Asiria alaeze na akụkọ banyere ya

The mbụ alaeze nke ụwa oge ochie bụ Asiria. Nke a kwuo adị na ụwa map fọrọ nke nta ka afọ 2,000 - si XXIV na VII narị afọ BC na banyere 609 BC. e. akwụsịwo ịdị adị. E kwuru banyere Asiria, a hụrụ na oge ochie dere dị ka Herodotus, Aristotle na ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa Asiria ala-eze kwuru na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ n'ime Bible.

ọdịdị ala

Asiria ala-eze elu esịmde nke Tigris River, na-erukwa site na ala esịmde nke Lesser Zab n'ebe ndịda ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na Zagras Masios ugwu ke edere. Na iche iche oge nke ya adị, ọ dị na ala nke oge a na-ekwu, dị ka Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Turkey, Syria, Cyprus na Egypt.

Long akụkọ ihe mere eme ọma mara bụghị otu isi obodo nke alaeze Asiria:

1. Ashur (akpa isi obodo, bụ 250 kilomita site n'oge a Baghdad).
2. Ekallatum (isi obodo elu Mesopotamia ke ufọt N'ezie nke Agu).
3. Nineveh (dị na n'oge Iraq).

Historical oge mmepe

Ebe ọ bụ na akụkọ nke Asiria alaeze na-ewe oge dị ukwuu mgbe, oge nke ya adị na-conventionally ikewa ụzọ atọ:

• Staroassiriysky oge - XX -XVI narị afọ BC.
• Sredneassiriysky oge - XV-XI narị afọ BC.
• Neo-Alaeze Ukwu Asiria nke - X-VII narị afọ BC.

Onye ọ bụla nke oge e ji ya anụ ụlọ na ndị mba ọzọ amụma nke ala, ndị ọchịchị ndị eze si dị iche iche usoro ndị eze na, bụla nke oge malitere ịrị elu na ae ala nke ndị Asiria, ndị mgbanwe na mgbanwe ọdịdị ala nke ala-eze si mba ọzọ amụma na ikuziri.

Staroassiriysky oge

Ndị Asiria batara n'ókèala Osimiri Yufretis na n'etiti XX narị afọ. BC. e., kwuru, sị ebo na Akkadian asụsụ. First wue obodo nke Ashur na aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke ha Chi kasị ukwuu.

N'oge a, ma e nweghị otu obodo Asiria, otú ọtụtụ Nome ghọrọ a nwere Ashur, bụ onye a nọ n'okpuru alaeze nke Mitanni na Kassite Babylonia. Gosiri ejigide ụfọdụ onwe ya na esịtidem omume niile. Site Ashshurskomu Nome agụnye ọtụtụ obere ime obodo edu ndị okenye. The obodo mepụtara ngwa ngwa ekele mma obodo ọnọdụ: ọ bụ site ụzọ azụmahịa si n'ebe ndịda, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.

Ekwu okwu banyere ọchịchị na oge a, ndị eze na-adịghị anabata, dị ka ndị na-achị nwere full na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikike e ji mara ndị na-ebu nke a ọnọdụ. Oge a na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Asiria e kewapụrụ site akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka a prequel n'ihi na mma nke Asiria alaeze. Ruo mgbe ọdịda nke Akkad na XXII narị afọ BC Ashur bụ akụkụ ya, ma mgbe ya ofufe ghọrọ onwe ha maka a obere oge, na na na na XXI narị afọ BC. e. Ur e weghaara. Nanị mgbe afọ 200 ike tụụrụ na-achị achị - ashshurtsam, site na oge na-amalite na-eto ngwa ngwa nke ahia na nnweta mmepụta. Otú ọ dị, ndị dị otú ahụ a na ọnọdụ n'ime obodo ha ruo ogologo oge, mgbe 100 afọ nke Ashur tụfuru ya pụtara Central obodo, na ọ na-aghọ onye ọchịchị nke otu n'ime ụmụ ndị onye na-achị Shamsht-Adad. N'oge na-adịghị obodo ahụ bụ n'okpuru ikike nke eze Babilon, Hammurabi, na na banyere 1720 BC. e. Ọ na-amalite a jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na okooko nke otu nọọrọ onwe ha Asiria ala.

abụọ oge

Site XIV narị afọ BC Asiria ọchịchị ukara akwụkwọ na-ama kwuru na ndị eze. Ọzọkwa, mgbe na-ezo aka Fero nke Ijipt, ha na-ekwu, "anyị na nwanna." N'oge a, e bụ ifịk agha amalite ịchị nke ala: mere incursions n'ime Het ala, raiding alaeze Babylon, n'obodo Finishia na Syria, na 1290-1260 biennium. BC. e. agwụ territorial imewe nke Alaeze Ukwu Asiria.

