The ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ nke cell

The plasma akpụkpọ - lipid bilayer na integrated ya ọkpụrụkpụ na-edozi, ion ọwa, na ihe nnabata ụmụ irighiri. Nke a n'ibu mgbochi na-ekewa ndị cytoplasm si pericellular ohere, n'otu oge ịbụ naanị nkwurịta okwu na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ma n'ihi na cytolemma bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa owuwu nke cell, na ya na ọrụ ekwe ka ọ na-adị na-emekọ na ndị ọzọ cell dị iche iche.

The n'ozuzu echiche nke ọrụ tsitolemmy

The plasma akpụkpọ ahụ n'ụdị na nke na ọ bụ ugbu a na anụmanụ cell, ji maka plurality nke ntule si dị iche iche ala-eze. Nje bacteria na mmadụ nje, onye ahu bu otu cell, bụ cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ. Na anụmanụ, dịkwa ka usoro ha na osisi dị ka ndị multicellular ntule ka nwere ya na N'ezie evolushọn. Otú ọ dị, ndị dị iche iche ala-eze di ndu eme ntule tsitolemmy dịtụ iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ya bụ ka otu. Ha nwere ike kere atọ iche iche: n'ikewa, iga na nkwurịta okwu.

The otu nkerisi ọrụ gụnyere n'ibu nchedo nke mkpụrụ ndụ, ịnọgide na-enwe ya udi, nchebe si extracellular ọkara. Akpụkpọ ahụ iga na-arụ otu ọrụ otu site ọnụnọ nke kpọmkwem na-edozi, ion ọwa na ụgbọala ụfọdụ bekee. Site tsitolemmy nkwurịta okwu ọrụ dị mkpa na-ebu ihe nnabata. On a elu akpụkpọ ahụ ihe nnabata okụre nchịkọta dị site nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-etinye aka humoral ọmụma nyefe usoro. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa na-na cytolemma daputara bụghị naanị cell, ma ụfọdụ n'ime ya membranous organelles. Na ha, ọ na-arụ otu ọrụ dị ka na ihe banyere dum cell.

mgbochi ọrụ

The mgbochi ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ na otutu. Ọ na-echebe ndị esịtidem cell ebe obibi na ẹdude ịta nke chemical bekee na ya mgbanwe. Na ngwọta nke mgbasa usoro emee, i.e. onwe-ukpụhọde nke ịta n'etiti media dị iche iche na ọdịnaya nke ụfọdụ bekee. Plasmolemma nnọọ egbochi site egbochi mgbasa nke ọmụmụ ugbu a na ion niile ntụziaka. N'ihi ya, akpụkpọ ahụ ekwe na cytoplasm na a ụfọdụ ịta nke electrolyte si pericellular gburugburu ebe obibi.

A abụọ okwu nke mgbochi ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ - a-echebe site ike acidic na ike alkaline ọnọdụ. Plasmolemma wuru n'ụzọ dị otú ahụ na nsọtụ nke hydrophobic lipid ụmụ irighiri na-eche ihu eyi. N'ihi na ọ na-emekarị ọdịiche dị n'etiti intracellular na extracellular media dị iche iche na onye Onyenwe anyị + na-egosi. Ọ dị mkpa ka cell ọrụ.

The mgbochi ọrụ nke organelle membranes

The mgbochi ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ dị iche iche n'ihi na ha na-adabere na ya na ọnọdụ. Akpan akpan karyotheca, ie lipid bilayer isi, na-echebe ya site n'ibu mmebi ma na-akọrọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na nuclear cytoplasmic. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-kweere na karyotheca na-nwere njikọ chiri na akpụkpọ ahụ nke endoplasmic reticulum. N'ihi dum usoro a na-ewere n'otu dị ka a repository nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma, protein synthesizing usoro na ụyọkọ posttranslational mgbanwe nke protein ụmụ irighiri. The akpụkpọ ahụ cytoplasmic netwọk dị mkpa ịnọgide na-enwe udi nke intracellular iga ọwa site na nke ime ka protein, lipid na carbohydrate ụmụ irighiri.

