The Nzukọ nke Nche ma Imekọ Ihe Ọnụ ke Europe (OSCE): Ọdịdị, nzube

The Nzukọ nke Nche ma Imekọ Ihe Ọnụ ke Europe - otu ihe dị mkpa Inter Governmental ahu onye isi ọrụ bụ ịnọgide na-enwe udo ma kwụsie ike na Afrika. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a Ọdịdị nwere ihe karịrị otu afọ iri. Ma n'ezie irè nke nzukọ ogologo ije esemokwu. Ka anyị chọpụta ihe bụ Nzukọ nke Nche ma Imekọ Ihe Ọnụ ke Europe, na-amụta ya isi nzube na ọrụ, nakwa dị ka a nkenke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-eme.

History nke e kere eke

Mbụ niile, anyị na-ahụ ọnọdụ nke OSCE e guzobere.

Echiche nke akpọkọta a nzukọ nke na-anọchite anya nke States nke na-arụ ọrụ na izugbe ụkpụrụ nke mba iwu na mpaghara, e mbụ mara ọkwa na Bucharest na 1966, ndị nnọchiteanya nke European mba nke socialist mara ụlọikwuu, bụ akụkụ nke ATS unit. Mgbe e mesịrị, ụzọ bụ site France na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ Western mba. Ma mere a bụrụkwa onyinye ọnọdụ nke Finland. Nke a mba nyere ka a nọrọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ndị a na isi obodo ya - Helsinki.

Mbido izu-adọ wee ebe June 1973 na November 1972. The nzukọ ekenịmde nnọchiteanya 33 mba Europe, nakwa dị ka Canada na United States. Mgbe a na ogbo, ọ na-enwe na-enye n'ozuzu nduzi n'ihu imekọ ihe ọnụ, nke a haziri iwu nke usoro na burukwa n'ime okwu.

Ozugbo ahụ, nzukọ mbụ e nwere na n'oge July 1973. Nke a ụbọchị a na-anabata gụọ OSCE. Mgbe a na ogbo ke nneme nke ndị mba ọzọ na-eje ozi wee akụkụ ke niile na mba Europe ma e wezụga Albania, na abụọ North American mba. Ha chọpụtara na-ala na isi okwu, nke na-egosi na "Final Aro".

Na nke abụọ ogbo, nke weere ọnọdụ na Geneva si September 1973 ka July 1975, ndị nnọchiteanya nke Mgbakọnata mba dokwuo anya ihe ndị kasị mkpa ihe nke general imekọ ihe ọnụ, nke mere na ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu izute ọdịmma nke ndị niile sonyere, na achikota niile okwu.

The ozugbo bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke ikpeazụ-eme omume wee ebe ke mbubreyo July - n'oge August 1975 na Helsinki. Ọ e gara site n'elu ndú niile 35 Mgbakọnata mba. The ikpeazụ nkwekọrịta e eze aha ya bụ "The Final Act nke CSCE," na e kpebiri ozi na-ezo aka na Helsinki kwekọrọ.

Isi ndokwa nke Helsinki kwekọrọ

The pụta akwụkwọ nke Helsinki nkwekọrịta e formalized pụta World War II. Ke adianade do, 10 na isi ụkpụrụ nke mba iwu mmekọahụ e mepụtara. N'etiti ha ka anyị ga-egosi ụkpụrụ nke inviolability nke ẹdude territorial ala nke mba Europe, na-abụghị nnyonye anya, ịha nhata nke States, nkwanye ùgwù maka isi ohere, nri nke mba ikpebi ha eke.

Ke adianade do, ndokwa e mepụtara maka general mmekọahụ na omenala, agha, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na iwu na akwalite ọdịmma ndị mmadụ na ngalaba.

The n'ihu mmepe nke nzukọ

na Europe (CSCE) Site ugbu a na Nche na Cooperation Council malitere izukọta mgbe nile. Nzukọ na Belgrade (1977-1978), Madrid (1980-1983), Stockholm (1984), na na Vienna (1986).

Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama bụ nzukọ Paris na September 1990, nke e gara site agadi management nke na-ekere òkè ná mba. Ọ nakweere ama Charter nke Paris, nke kara akara ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Nzuzo, bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ogwe aka, nakwa dị ka ihe dị mkpa ọgbakọ depụtara n'ihu consultations.

