The mbụ uzuoku locomotive na ụwa: akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akpali eziokwu

Mmalite nke ulo oru mgbanwe ke Europe ruru ka mepụtara nke uzuoku engine mbụ na-eji na Ngwuputa na ịkpa ákwà ụlọ ọrụ. Zie ezie mepụtara spodviglo ọtụtụ injinia megharịa ya njem na nzube. Isiokwu nke isiokwu - ụwa mbụ uzuoku locomotive na-akpali eziokwu metụtara ya anya.

prerequisites

The mmiri mgbapụta maara na ụmụ mmadụ na ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ochie. Ọtụtụ narị afọ nwere rue, na ọ mụtara na-eji ike nke uzuoku, na ndị bara uru ngwa nke nke mbụ malitere Velikiy Leonardo da Vinci. Single uzuoku engine, kere na njedebe nke na Asaa narị afọ - uzuoku ji esi mmiri ọkụ France Deni Papena (1680), mgbapụta England Thomas Savery (1898) - nọ a ezigbo ụkọ.

Ịmepụta a mma pistin engine, nke mmiri na-agbara, ọ na-ejikọrọ na aha nke England Thomas Newcomen (1711). Mmelite nke ndị a mepụtara me ka arụzi nke Glasgow, James Watt n'ụwa nile ama. Na ọ natara a patent maka ihe e kere eke nke uzuoku engine (1769), adabara obosara ngwa na ụlọ ọrụ.

The ụwa mbụ locomotive na-guzobere mgbe ụkpụrụ nke mepụtara: nkewa nke isi cylinder na condenser, nke kwere ka bụghị ịgbasi ike na mgbe nile na-kpo oku nke moto. Production nke uzuoku engines e tinyere na iyi na 1776 ekele ntoputa nke mbịne, egwe ọka ma na planing ígwè ọrụ.

66 engines na-wuru 1785. Otú ọ dị, inye rotary ukporo ka na-arụ ọrụ aro ka a chọrọ ka uzuoku engine abụọ eme. Watt patented ya na 1784, na site 1800 ọ nọworị na-e ke niile ọrụ, na-akwọ ụgbọala nke ọzọ ụgbọ ala.

Richard Trevithick

Ònye mepụtakwara mbụ uzuoku engine na ụwa? Otu n'ime ihe mbụ gbalịrị iji a uzuoku engine maka njem nzube France Nikola Kyuno, bụ onye kere onwe propelled ajụjụ (1769). N'oge ahụ, Richard Trevithick ama ọbụna a mụrụ.

A afọ Cornwall (England), ama Ngwuputa ebe, ọdịnihu nchepụta a mụọ ya na a nnukwu ezinụlọ na 1771-m. Nna ya bụ onye na-akwanyere ùgwù na-egwuputa, na dara na ịhụnanya na ya na nwata mgbakọ na mwepụ Richard gbalịrị ikwado ọrụ n'okpuru ala, rụọ uzuoku engines na nfuli egwuputa. Na 1801-m maka mkpa nke ndị na enterprise o kere a n'ụgbọala - a prototype nke mbụ ụgbọ ala, nke e mechara ghọrọ zuru ebe nile dị ka a iche iche mode nke iga. Ọ bụ a trackless uzuoku locomotive (n'afọ nke nnata nke patent - 1802 nke), a na-akpọ Puffing Devil.

Ọ bụrụ na Watt Motors ndị keukwu n'ihi nke eji ala nsogbu uzuoku, ọ na-adịghị atụ egwu R. Trevithick ibu site ọtụtụ ugboro (ruo 8 atmospheres). Power nọgidere otu, ma nke ndị engine na-budata belata, nke bụ mkpa maka mmepe nke iga. Watt meghachi omume ya na-ezighị ezi, ewepu elu-mgbali nwedịrị ike ịta.

ule

igba ígwè rails E kere South Wales, na nchepụta n'oge biri Cambourne. Trevithick empirically gosipụtara na mgbe na kọntaktị na-eji ire ụtọ ezigbo wheel skidding ga-eme frictional ike zuru ezu ime ka engine, ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na a ikedo ugbala kwajuru na coal. Ọ dị nnọọ mkpa anya nke bara uru na nzube nke ụlọ ọrụ.

Maka ulo oru ngwa mbụ uzuoku locomotive n'ụwa wuru na afọ bu ụzọ Ya ikpe (1803). Banyere ha na English akwụkwọ akụkọ dere na February nke 1804, kọrọ, ojiji nke mepụtakwara igwe n'ihi njem nke 10 tọn ígwè. Self-propelled ji ebu on rails kpuchie anya na 9 kilomita, na ntụziaka nke njem mụbara ogo ibu ruo 15 ise - banyere 70 ndị mmadụ were a ohere ịrị elu na-agba ịnyịnya n'okpuru akwado mbigbọ nke ìgwè mmadụ. The ọnụego dịrị 5 kilomita kwa hour, mgbe ọ bụghị chọrọ iji tinye mmiri na ji esi mmiri ọkụ. Ma, ọ bụ kwa cumbersome locomotive apụghị agbasa otú Trevithick nọgidere na-amụtakwu imewe.