Mitochondrial akpụkpọ ahụ na-echebe ndị mitochondria na plastid - chloroplasts. Lysosomal akpụkpọ ahụ nwekwara-eme dị ka a mgbochi: n'ime lysosomes ike ike na onye Onyenwe anyị + na-arụsi ọrụ ike iche nke oxygen nwere ike imebi owuwu n'ime cell, ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere na-jupụtara. The akpụkpọ ahụ bụ a eluigwe na ala na ihe mgbochi, na n'otu oge ahụ kwere ka lysosomes na "gbara" ndị siri ike ahụ na-egbochi ebe edinam nke enzymes.

Mechanical ọrụ plasmolemma

The n'ibu ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ nwekwara adịghị edo. Firstly, cytolemma ekwusi cell udi. Nke abụọ, ọ egbochi ndị deformability nke mkpụrụ ndụ, ma ọ dịghị gbochie mgbanwe nke udi na flowability. N'otu oge ahụ ike na akpụkpọ ahụ na-ekwe omume. Na nke a emee ruru ka e guzobere cell mgbidi protists, bacteria, osisi na fungi. Na anụmanụ, tinyere mmadụ umu, na cell mgbidi bụ mfe na-anọchi anya naanị glycocalyx.

Na bacteria, ọ glycoprotein na osisi - cellulose, dịkwa ka usoro ha - chitin. Diatoms kpam etinyere na ya cell mgbidi silica (sịlịkọn oxide), nke budata enwekwu n'ibu ike na-eguzogide mkpụrụ ndụ. Na ihe ọ bụla ahụ cell mgbidi kwesịrị ya maka nke a. A cytolemma onwe ya nwere a ukwuu ala ike karịa oyi akwa nke proteoglycans, cellulose ma ọ bụ chitin. Na na tsitolemmy arụ a n'ibu ọrụ, obi abụọ adịghị.

Ọzọkwa, n'ibu ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ ka ndị mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, ntọala na endoplasmic reticulum ọrụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na chebe megide subthreshold mebiri. Ọ bụ ihe e ji mara maka ihe ọ bụla cell nwere data membranous organelles. Ọzọkwa, plasma akpụkpọ ahụ bụ cytoplasmic protuberances, nke na-eme site na cell-cell kọntaktị. Nke a atụ nke n'ibu ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ. The-echebe ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ dịgidere nwekwara ruru ka a eke na-eguzogide ma fluidity nke lipid bilayer.

Nkwurịta okwu ọrụ nke cytoplasmic akpụkpọ

N'etiti nkwurịta okwu ọrụ kwesịrị ịgụnye ndị ụgbọ na n'ikuku. Ndị a àgwà abụọ kpọmkwem na plasma akpụkpọ ahụ na karyotheca. The akpụkpọ ahụ organelle ọ bụghị mgbe nile nwere ihe nnabata, ma ọ bụ riddled na iga ọwa, na na karyotheca na tsitolemmy ndị a formations e. Nke a na-eme site na ha, mmejuputa iwu nke data nkwurịta okwu ọrụ.

Transport na-ghọtara site abụọ ekwe omume usoro: ume mmefu, ya bụ, na-arụsi ọrụ ụzọ, na-enweghị ndị na-eri, mfe mgbasa. Otú ọ dị, cell nwere ike ibu bekee na site phagocytosis ma ọ bụ pinocytosis. Nke a na-emezu site akada a ígwé ojii nke mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ siri ike ahụ protrusions cytoplasm. Mgbe ahụ cell ka ọ bụrụ na aka grips urughuru ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri droplet, Anam Udeme ya n'ime na-akpụ gburugburu cytoplasmic oyi akwa.