A ọhụrụ upsurge nke agha mmeri nke ndị Asiria malitere n'oge ọchịchị Tiglat-Pileser, onye bụ ike weghara ebe ugwu Siria, Finishia, na Asia Minor, N'eziokwu, eze ọtụtụ ugboro si na mmiri na Mediterranean Sea, gosi ya kara n'elu Egypt. Mgbe ọnwụ nke a na-emeri edidem iju-amalite na steeti, na niile ụdi eze nwere ike agaghịkwa ịnọgide na-enwe na mbụ nwere n'ókèala. Asiria alaeze a chụpụrụ ha amaala ala. Document oge XI-X ọtụtụ narị afọ BC. e. Ọ na-e chebere, nke na-egosi na-adakpọ.

Neo-Alaeze Ukwu Asiria nke

A ọhụrụ ogbo na mmepe nke Asiria malitere mgbe ndị Asiria jisiri Bibie nke Aramaic ebo wee n'ókèala ha. Na ala kere oge a, a na-ewere na-akpa alaeze ndị mere nke mmadụ. The protracted nsogbu nke Asiria alaeze okpu kwụsị eze Adad-nirari II na Adid- nirari III (ọ bụ ya na nne Semiramis tie ịdị adị nke onye na nke 7 ebube nke World - na ákwà Gardens). N'ụzọ dị mwute, ndị na-esonụ atọ eze pụrụ iguzogide efega nke mpụga iro - alaeze Urartu, na mụụrụ ihe iti anụ ụlọ iwu, nke ukwuu ebelatawo steeti.

Asiria na Tiglapalasare III

Nke a ala-eze-ịrị elu malitere na oge nke eze Tiglapalasara III. N'ịbụ ike na 745-727 afọ. BC. e., ọ bụ ike ijide ala Finishia, Palestine, Syria, Damascus ala-eze n'oge ọchịchị ya ọtụtụ afọ nke agha na steeti Urartu e doziri.

Jisie na mba ọzọ amụma n'ihi na-eduzi esịtidem na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbanwe. Ya mere, eze wee malite na-amanye mwepụ nke ya bi n'ala si nwere mba, ọnụ na ndị ezinụlọ ha na ihe onwunwe, nke mere ka mgbasa nke Aramaic ofụri Asiria. The eze kpebiri na nsogbu nke separatism na mba, nkerisi nnukwu ebe n'ime ọtụtụ obere ika site gọvanọ, n'ekweghị, si otú, ntoputa nke ọhụrụ n'ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, eze we bulie mgbanwe ndị agha: agha na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na agha colonists, e reorganized n'ime a ọkachamara eguzo agha, na-enweta a ụgwọ si edebe akụ, e ẹkenam ọhụrụ dị iche iche nke ndị agha - mgbe ndi agha na ọgụ engineer, nlebara anya pụrụ iche ugwo nzukọ nke ọgụgụ isi na-ekwurịta okwu.

Ihe ịga nke ọma agha nke Tiglat-Pileser ekwe ka ịmepụta otu alaeze na agbatị si Persian Gulf na Mediterranean, na ọbụna anyanya dị ka eze Babilon - Pula.

Urartu - Empire (Transcaucasia), na nke mwakpo nke Asiria isi

Alaeze Urartu e odude na ókèala nke Armenian ala dị larịị ma nwere ókèala nke oge a Armenia, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Turkey, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Iran na Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The heyday nke ala bụ njedebe nke IX - n'etiti nke Asatọ na narị afọ BC, Urartu Decline n'ụzọ dị ukwuu mee ka agha na alaeze Asiria.

Mgbe anata ocheeze mgbe ọnwụ nke nna ya bụ Eze Tiglat-pilesa nke Atọ chọrọ laghachi ha ala-achịkwa ụzọ azụmahịa nke Asia Minor. Na 735 BC. e. na bụrụkwa agha na Osimiri Yufretis West Bank Asiria enwe ike imebi ndị agha Urartu na-akpali n'ime alaeze. Edidem Urartu Sarduri ọbọhọ nwụrụ obere oge gasiri, na steeti bụ na ọnọdụ dị njọ. Nọchiri ya, Rusa m nwee ike igosi a nwa oge truce na ndị Asiria, bụ nke e gbajiri site eze Asiria Sargon II.

Iji eziokwu na Urartu e ebelatawo site mmeri, enwetara site na Cimmerian ebo nile, Sargon II na 714 BC. e. Urartian agha bibie ya, na otú a, Urartu na nta ya alaeze ndị chịrị site Asiria. Mgbe ihe ndị a, Urartu furu efu ya mkpa na ụwa ogbo.

