Ụrọ - ihe bụ nke a? Gịnị bụ dị iche iche si poselin ite?

Mankind kemgbe oge ochie na-eji maka imewe nke faience efere na iko. Na n'ụwa taa, ihe ọkpụkpụ a na-ewere ihe fọrọ nke nta oké mkpa. Ọ bụ ezie na style nke na ngwaahịa, ha mmepụta technology na-agbanwe mgbe nile, ma ihe na-anọgide na-agbanweghi agbanwe. Gịnị bụ faience, na ihe atụmatụ ọ - gbalịa ịghọta isiokwu a.

Gịnị bụ a faience

Faience - a ihe ọmụma si na nke na-mere efere, n'ime ime, ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọcha , wdg Ọ e ji fragility, njupụta na porosity mma ... The aha nke a na ihe onwunwe na-abịa site Italian obodo nke Faenza, bụ onye a ma ama n'ihi na mmepụta nke seramiiki ngwaahịa.

Ụrọ na-bụ-eji maka mmepụta nke tableware, ncheta dị iche iche seramiiki onyinye. Ụmụ obere ihe oyiyi nke ụdị dị iche na poselin nchapụta na saturation nke na agba na anya nke ukwuu fabulous. Ma tableware, kitchenware nke poselin mgbe emepụta a dị mfe ụdị na anya nkịtị. Ọ bụ zuru okè n'ihi na-adị kwa ụbọchị nri na mfe tableware.

iche ụrọ

Dabere na ndị mejupụtara na ego nke adịghị nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke poselin:

1. Calcareous ụrọ - ma e wezụga quartz na-acha ọcha ụrọ na-emi esịnede nzu na dolomite. Ndị a nwekwara ngwaahịa na-mere nnọọ mfe na ngwa ngwa.
2. Soft ụrọ - agbakwunyere na ot mejupụtara dị iche iche plavni - bekee nke na-etolite n'oge kwes nhazi fusible compound.
3. Feldspar ụrọ - ọ na e dere a ụfọdụ ego nke feldspar (rock na-akpụ minerals).
4. Ike ike - ọ bụ ihe kasị inogide ihe onwunwe. Otú ahụ na ngwaahịa nwere nnukwu n'ibu Njirimara. Obzhog siri ike ụrọ na-aga na nnọọ elu okpomọkụ.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụrọ

Mankind maara ihe faience, ọzọ 4 puku. BC. e. The mejupụtara nke mbụ ite mere ubé dị iche iche si taa. Na Mesopotemia na Ijipt ụrọ isiokwu mere nke quartz pebbles doped na soda wayo, ọla kọpa na ígwè ore.

Ọtụtụ mgbe e mesịrị, ụrọ pụtara na Old World. Akpa enye ama na-emepụta na-akpọ majolica na ụfọdụ Italian obodo. Mgbe ahụ poselin ngwaahịa nke elu àgwà mere na France, na Saint-Porsche.

Na Russia, faience nweela maara aha na XVIII narị afọ. Na Moscow, dum factory n'ihi na mmepụta nke seramiiki ngwaahịa. Delftware efu n'etiti ndị bi na a ngwa ngwa nwayọọ nwayọọ na-enwe nnukwu ewu ewu. Ngwaahịa nke dị iche iche osisi dị iche. N'ihi ya, nna ukwu nke ndị manufactory Grebenshchikov ese efere na mmiri Enamel. Ite Association Kuznetsova dị iche iche acha gbazere mkpuchi, olu nke enyemaka ma ọ bụ na-ebi akwụkwọ ịbịaru. Gzhel factory manufactures ngwaahịa tumadi na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, nakwa dị ka a gold-ese.