Mgbe Moscow nzukọ na 1991 ọ nakweere a mkpebi ndị ruuru mmadụ na-ewere ụzọ karịa mba iwu.

Na 1992, mgbe a nzukọ na Helsinki bụ reformat na CSCE. Na mbụ, ọ na-na, n'eziokwu, bụ a forum nke nkwurịta okwu management site Member States, na site na oge malitere ghọọ a na-fledged na-adịgide adịgide nzukọ. N'otu afọ na Stockholm ẹkenam a ọhụrụ post - na CSCE Secretary General.

N'afọ 1993, na a nzukọ na Rome, nkwekọrịta e ruru na oruru nke Dịwara Committee, ebe obodo zigara ha ndị bịara mgbakọ ahụ na-anọchi anya.

N'ihi ya, CSCE na-esiwanye malitere nweta atụmatụ nke na-adịgide adịgide na-arụ ọrụ na nzukọ. Iji mee ka aha mkpebi e mere na akara na-ahụ n'ezie format na 1994 na Budapest na bụ ugbu a CSCE agaghị na-akpọ ma karịa maka Nche na Imekọ Ihe Ọnụ ke Europe (OSCE). Ndokwa a batara ike ná mmalite nke 1995.

Mgbe a dị mkpa nzukọ nke OSCE bịa mgbakọ ahụ e nwere na Lisbon (1996), Copenhagen (1997), Oslo (1998), Istanbul (1999), Vienna (2000), Bucharest (2001), Lisbon (2002), Maastricht (2003), Sofia ( 2004), Ljubljana (2005), Astana (2010). On a forums na-atụle mpaghara nche mbipụta, iyi ọha egwu, separatism, ruuru mmadụ okwu.

Ọ ga-kwuru na, ebe ọ bụ na 2003, Russia si OSCE ọkwá bụ mgbe dị iche iche si echiche nke ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ekere òkè ná mba. N'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nkịtị ngwọta na-egbochi. N'otu oge e okwu nke a kwe omume ndọrọ ego nke Russia si nzukọ.

ihe mgbaru ọsọ

The isi ihe, nke do onwe-ha OSCE mba, bụ iji nweta udo na kwụsie ike Europe. Ịrụ ọrụ a, nzukọ a na-ifịk ke idozi esemokwu n'etiti ike na n'ime otu na-ekwu, nachi proliferation nke ngwá agha, na-eduzi diplomatic eme nke a mgbochi uwa iji gbochie ekwe omume esemokwu.

The nzukọ Monitors ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara, nakwa dị ka ememe nke ruuru mmadụ na Europe. OSCE-eme na-na-iji na-arụ nlekota nke ntuli aka na-ekere òkè mba site eziga ha na-ekiri. The nzukọ na-agba ume na mmepe nke onye kwuo uche oru.

obodo

The kasị onodi na nzukọ nke Europe nwere ndammana. OSCE n'ozuzu, nwere 57 so mba. E wezụga Europe, nzukọ aka kpọmkwem mba abụọ na North America (Canada na USA), nakwa dị ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Asian mba (Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, na na. D.)

Ma party ọnọdụ - abụghị nanị onye na dị na nzukọ. Cooperation mmekọ na-ahụta ka Afghanistan, Tunisia, Morocco, Israel na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ.

Ọdịdị nke ozu ndị OSCE

maka Nche na Imekọ Ihe Ọnụ ke Europe nwere nnọọ ọtụtụ ihe management Ọdịdị.

Iji lebara kasị mkpa nke a zuru ụwa ọnụ ọdịdị, na-aga Summit nke ndi isi nke State na Government. Nke ahụ bụ mkpebi nke ahụ a na-nke paramount mkpa. Ma, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na ikpeazụ dị otú ahụ nzukọ ẹkenịmde ke 2010 ke Astana, na n'ihu na - na na 1999.

N'ụzọ dị iche na Summit, ndị Council of Foreign Ministers osobo kwa afo. Ke adianade na-ekwurịta ihe ndị kasị mkpa, ya ozi bụ ntuli aka nke Secretary General nke nzukọ.