Policy ikpeazụ eze Asiria

Nketa Tiglat-pilesa nke Atọ nweghị ike n'aka-ha alaeze ukwu tọrọ ntọala site na ya ụzọ, ka oge na Babylon kwuru onwe ya. The eze, Sargon II of, na ya mba ọzọ amụma na ọ bụghị nanị na-jide alaeze Urartu, ọ bụ ike inweta onwe akara Babylon, Asiria na e anyanya dị ka eze Babilon, ọ ịga nke ọma n'igbochi niile nnupụisi aa na ókèala nke alaeze ukwu.

Ọbubu-eze nke Sennacherib (705-680 gg. BC. E.) Ji mgbe nile see na ndị nchụàjà nke eze na ụmụ amaala. N'oge ọchịchị ya, onye bụbu eze Babilon, gbalịrị re-iru ya ikike, o mewokwa ka eziokwu na Sennacherib obi ọjọọ ahụhụ ndị Babilọn na-ebibi kpam kpam Babylon. Enweghị afọ ojuju na iwu nke eze ada ka idem emem nke ala na, dị ka a N'ihi ya, outbreaks nke nupụ isi, ụfọdụ na-ekwu nwetaghachiri onwe ha, na Urartu nwetaghachiri n'ókèala ụfọdụ. A iwu mere ka igbu ọchụ nke eze.

Ozugbo ike, gburu eze Isa-hadon nketa nke mbụ niile wee mweghachi nke Babilọn na oruru nke mmekọahụ ndị nchụàjà. N'ihe gbasara mba ọzọ amụma, eze jisiri ichughachiazu mbuso agha nke Cimmerians antiassiriyskie ebelata nnupụisi Finishia na ibido a ọma mgbasa ozi na Egypt, nke rụpụtara na kpọọ nke Memphis na nrigo ocheeze Egypt, ma na-a mmeri eze okpu n'ihi na-atụghị anya ọnwụ.

The ikpeazụ eze Asiria

The ikpeazụ ike eze Asiria bụ Ashurbanipal, mara dị ka ndị kasị ihere nke Asiria na-achị obodo. Ọ bụ ya na-na n'obí ya anakọtara a pụrụ iche n'ọbá akwụkwọ mbadamba ụrọ. n'oge ọchịchị ya e ji mara a mgbe nile mgba na-enwereghị onwe States na-achọ inwere iji nwetaghachi onwe. Asiria na oge a na-alụ agha na alaeze Ilam, bụ nke mere ka zuru mmeri nke ikpeazụ. Egypt na Babylon ga-enwetaghachi onwe ha, ma ha emeghị ka a N'ihi nke ọtụtụ esemokwu. Ashshurbanipalu jisiri mụbaa ya mmetụta na Lydia, Media, Frijia, na-azọpịa Thebes.

Ọnwụ nke Asiria alaeze

Ọnwụ nke Assurbanipal akara mmalite nke oj oo. Asiria meriri Midia ala-eze Bebel onwe. The n'otu agha nke ndị Midia na ndị òtù ha na 612 BC. e. Nineveh - isi obodo nke Asiria alaeze e bibiri. Na 605 BC. e. na Carchemish Nebukadneza nke Babilọn meriri onye ikpeazụ nketa ndị agha nkeji nke Asiria, nke mere na Alaeze Ukwu Asiria nke e bibiri.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme uru nke Asiria

Ancient Asiria alaeze hapụrụ a akụ na ụba nke na omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme ncheta. Ruo mgbe oge anyị, ọtụtụ Bas-tụrụ na Mpaghara si ndụ nke ndị eze na ndị a ma ama, isii mita ọkpụkpụ nke nwere nku chi, ọtụtụ ceramik na ọla.

A oké onyinye mmepe nke ihe ọmụma banyere ụwa oge ochie mere ka ahụrụ n'ọbá akwụkwọ na puku iri atọ na mbadamba ụrọ eze Ashurbanipal, ebe ihe ọmụma na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, astronomy, na engineering e anakọtara, na ọbụna zoro aka Oké Iju Mmiri.

Na a elu larịị nke engineering bụ - Asiria na-enwe ike iru a kanaal, na ịwa ọwa mmiri na mmiri 13 mita n'obosara na 3000 mita ogologo.

Ndị Asiria na-enwe ike ike otu ike ụsụụ ndị agha ya oge, burugodị ha na ụgbọ ịnyịnya, containers, ube ọgụ ndi agha ji zụrụ nkịta, ndị agha ọma onwem.

Mgbe ọdịda nke Asiria ala ghọrọ onye nketa ka ọtụtụ narị afọ rụzuru nke Babylon.