Konakovo faience

Great mmepe na mmepụta nke poselin ngwaahịa mere MS Kuznetsov, onye zụtara na 1870 poselin factory na Konakovo. Ọ na-emepụta tumadi ụrọ n'aka-ese ma ọ bụ ndị e biri ebi nakawa etu esi. Mgbe ihe dị ka afọ 20, Kuznetsov malitere na-emepụta efere nke polufayans, poselin na ceramik. Ebe ufọt ufọt 20s. XX narị afọ mmepụta ihe malitere agụnye kacha mma artists na nna-ukwu nke egosipụta ike mara mma ihe nakawa etu esi na efere na kere anụ ọkpụkpụ. Na ọlu-ha na ina, nke n'aka nke so kpata mgbasawanye nke mmepụta.

N'ime oge ahụ, na-ese ihe nwere ike ịmepụta a na-ịke nke ya na ngwaahịa: organic udi poselin ihe na-egwu-eji obi ụtọ na gbaa-ese potechnyh glaze. Konakovo faience exported ọtụtụ mba. Ụfọdụ ngwaahịa na-ntukwasi-echekwawo na ụbọchị anyị.

Semikarakorsk ceramik

Semikarakorsk faience - a doro anya nka onu Don ala. Rostov region e aku n'ichepụta ite kemgbe oge ochie. Ọtụtụ gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi ịdị adị nke artisanal potteries Semikarakorsk kemgbe tupu oge Ndị Kraịst.

Art style Semikarakorsky ụrọ atụmatụ mbụ eserese, buketno-Ifuru ịchọ mma, eke Mpaghara, akụkọ ihe mere eme motifs. Nna-ukwu-ya nghọta na-enwe ike igosi na ịma mma na ike nke ha region, Don omenala, mmụọ nke Cossacks.

N'ihi na elu larịị nke nkà Semikarakorsk faience gburugburu ụwa chọta ọrụ nkà.

Ụdị ụrọ

Taa, ọ fọrọ nke nta n'ebe nile na-eji ite ụrọ. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọ bụghị nanị na ya ala na-eri, ma na mfe nke na-eme ka isiokwu ndị ahụ. The kasị emepụta ụrọ efere: ọkwá, efere maka appetizers na isi efere, miri ọkwá, seledochnitsy, anọchi achịcha na achịcha dị iche iche, ihendori, bouillon ofe tureens na ite, iko maka-ekpo ọkụ ọṅụṅụ, mmiri ara ehi jugs, Foto Ụlọ Nga, nnu na shuga. Ọtụtụ mgbe ụbọchị ndị a na ụlọ ahịa, ị pụrụ ịhụ a dịgasị iche iche nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọcha si faience, taịl nile, ụlọ mposi. Home egbuke dị otú ahụ na-egosi bụghị nanị banyere ezigbo uto nke onye nwe, ma na-banyere ya ego ọdịmma.

Olee otú crockery

Quartz, refractory: abụọ mmiri, onye ga-eji ike ụrọ na-acha ọcha ụrọ. The usoro nke n'ichepụta seramiiki ngwaahịa-amalite na ikpeazụ ọgwụgwọ. N'ihi ya, ọkụ a rụrụ ọtụtụ ugboro a ụrọ uka na okpomọkụ nke 1050 ° C, n'oge a, ọ ga-agbanwe agba. Mgbe ahụ na okpomọkụ nke 950 ° C na-etinyere ka a uzo ma ọ bụ acha glaze. Na ikpeazụ ogbo bụ re-agba. Dị ka a n'ihi nke ndị dị otú ahụ n'ebe faience uka anọgide porous na kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na ọla aghụghọ. Ọ bụrụ na ite na-chụọ n'ọrụ na a ala okpomọkụ, ọ ga-aka mma na-ufiop underglaze ágbá.

N'ihi ya, ihe na-aga ebe ọtụtụ nhazi nzọụkwụ, mgbe na-njikere faience. Photo efere n'ichepụta usoro na-egosi na nri nke usoro a.

ịdị ọcha faience

Na-adịbeghị anya ọzọ na ndị ọzọ na-ewu ewu ịdị ọcha ụrọ. Ya mmepụta na-ewe ebe a dị iche iche na nkà na ụzụ karịa imewe nke efere ma ọ bụ ụmụ obere ihe oyiyi. Iji mepụta elu ike ihe onwunwe ntekwasa na a pụrụ iche mkpuchi na ngwaahịa. Na kwesịrị ekwesị na iji nlezianya na-arụ ọrụ ụrọ Plumbing ike ijere ogologo oge na nke a ọ ga-ele anya dị ka n'oge nke zụọ.