Enwetaghị Me Ònye pụrụ

Maka ọhụrụ nlereanya, na-akpọ "enwetaghị Me Ònye pụrụ", nke dị ná mpụga London Trevithick ewuli okporo ígwè mgbanaka ụzọ. O na-ekwere na-emepụta nwere mmasi ọhụrụ igwe. Obnesya Ikwesị Ground elu nsu, ọbụna o amalite ere na-achọ inwere nọkwasi tiketi, na-enwe olileanya na-ekpuchi na-akwụ ụgwọ na-eme ka a uru. The ọhụrụ engine na-enye ohere a na-agba ruo 30 km / h.

Ma ịmalite bụ kụrụ afọ n'ala. The ụwa mbụ locomotive njem, kere maka fun, bụghị dọtara uche nke industrialists. N'ihi na bursting nke ígwè okporo ígwè, ọ na-enyefe, na-enwe taa ahụhụ mebiri. Trevithick emeghị ọbụna weghachi ya, ndị ọzọ mepụtara. Na 1816, ọ gara Peru itinye aka na guzosie ike ya engines na mpaghara mines.

Fate Trevithick: Nti Facts

Ruo mgbe 1827 nọgidere pụtara ìhè nchepụta na South America. Laghachiri obodo, ọ chọpụtara na ya rụzuru ọma mee na mepụtara ọzọ injinia. Enye ama akpa ke 1833, ịbụ fọrọ nke nta a arịrịọ. Isi nsogbu, na-adịghị ekwe ka mejuputa echiche ya na nke narị afọ, bụ enweghị ụzọ. O ji ya uba na a pụrụ iche mezie ụzọ gasị maka uzuoku adọkpụ gwakwara ha si osisi na nkume.

The mbụ uzuoku locomotive na ụwa emeela ka ọgwụgwọ nke James Watt na England nzuko omeiwu, omeiwu iwu engines na elu nsogbu uzuoku. The iwu na-nakweere, ma ọ ka na-kwụsịtụrụ development Trevithick.

Watt ebubo megide ya na-amụrụ nke na-ezu ohi echiche nke ihe e kere eke nke uzuoku engine na ụlọ ọrụ "Botton na Watt". Nke a mere ka a nnukwu asịrị, na-amanye Trevithick chebe ya ezi aha.

Naanị n'ime afọ 20, e setịpụrụ maka uzuoku iga. Ọ na-ejikọrọ na aha George Stephenson.

Nke oghere nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọha mkpa

N'oge ndụ nke Trevithick, ke 1825, ndị ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-ejikọrọ na Stockton na Darlington meghere. Onwe-kụziiri engineer Dzhordzh Stefenson mepụtakwara a adaba imewe na-enye ohere locomotive na-eji ire ụtọ rails sere a arọ Ọdịdị. Na ya mepụtara ọrụ dị mkpa na-egwuri onwe ha rails, track nke ka juru ebe niile Western Europe (1,435 mm). Locomotive n'oge mmeghe nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè gbara onwe ya Stephenson, na-esote soro cavalcade nke agba bee apụ n'oge ụmụ. The juru ìgwè mmadụ maara dịghị ókè. The ọsọ bụ 24 km / h.

N'ihi na ọha mkpa ụwa mbụ uzuoku locomotive Stephenson kere 1814. Ọ kpuchie a anya nke 30 km, na site ufọt ufọt na narị afọ, ihe nile nke Europe kpuchie ya a na netwọk nke ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Locomotives malitere ebu bụghị naanị ibu, ma ndị mmadụ.

Soviet version

Na Soviet Union ruo ogologo oge ọ na-ekwu ka mepụtakwara na locomotive Stephenson Russia Cherepanov. The nna na nwa ya kwuru mere ya, n'agbanyeghị nke Western Europe. N'eziokwu, Miron Cherepanov gara England, ebe ọ hụrụ imewe na rails. Alaghachi Vyisky osisi, ọ gbalịrị idetuo ihe ọ hụrụ, ma ka na mmepe nke echiche ya were afọ abụọ. The ụwa mbụ uzuoku locomotive on rails nwalere na 1804 (ọtụtụ ndị weere ụbọchị a ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke engine), na "ala ụgbọ mmiri" pụtara na Russia na 1833.

Ọ na-eji ụgbọ nke ore ruo mgbe ọ bibie ọhịa na gburugburu. Locomotives dochie ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ, na-eche banyere mepụtara mgbe ọzọ ruo afọ abụọ.

ọ bụ ọchịchọ ịmata

Na Cambourne a oyiyi nke Richard Trevithick ejide ya nke mbụ ya trackless ajụjụ, kpọkwasịrị aha "sniffing ekwensu." Ihe nlereanya nwere ike hụrụ na ọtụtụ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie raara nye ndị mere nke uzuoku locomotive. Na ebe ọ bụ ya bụ ụwa mbụ uzuoku locomotive?

Ozugbo m kwụsịrị nchepụta Ụlọ ndị njem, na-echefu belata okpomọkụ, nke na-akwado ndị ji esi mmiri ọkụ okpomọkụ. Mgbe mmiri ka sie pụọ, na ibu ọkụ. Ezuru a nkeji ole na ole, n'ihi ya, ọ dịghị ihe. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-adịghị iwe iwe na-eji obi ụtọ Trevithick, nọgide na-arụ ọrụ na ọhụrụ mepụtara.

Ya ebe ili ozu a na-mwute ikwu na-efu, ma nkà engineer aha e dere ọlaedo akwụkwọ ozi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa.