere a na-aga n'ihu eruba n'ime ọhụrụ batches nke reagents na mwepụ nke mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa.
4. The jikọtara (polutoplivnyh) electrochemical mkpụrụ ndụ a na ngwaahịa nke onye nke reactants. Nke abụọ ngwaọrụ na-ọnọ na n'èzí. The ndụ nke ngwaọrụ na-adabere na ọkọnọ nke mbụ reactant. Jikọtara chemical isi mmalite nke eletriki ugbu a na-eji dị ka batrị, ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ekwe omume nke na-eweghachiri ha ụgwọ site na-agafe ugbu a site mpụga isi iyi.
5. See mmeghari recharged mechanically ma ọ bụ na ya. N'ihi na ha, ọ bụ omume na-eji dochie mgbe a zuru ụgwọ nọrọ reagents on ọhụrụ òkè. Nke ahụ bụ, ha na-adịghị na-aga n'ihu na ngwaọrụ dị ka nke ọma, dị ka batrị oge recharged.

e ji mara kụrụ

The isi e ji mara nke chemical ike enweta na-agụnye:

1. Open circuit voltaji (OCV ma ọ bụ a ịrụzu voltaji). A na ọnụego bụ isi na-adabere na electrochemical usoro (Nchikota a mbenata gị n'ụlọnga, na oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga na electrolyte). Ọzọkwa OCV emetụta electrolyte ịta, ogo agbapụta n'ahụ, okpomọkụ na ndị ọzọ. OCV na-adabere na uru nke ugbu a na-eru site na kụrụ.
2. Power.
3. The-agbapụta n'ahụ ugbu a - dabere na mpụga circuit eguzogide.
4. Ikike - karịa ego nke ọkụ eletrik na-enye kụrụ mgbe ọ na-na-kpam kpam atara.
5. The ike content - kacha ike natara na zuru orùrù ngwaọrụ.
6. Energy e ji mara. N'ihi na batrị, ọ bụ isi na-ekwe nkwa nọmba nke ụgwọ-agbapụta n'ahụ cycles enweghị ẹsụhọde na voltaji ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ikike (akụ).
7. Okpomọkụ nso arụmọrụ.
8. Nchekwa oge - karịa ego nke oge n'etiti rụpụta na mbụ n'ahụ ngwaọrụ.
9. Service ndụ - kacha ngụkọta nchekwa na-arụ ọrụ ndụ. N'ihi na mmanụ ụgbọala na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị mkpa oge nke ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na intermittent ọrụ.
10. Ngụkọta ume nye maka dum ọrụ ndụ.
11. Mechanical ike na-akwanyere vibration, ujo, na na. N.
12. Ikike na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla ọnọdụ.
13. Pụrụ ịdabere.
14. Easy mmezi.

Chọrọ maka kụrụ

Ihe a haziri nke electrochemical mkpụrụ ndụ ga na-eweta ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi eme ka ndị kasị mma mmeghachi omume. Ọnọdụ ndị a na-agụnye:

• egbochi ugbu a leakage;
• edo ọrụ;
• n'ibu ike (gụnyere akara);
• nkewa nke reactants;
• ezi na kọntaktị n'etiti electrodes na electrolyte;
• ihapu ugbu a si na mmeghachi omume mpaghara mpụga mmepụta na kacha nta losses.

Ugbu isi mmalite, chemical ga izute ndị na-esonụ general chọrọ:

• kasị elu ụkpụrụ nke kpọmkwem kwa;
• kacha okpomọkụ nso nke operability;
• kasị ukwuu nchegbu;
• na kacha nta na-eri nke a unit nke ike;
• voltaji kwụsie ike;
• ana ichebe;
• nche;
• mfe nke mmezi, na kwesịrị ọ dịghị mkpa maka ya;
• ogologo ọrụ ndụ.

Operation kụrụ

Ndị isi uru nke bụ isi mkpụrụ ndụ - dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụla na-arụzi. Tupu ịmalite iji ha iji chọpụta ọdịdị, adị ndụ. Mgbe ejikọrọ ọ dị mkpa na-edebe polarity na lelee ike n'ezi ihe nke ngwaọrụ kọntaktị. More mgbagwoju chemical isi mmalite - batrị, na-achọ a ọzọ dị oké njọ na-elekọta. Nzube nke ozi ha - kacha ndọtị nke ndụ. Ilekọta na batrị:

• mmezi nke ịdị ọcha;
• nlekota na-emeghe circuit voltaji;
• ịnọgide na-enwe na electrolyte larịị (maka refilling naanị distilled mmiri nwere ike ji mee);
• Control nke electrolyte ịta (via hydrometer - mfe ngwaọrụ ji atụ ọmụmụ njupụta).

N'oge ọrụ electrochemical mkpụrụ ndụ mkpa ime na niile chọrọ metụtara ndị mma ojiji nke eletriki ngwa.

See nhazi ọkwa nke electrochemical usoro

Types of chemical ugbu a na isi mmalite, dabere na usoro:

• mbu (acid);
• nickel-cadmium, nickel-ígwè, nickel-zinc;
• manganese-zinc, ọla kọpa-zinc, mercury, zinc, zinc-chloride;
• silver-zinc, ọlaọcha na cadmium;
• ikuku-metal;
• nickel-hydrogen na ọlaọcha-hydrogen;
• manganese-magnesium;
• lithium na t. d.

Modern ojiji nke kụrụ

Ugbu isi mmalite, chemical Ọ bụ ugbu a na-eji na:

• ugbo ala;
• obere ngwaọrụ;
• agha na mbara technology;
• nkà mmụta sayensị na ngwá;
• Medicine (pacemakers).

Maara ihe atụ nke kụrụ ke ufọk:

• batrị (akọrọ mkpụrụ ndụ);
• batrị obere home ngwa na electronics;
• uninterruptible ike ọkọnọ;
• ụgbọ ala batrị.

Karịsịa ebe adiaha lithium chemical isi mmalite nke ọkụ eletrik. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na lithium (Li) nwere kasị elu ume njupụta. The eziokwu na ọ na-etu ọnụ na-ezighị ezi electrode nwere nke ndị ọzọ nile na ọla. Lithium-ion batrị (Lia) n'ihu nke ọzọ niile ụkpụrụ nke CCS na kpọmkwem ike nke na-arụ ọrụ voltaji. Ugbu a, ha ji nwayọọ nwayọọ mụta a ọhụrụ okirikiri - ụzọ iga. N'ọdịnihu na nkà mmụta sayensị na-metụtara mma nke lithium batrị, ga-akpali na ntụziaka nke ultrathin aghụghọ na nnukwu arọ-oru batrị.