Olee otú ịmata ihe ọkpụkpụ si china

Ọtụtụ ndị amaghị ihe dị iche n'etiti poselin si ọkpụkpụ, na na-emekarị mgbagwoju anya, ma n'etiti ha na e nwere ihe dị iche. Efere ngwaahịa na-ji a ala ogo whiteness, nke ukwuu mgbidi ọkpụrụkpụ na a ala ike. Emechara ihe na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site ezigbo shapes. Crockery, jiri ya tụnyere poselin enweghị ike idowe okpomọkụ a ogologo oge. Ke adianade do, ndị dị otú ahụ na ngwaahịa ike idi okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na efere saa na mmiri ọkụ, o nwere ike ịgbawa. Ya mere, ọtụtụ mgbe ọ bụ ihe ndị bara uru iji tableware mere nke poselin.

Iji ghọta nke ọma ihe dị iche n'etiti poselin si ite, ị pụrụ ime ka a tụnyere nke ngwaahịa na ndị a ihe. Mbụ dị mkpa dị iche - isiokwu nke sonority. Ọ kwesịrị mfe akụ aka na nsọtụ nke efere. Poselin ewepụtarịrị a ogologo na iche hum. N'otu oge mgbịrịgba faience thud.

Ọ dịkwa ike na-ekpebi faience na mpụga atụmatụ. Arịa mere nke ceramik anaghị ebunye ìhè. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ngwaahịa na-chụọ n'ọrụ na a dịtụ ala okpomọkụ. The ọwọrọiso dị iche bụ na ezigbo ike elu nke efere. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ị pụrụ ịhụ obere dimples, nke na-guzobere n'oge firing. N'ihi na ha tụnyere, na ala nke china bụ mgbe ike ike.

Ejiri nke crockery-ọzọ aku na uba na-emeso ya na nyochaa ọnọdụ ya. Ọ bụrụ na cracks iji otú ahụ na ngwaahịa bụ ekwesighi, ebe ọ bụ na bacteria banye n'ime n'ime pores nke ụrọ na pụrụ ịkpasu mmepe nke ọrịa dị iche iche.

Olee otú na-elekọta faience

Dịka ọ dị na efere, ụrọ ngwaahịa achọ kpọmkwem na-elekọta. Ihe niile nke Njirimara nke a ihe onwunwe, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na-ekwenye na iwu nke ọrụ, ịgbatị ọrụ ndụ nke faience.

The kasị mkpa na-achị - na-asa isiokwu nke poselin naanị na mmiri ọkụ na asa na oyi na-atụ. Na ikpe nke na-ekpo ọkụ mmiri na efere na-guzobere obere cracks na gbajiri ihe Ọdịdị.

Detergents, karịsịa ntụ, ọ bụ mma ghara iji. Iji mee agba ọchịchịrị crockery ike ga-eji ihe ngwọta nke mmiri soda ma ọ bụ nnu na mmanya na a ruru nke 1: 1. Karịsịa a ga-akpachara anya na-elekọta isiokwu na gold. The eziokwu na onu ogugu enwere ugbua, nke na-mma na faience, glazed. Ya mere, mgbe ugboro ugboro saa anọgide na-emebibeghị. Ma gilding - ọ na-etinyere n'elu glaze na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ ehichapu si mgbe nile were. Ya mere, ebe mma na gold agba, i nwere ike ete ike, ọ dị mma iji a adụ ákwà ma ọ bụ ogbo. Wepụ stains si ụrọ ngwaahịa nwere ike na a ákwà a gwara a obere ego nke amonia.

N'agbanyeghị uru nke poselin, ndị mmadụ ka-anọgide na-ịzụta ite ụrọ. Nke a-akpali seramiiki emepụta emepụta ọhụrụ ngwaahịa maka a dịgasị iche iche nke nzube.