Active iga, mgbasa

Active iga - nke a bụ ihe atụ nke nhọrọ absorption nke electrolytes na nri. Via kpọmkwem ọwa-anọchi anya protein ụmụ irighiri esịnede multiple subunits, umi ma ọ bụ hydrated ion penetrates n'ime cytoplasm. Jonah agbanwe potentials na nri na-webatara na metabolic yinye. Na ndị a niile na ọrụ na cell plasma akpụkpọ ahụ ifịk ifịk na-eme ka ya na mmepe.

lipid-soluble

Ukwuu differentiated sel, e.g., ụjọ, endocrine ma ọ bụ muscle, ion ọwa-eji data n'ịwa edinam potentials na ike. Ọ na-kpụrụ n'ihi na osmotic iche na electrochemical na ákwà kwadebere ike ịda mbà, ma ọ bụ n'ịwa a ebu usu ime n'ókè ma ọ bụ na-ebunye ha. Nke a bụ otu ihe dị mkpa usoro maka inyerịta ozi n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ, nke underlies ụjọ iwu nke ọrụ dum organism. Atụmatụ ndị a nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ nke anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-enye ụkpụrụ nke dị mkpa ọrụ, nchedo na njem nke dum organism.

Ụfọdụ bekee nwere ike nakwa na ọ banye n'ime site na akpụkpọ ahụ, ma ọ na-ahụkarị naanị maka lipophilic ụmụ irighiri nke abụba-soluble ụmụ irighiri. Ha nanị igbari na bilayer akpụkpọ ahụ, mfe inweta n'ime cytoplasm. Nke a iga usoro e ji mara nke steroid homonụ. A Ọdịdị nke peptide homonụ na-enweghị ike iru site na akpụkpọ ahụ, ma na-ebunye ọmụma cell. Nke a na-enweta n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ihe nnabata n'elu plasmolemma (integral) ụmụ irighiri. Njikọ Biochemical usoro nke mgbaàmà transduction na ntọala ọnụ na usoro nke kpọmkwem penetration nke bekee site na lipid akpụkpọ ahụ bụ a dị mfe usoro humoral iwu. Na niile atụmatụ ndị a integral plasma akpụkpọ ahụ na-edozi ihe ndị dị mkpa ọ bụghị nanị na a otu cell na dum organism.

Isiokwu ọrụ cytoplasmic akpụkpọ

Ndị kasị pụta ìhè ụzọ mata ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ - a table nke nwere ya ndu ọrụ maka cell dị ka a dum.

Nke a table-egosi n'ụzọ doro nke na ọrụ na-rụrụ site na plasma akpụkpọ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ndị a ọrụ na-egwuri site naanị cell akpụkpọ ahụ, ya bu lipid bilayer na gburugburu, mkpụrụ ndụ nile. Inside ya na e nwere organelles, nke nwekwara a akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọrụ ha ga-owụt ke ụdị a esereese.

The ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ: atụmatụ

Na ọnụnọ nke cell membranes na-esonụ dị iche iche organelles: ntọala, o siri ike na-eji ire ụtọ endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi ngwa, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes. Na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a organelles, akpụkpọ ahụ na-arụ a dị oké mkpa ọrụ. Tụlee ihe atụ na ọ pụrụ ịbụ a tabular atụmatụ.

The membranes nke anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ

Ndị a bụ ndị ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ nke cell, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa ka onye ọ bụla organelle. Ọzọkwa, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na ọrụ na-achọkwa n'ime otu - na nchebe. Karịsịa, ihe mgbochi na n'ibu ọrụ na-jikọtara na-echebe. Ọzọkwa, ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ na osisi cell bụ fọrọ nke nta yiri ka ndị na ụmụ anụmanụ na nje.

Animal cell bụ ihe kasị dị mgbagwoju na ukwuu differentiated. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe integrated, poluintegralnyh na elu na-edozi. Ke ofụri ofụri, na multicellular ntule na-mgbe ihe mgbagwoju anya akpụkpọ ahụ Ọdịdị karịa nke otu-celled. Na ihe ọtụtụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ nke kpọmkwem mkpụrụ ndụ na-ekpebi ma ọ ga-kenyere epithelial, connective anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ excitable.