The OSCE adịgide Council - isi ahu nke ihe owuwu, nke na-arụ ọrụ a na-adịgide adịgide ndabere na osobo kwa izu na Vienna. Ọ na-emekwa ụfọdụ na a ntụle nke okwu akpọlite na mkpebi ha. Iduzi ikike nke na-eme ka onyeisi oche.

Ke adianade do, dị mkpa bughi ozu ndị OSCE Omeiwu Assembly bụ, Office maka Democratic Oru on Security Cooperation Forum.

Top isi nke OSCE-atụle-eme onyeisi oche na odeakwụkwọ izugbe. The ndị a pụtara posts na na ụfọdụ nke bughi ozu ndị OSCE, anyị Aga okwu ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị.

Onyeisi oche na-na

Management na nzukọ nke OSCE na-emekwa ụfọdụ na-aga n'ihu na-eme na-eme ka onyeisi oche.

Nke a na ọnọdụ a na-ẹkenịmde na Minister nke Ọzọ Affairs nke mba ahụ, nke afọ a oche na OSCE. Na 2016, a asọpụrụ ozi emezu Germany, nke pụtara na onyeisi oche nke OSCE bụ German Minista mba Frank-Walter Steinmeier. Na 2015, ọnọdụ e nwere site na kwuru nnọchiteanya nke Serbia Ivitsa Dachich.

The onyeisi oche nke ọrụ na-ahazi ọrụ nke OSCE ozu, nakwa dị ka ihe yiri nke nzukọ na mba ozo. Ka ihe atụ, Ivitsa Dachich na 2015 were ifịk akụkụ mmezi nke esemokwu na Ukraine.

Secretary General

Nke abụọ kasị mkpa post na nzukọ - Secretary General. The ntuli aka maka ọnọdụ e kwa afọ atọ, ndị Council nke Ozi. N'oge, izugbe odeakwụkwọ bụ Italian Lamberto Zannier.

The ike nke Secretary General na-agụnye management nke nzukọ site Isi, ya bụ, ọ bụ n'ezie isi nke ochichi. Ke adianade do, nke a na-eme ihe dị ka onye nnọchiteanya nke OSCE n'oge na-anọghị nke onyeisi oche.

The Omeiwu Assembly

The OSCE Omeiwu Assembly esịnede nnọchiteanya nke niile 57 sonyere. Nke a Ọdịdị e guzobere 1992 dị ka ihe inter-Omeiwu nzukọ. Ọ na-agụnye ihe karịrị 300 nnọchiteanya eze, nke ndị bịara mgbakọ ahụ Parliaments nke Member States.

The ụlọ ọrụ nke ahụ a dabeere na Copenhagen. Top isi ndị Omeiwu Assembly nke onyeisi oche na odeakwụkwọ izugbe.

na-adịgide adịgide na atọ pụrụ iche na kọmitii ọrụ na kpuchie nke ijeụkwụ.

nnyocha

Nso nso a, ihe na ọzọ Noa na-akatọ nzukọ. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na-ekwu na n'oge na-OSCE bụghị-edozi n'ezie isi nsogbu na kwesịrị ka a gbanwee. N'ihi ọdịdị nke mkpebi, ọtụtụ mkpebi na-akwado site na ọtụtụ ndị òtù nke nta nwere ike ga-egbochi.

Ke adianade do, e nwere ndị kwuru, mgbe ọbụna OSCE mkpebi na-adịghị egbu.

oSCE Meaning

N'agbanyeghị niile mehiere, ọ bụ ike overestimate mkpa nke OSCE. Nke a nzukọ bụ a n'elu ikpo okwu ebe obodo nwere ike ịhụ na-ala na-ese okwu, dozie esemokwu, na-ekweta na a na nkwonkwo na ọkwá ya na ihe ngwọta nke a kpọmkwem nsogbu. Ke adianade do, nzukọ mere bukwanu mgbalị iji hụ na ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na mba Europe na democratization nke ọha mmadụ.

Echefula na n'oge Agha Nzuzo gbahapụrụ bụghị dịghị n'ihi consultations n'ime CSCE. N'otu oge ahụ, anyị ga-agbalị iji hụ na ndị ọhụrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akwalite ọdịmma ndị mmadụ nsogbu, nzukọ nakwa were isi-on. Na ọ na-achọ ka mepụta mgbanwe nke OSCE.